Carbon nanotubes have properties that could make them suitable for replacing copper in electrical machine windings. CNTs have higher conductivity and current density than copper, lower resistivity, and are less prone to skin effect. A prototype CNT motor was created that had slightly higher efficiency than an equivalent copper motor, demonstrating the potential of CNTs. However, CNTs are still more expensive to produce than copper and further research is needed before widespread commercial use. The document discusses the properties of CNTs, compares them to copper, and outlines a prototype test of a CNT motor to evaluate its performance gains over conventional copper windings.

1. PRESENTED BY,
ATHUL RAJ.R
S7 EEE
ROLL NO:6
VAST-TC
REPLACING COPPER WITH NEW CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN
ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING

2. CONTENT
2
 INTRODUCTION
 WHY CNT IN MACHINE WINDING?
 WHAT IS CARBON NANOTUBE?
 VARIOUS CNT STRUCTURES
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 COMPARISON BETWEEN COPPER & CNT
 CNT PROTOTYPE TEST MACHINE
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 FUTURE SCOPE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
3
 Efficiency improvements in electrical machine windings
seeks new technology based materials.
 Cu& Al since 19th century as machine winding.
 The discussion on new nano technology materials having
notable advantages
 CNT shows improved qualities - can be replaced over
conventional Cu or Al windings.

4. INTRODUCTION
4
Contd…
 Teijn aramid corporation successfully created CNT
yarn, capable for replacing Cu from electric machines.
 LUT university (Lappeenranta university of technology
) created a prototype CNT motor.

5. WHY CNT IN MACHINE
WINDING?
5
 Silver has better conductivity , it is of high cost.
 Al also has higher cost and affects with deterioration.
 Copper is widely used in machine winding.
 Copper possesses heat loss problems and deterioration-
affects the efficiency of the machine.
 To overcome the limitations on Cu, new CNT materials are
introduced.

6. Contd…
6
MATERIAL CONDUCTIVITY
(*10^6)
RESISTIVITY TEMP.
COEFFICIENT
OF RESISTIVITY
COPPER 59.6 S/m 1.72*10^-8 m 3.88*10^-3 /K
ALUMINIUM 35 S/m 2.8*10^-8 m 3.9*10^-3 /K
SILVER 63 S/m 1.64*10^-8 m 3.8*10^-3 /K
CNT 100 S/m 1.00*10^-8 m -0.2*10^-3 /K
Fig - 1

7. WHAT IS CARBON NANOTUBE
?..
7
 CNT is tube-shaped material, made of carbon_
diameter on the nanometer range.
 A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter(10,000 times
smaller than a human hair).
 Produced using wet spin technology.
 CNTs are very strong and flexible.
 Individual CNTs having better electric properties.

8. WHAT IS CARBON NANOTUBE
?..
Contd…
8
 A carbon nanotube can be as thin as a few
nanometers yet be as long as hundreds of microns.
 Mainly 2 types. Single walled & multi walled.
 Single walled CNTs are commonly used.
 CNT fibers on macroscopic level are called
yarns/threads.
 These yarns are long assemblies of axially alligned
nanotubes of diameters in the micrometer range.

9. 9 Fig 2

10. VARIOUS CNT STRUCTURES
10
CNT YARN
Fig 3

11. 11 Fig 4

12. COMPARISON BETWEEN
COPPER & CNT
12
CONDUCTIVITY:-
Cu has a conductivity 60 MS/m.
CNT has higher conductivity of 100MS/m.
Ballistic transportation.
CURRENT DENSITY:-
Cu has low current density.
CNT has a very high value of current
density(J=100MA/cm^2)
.

13. COMPARISON BETWEEN COPPER &
CNT
13
Contd…
DENSITY:-
Density of CNT (1500 kg/m^3) is 6 times less
than the density of copper.(8960 kg/m^3)
SKIN EFFECT:-
Copper produces skin effect due to its irregular
shape.
CNT -straight , tubular & thin. So no skin effect &
circulating current.

14. COMPARISON BETWEEN COPPER
& CNT
Contd…
14
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:-
Thermal conductivity of copper is limited.
CNT can withstand a higher range of
operating temperature.
MECHANICAL STRENGTH:-
CNT has a fibrous structure ,so high
mechanical strength than copper .

15. COMPARISON BETWEEN COPPER &
CNT
Contd…
15
CORROSION:-
As a metal, copper is affected with
deterioration.
CNT is not a metal hence it is less corroded.

16. OTHER PROPERTIES OF CNT
16
 FLEXIBILITY
 LIGHT WEIGHT
 COST EFFECTIVE IN LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION
 HIGH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
 WIDE RANGE OF OPERATING TEMPERATURE
 CARBON - ABUNDANT IN NATURE, EASILY AVAILABLE.

