**********REPLY TO EACH RESPONSE 100 WORDS MIN EACH ********** 1.)  For this week's forum, I nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have been symbols of power and destructions that can rip and destroy the human composition, if not the entire world. Nuclear weapons have been used only twice in combat in the history of the world. The first was in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and the second time on August 9, 1945. these two events eradicated almost 250,000 people on its initial impact called the blast. In 1945 a 15 kiloton bomb called little boy wipe between 90,000 and 146,000 people in Hiroshima, and a 20 kiloton bomb called Fat man wipe from 39,000 and 80,000 in Nagasaki. However, the blast death toll does not include the lives lost due to the after-effects of radiation exposure, especially those in contact with the black rain. It is believed that this rain that happened right after the initial blast was contaminated with radioactive materials. This rain extended several miles from the epicenter of the bombs. However, the technology that is used today for nuclear weaponry is more advanced and powerful that what was used 75 years ago. This year, the Russian RS-28 Sarmat, commonly known as "Satan 2," was scheduled to be tested for its intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities. Furthermore, even when the information disclosure of this missile is not fully accessible to everyone, it is believed that this missile has the capability of 50,000 kilotons, 7,500 percent greater than the little boy nuclear bomb. Moreover, the death toll of nuclear incidents is not only associated with the use of these two bombs nuclear disasters such as Fukushima and Chernobyl add to the millions of lives lost. 2,)  For this week’s forum post I decided to talk about sarin gas, as it seems to appear more and more in the Middle East region.  Its usage has also been linked to terrorist groups such as ISIS.  Sarin gas is an extremely toxic nerve agent that is an odorless, colorless liquid.  It can even be lethal at a very low quantity, capable of killing within a matter of minutes after inhalation.  Sarin gas works by suffocating its victims due to respiratory paralysis.  Even individuals who absorb a nonlethal amount can have permanent nerve damage if they are not treated immediately.  Accessibility to the agent is frightening easy for a well-organized terrorist group, such as ISIS, in the Middle East region because of the fact that governments in the area have or had stockpiles of chemical weapons (example, Syria).  The consequences of terrorists using chemical weapons has been seen first-hand in Raqqa, Syria when ISIS deployed the agent upon retreating Syrian forces.  The reports are that ISIS obtain the sarin from Syria’s stockpile.  The fact that a terror group can get their hands on such a powerful chemical weapon is quite alarming as the affects could be devastating.  To give an idea of what these weapons can do we can look back to 2013 when the Assad regime .

1. **********REPLY TO EACH RESPONSE 100 WORDS MIN
EACH **********
1.) For this week's forum, I nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons
have been symbols of power and destructions that can rip and
destroy the human composition, if not the entire world. Nuclear
weapons have been used only twice in combat in the history of
the world. The first was in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and
the second time on August 9, 1945. these two events eradicated
almost 250,000 people on its initial impact called the blast. In
1945 a 15 kiloton bomb called little boy wipe between 90,000
and 146,000 people in Hiroshima, and a 20 kiloton bomb called
Fat man wipe from 39,000 and 80,000 in Nagasaki. However,
the blast death toll does not include the lives lost due to the
after-effects of radiation exposure, especially those in contact
with the black rain. It is believed that this rain that happened
right after the initial blast was contaminated with radioactive
materials. This rain extended several miles from the epicenter
of the bombs. However, the technology that is used today for
nuclear weaponry is more advanced and powerful that what was
used 75 years ago. This year, the Russian RS-28 Sarmat,
commonly known as "Satan 2," was scheduled to be tested for
its intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities. Furthermore,
even when the information disclosure of this missile is not fully
accessible to everyone, it is believed that this missile has the
capability of 50,000 kilotons, 7,500 percent greater than the
little boy nuclear bomb. Moreover, the death toll of nuclear
incidents is not only associated with the use of these two bombs
nuclear disasters such as Fukushima and Chernobyl add to the
millions of lives lost.