17. LIGHT
WEIGHT
ELECTRICAL MACHINE
WINDING
CONVENTIONAL
COPPER MATERIAL
CARBON NANO TUBE
MATERIAL
INCREASED
WEIGHT
LOW
CURRENT
DENSITY
PRESENCE OF
CIRCULATING
CURRENT
HIGH
OPERATING
TEMP
HIGH
CURRENT
DENSITY
LOW
CIRCULATING
CURRENT
LOW
OPERATING
TEMP
LESS LOSS AND HIGH
EFFICIENCY THAN COPPER
COMPARATIVELY HIGH
LOSS AND LOW
EFFICIENCY17

18. 18

19. 19
Fig 6

20. 20
Ten parallel 26 AWG conductors
Fig 7

21. CNT PROTOTYPE MACHINE
21
 Lappeenranta university(LUT)- 3 test machine.
 Tested as generator.
 Conductivity – 3.4Ms/m.
 Twaron insulation(heat resistant insulating fibre).

22. CNT PROTOTYPE MACHINE
contd….
22
 Rotor – Neodymium permanent magnet covered
with stainless steel.
 Temp. coefficient()=0.0008/K.
 Resistance = 0.21/phase
 Speed = 15000 rpm
 Output = 30W resistive load

23. CNT PROTOTYPE MACHINE
23 Fig 7

24. 24
Fig 8
Induced voltages at no load at 15000 rpm

25. 25
Fig 9

26. SUMMARY OF THE MACHINE SIMULATED AS
GENERATOR
26
Parameter Absolute value
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Input Mechanical Power
Rated output power
Rated speed
Rated torque
Rated inductance
5.5 V
2.3 A
40.68W
30 W
15000 rpm
0.019 Nm
1.057 Mh

27. TEST MACHINES COMPARISON
27
CNT machine Cu machine
Iron loss=6.34W
Carbon loss
Pc=3*0.21*(2.3^2)=3.33W
Additional losses=1.01W
Mechanical power input=40.68W
Power output = 30W
Efficiency = (output/input)*100
=73.74%
=73.74%
Iron loss=6.34W
Copper loss
Pcu=3*0.32*(2.3^2)=5.0784W
Additional losses=1 .2W
Mechanical power input=42.6184W
Power output = 30W
Efficiency = (output/input)*100
=70.39%
=70.39%

28. MEASURED PHASE RESISTANCES OF THE TEST MACHINE
28
CNT have slightly positive temperature coefficient
Measured value +0.00155 – 0.00196 / K
Temp. coefficient for resistivity 40% of corresponding coefficient of CU

29. ADVANTAGES
29
 Extremely small and lightweight
 Resources required to produce them are plentiful
 Are resistant to temperature changes
 Have been in the R&D phase for a long time now,
meaning most of the problems are filtered out.
 As a new technology, investors have been piling into
these R&D companies, which will boost the economy

30. DISADVANTAGES
30
 Extremely small, so are difficult to work with.
 Currently high expense to produce the nanotubes.
 Need more researches for common usage.
 Sudden replacement of conventional technology not
possible.

31. FUTURE SCOPE
31
 This innovation have a great potential to significantly
improve the performance of electrical machines in
future.
 CNT will be chosen as a material for future in
electrical machine winding.
 Energy efficient & economical usage of electricity
can be catch up in near future by the introduction of
CNT.

32. CONCLUSION
32
 The experiments scans the environment and
indicates some future perspectives for potential
applications of CNT in machine winding where
significant efficiency improvement can be
achieved.
 In general, carbon nano material finds the
relevant solutions in the field of electrical
machinery.

33. REFERENCE
33
 Replacing Copper with New Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrical Machine Windings
Pyrhönen Juha, Montonen Juho, Lindh Pia, Vauterin Julia, Otto Marcin, Spring-2015
 A textbook of electrical technology. Vol-1, B.L Theraja, A.K Theraja
 G.-A. Capolino, A. Cavagnino, “New Trends in Electrical Machines Technology – Part
I”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61 n. 8, 2014. pp. 4281-4285.
 P.L.McEuen, M.S.Fuhrer,H.Park, “Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electronics”, IEEE
Trans.Nanotech. 2002, 1, pp. 78-85.
 S.L. Candelaria, Y. Shao, W. Zhou, X. Li, J. Xiao, J.G. Zhang, Y.Wang, J. Liu, J. Li, G.
Zao, “Nanostructured carbon for energystorage and conversion”, Nano Energy, Vol. 1,
2012, pp 195–220
 “Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems 2007 Conference Reports,” The Japan
Electrical Manufacturers’ Association, Electrical Manufacture 14 (Oct. 2007).

34. ANY DOUBTS ?..
34

35. 35
THANK YOU…….