2. 2,) For this week’s forum post I decided to talk about sarin gas,
as it seems to appear more and more in the Middle East region.
Its usage has also been linked to terrorist groups such as ISIS.
Sarin gas is an extremely toxic nerve agent that is an odorless,
colorless liquid. It can even be lethal at a very low quantity,
capable of killing within a matter of minutes after inhalation.
Sarin gas works by suffocating its victims due to respiratory
paralysis. Even individuals who absorb a nonlethal amount can
have permanent nerve damage if they are not treated
immediately. Accessibility to the agent is frightening easy for a
well-organized terrorist group, such as ISIS, in the Middle East
region because of the fact that governments in the area have or
had stockpiles of chemical weapons (example, Syria). The
consequences of terrorists using chemical weapons has been
seen first-hand in Raqqa, Syria when ISIS deployed the agent
upon retreating Syrian forces. The reports are that ISIS obtain
the sarin from Syria’s stockpile. The fact that a terror group
can get their hands on such a powerful chemical weapon is quite
alarming as the affects could be devastating. To give an idea of
what these weapons can do we can look back to 2013 when the
Assad regime utilized sarin gas on the suburbs of Ghouta, where
the death toll was somewhere in the range of 300 to 1,700.
With ISIS already displaying that they are capable of obtaining
chemical weapons, is it only a matter of time before they try
using it in terrorist attacks?
3.) Taking a deep look looking at the different agencies, it is
easy to identify civilian agencies and military agencies. All of
the military agencies could be grouped together along with DIA,

3. and then group the major civilian players to include CIA, DHS,
NSA. Working at the US Embassy’s and observing how State
Department operates, really opened my eyes on how advance
their intelligence collection is compared to that of the Marine
Corps. We relied heavily on their intelligence of any threats to
the Embassy, and in regards to the presence of the DOD, it was
virtually nonexistent in that aspect of Embassy security. On the
flip side of that when I was in Afghanistan, our raids for HVT’s
and weapons were always briefed by the G2. This intelligence
was heavily provided by the DOD, but during every raid we had
a DEA rep that would brief us on the search and seizure of
heroin or poppy. It was just as vital to get that cash crop
seized, and the DOD intelligence did not have the means or the
initiative to pursue that mission. 4 of the most important
agencies to aid DHS in intelligence would include ODNI, CIA,
NSA, and DIA. This would be a good combination of different
agencies with the ability to bring different intelligence products
to the table. I actually believe that it is a good idea that the US
has 17 different agencies. Working together they have the
ability to compartmentalize and disseminate information
through fusion centers to applicable participants. Such an
example could be that, Marines conducting a beach landing for
an operation do not need intelligence collected by the
Department of the Treasury on terrorist counterfeiting
operations. Each agency has a purpose and a specific role to
collect intelligence to their specific expertise.
4.) In this week’s lesson and reading assignment, we took a
closer look at the breakdown of the United States Intelligence
Community. The 17 various agencies that conducts intelligence
activities for the United States can be grouped together based
on purpose or typology as such, National Agencies, embedded

4. Intelligence Departments, the Armed Forces/United States
Military, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
I believe these agencies can really be grouped in any formation
as long as the reporting channels remain. In my own opinion
having an entity such as the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence to manage the Intelligence Community and
information sharing is critical. The four members of the United
States Intelligence Community that I believe are the most
import players in supporting the Homeland Security Enterprise
with intelligence are the Central Intelligence Agency, the
National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, and the
Federal Bureau of Investigations. The Central Intelligence
Agency is the largest producer of national security intelligence
and serves as the primary authority for all things HUMINT. The
Central Intelligence Agency is known for conducting covert
operations and spying on foreign governments. The National
Security Agency leads the charge for the United States
government in cryptology and cracking codes. It focuses on
SIGINT to monitor, collect, and process electronic
communications. The Defense Intelligence Agency is the
Pentagon’s spy agency and the primary entity that collects,
produces, and manages foreign military intelligence for military
commanders and policymakers. Their mission is sharing
intelligence with military leaders and policymakers to prevent
and decisively win wars. The Federal Bureau of Investigations
has both intelligence and law enforcement functions. They are
responsible for understanding threats to our national security
and focuses on terrorist organizations and criminal enterprises
(ODNI, 2013). Honestly I do not have enough experience to
make such call, whether it is really necessary for the United
States has 17 intelligence agencies. However, the current
organizational arrangement of the Intelligence Community is a
direct response to address the failures of intelligence sharing
exposed by the attacks of 9/11 (Best, 2017). If 17 agencies
conducting intelligence activities for the purpose of homeland
security and to prevent another 9/11 or Pearl Harbor for

5. happening, I’m all for it. Seems like a waste of resources and
double work, but I do think it is necessary for the bigger
picture. Each entity provides value to the overall goals of
national security. The redundancy between the agencies and
producing the same intelligence, in itself is a built in safety
mechanism, should one fail to get all the information. The
veracity of information and intelligence can be be verified
through corroborating between the agencies.
5.) This week we are to answer two questions: What are the
desired characteristics of a national strategy document? How
does the National Security Strategy of the United States of
America (2017) address homeland security and homeland
defense? To answer the first question is complicated because
according to our reading characteristics are suggestions.
However, to get desired characteristics for the National
Strategy, it has to pass three tests and have four principles
applied. These tests according to our reading are suitability,
acceptability and feasibility. These three test mean does the
strategy have an end goal that answers the problem, does it
produce results without using too many means to get to the end
and finally is it attainable to get there using the proposed
strategy. The four principles it looks to utilize is “Strategy is
not crisis management, Understanding the Situation, appropriate
balance, and focus on political purpose” (APUS, 2020). AS the
first one states strategy is not crisis management, meaning the
strategy is meant prevent the crisis or keep the situation under
control. The second of understanding the situation means you
need to have a clearly defined goal in mind that answers the
problem at hand. Third appropriate balance meaning is to get
the goals desired does it require an adequate amount of
resources to be expended or do the cost outweigh the desired

6. effect. Lastly political purpose is “Simply put, these policies
are an expression of the desired result sought by the government
as a whole” (APUS, 2020, Pg 4). To illustrate further after the
events that occurred in 2001 the General Accounting Office
suggested the characteristics should have “,1) Resources,
investments, and risk management, 2) Organizational roles,
responsibilities, and coordination, 3) Integratiote objectives,
activities, and performance measures, 4) Resources,
investments, and risk management, 5) Organizational roles,
responsibilities, and coordination and lastly 6)Integration and
implementation” (APUS, 2020, pg 6). The National Security
Strategy of 2017 address the Homeland Security and Homeland
Defense throughout the document. To begin Homeland Security
is addressed in numerous ways, the first and easiest one to
identify is located on page 8, that is securing the United States
boarder. “Strengthening control over our borders and
immigration system is central to national security, economic
prosperity­, and the rule of law” Trump, 2017, pg 8). Another
way the President identified Security is through missile defense,
to which he speaks to upgrading current defense systems to stop
missile threats coming in from new nuclear states like Iran and
North Korea. Additionally, President Trump covers protection
in the cyber domain, helping protect American businesses and
other American ways of life accessed via the cyber domain. The
Homeland Defense is covered very well in this document and in
my opinion, probably takes up the majority of this document.
The strategy discusses increasing military manning numbers
and spending. Continuing with military it discusses eliminating
threats like ISIS or other terrorist groups and working with
international allies to meet this goal. Next, he speaks to
defending space and the nuclear platform, to me this could go
either way because defending Space and Nuclear weapons can
be seen and Homeland Security it could also be seen as Defense
because of the capabilities and potential locations. Furthermore,
the Strategy also talks about state and non-state actors and
disrupting or stopping all together the use of Chemical,

7. Biological, Radiological and Nuclear weapons (CBRN). Lastly,
the Strategy talk about specific regions of the world and its
plan/goal for each region. This is a brief explanation of the
National Security Strategy and the actual document dives deeper
into both realms of Security and Defense. Have a good week.
6.) As I read this weeks discussion topic, I realized that I
mistakenly answered this question in last weeks post. Because
of that I guess I will summarize my original post and then go
more in depth into the topic. In my original post is discussed an
study on combating terrorism which outlined the desired
characteristics of a national security document. those
characteristics are “(1) purpose, scope, and methodology; (2)
problem definition and risk assessment; (3) goals, subordinate
objectives, activities, and performance measures; (4) resources,
investments, and risk management; (5) organizational roles,
responsibilities, and coordination; and (6) integration and
implementation.” (Combating Terrorism, paragraph 1). After
reviewing the National Security Strategy of the United States, I
found it to be a very detailed document that covered a broad
range on threats to the homeland from natural disasters, to cyber
security. I mentioned in my previous post that I was impressed
to find how much it focused on humanitarian and foreign aid. I
stated "I feel that (humanitarian and foreign aid) goes hand in
hand with homeland security and national defense. I feel, and
I’m sure others would agree that war should be a last resort. If
you can spread peace by humanitarian aid efforts and assisting
foreign governments in achieving a democracy, then this should
be the priority, as I feel it is in the United States security
strategy.". I also feel it is essential that natural disasters be part
of the national security strategy. Looking at this year as an
example from fires on the west coast. hurricanes in the south,
and the pandemic. All of these had threatened our security. If

8. they had all been over looked as a security concern and not
anticipated, then things could have been much worse.