This document summarizes the functional anatomy of the kidneys, including the renal blood flow and juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). It describes the gross and microscopic anatomy of the kidneys, focusing on the structure and types of nephrons. It discusses the JGA and its role in regulating renal blood flow and sodium balance via the renin-angiotensin system. It also covers the regulation of renal blood flow through mechanisms like autoregulation, hormones, and nerves.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. They regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, red blood cell production, and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter the blood and reabsorb useful substances back into circulation. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, where glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are actively transported back into the bloodstream along with sodium, water, and other electrolytes.
The document describes the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the key components and functions of the nephron including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, it outlines the special features of renal circulation including its high pressure, permeability and blood flow.
Urinary System By Dr. Bhagat Singh Jaiswal (1).pdfAmitDubey431477
The urinary system plays a vital role in homeostasis. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle for blood filtration and a renal tubule. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances, and tubular secretion of wastes. The kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance and remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
This document provides information on the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the basic anatomy of the nephron and its parts including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Regarding renal circulation, it notes the kidney receives a high blood flow and has a unique portal system, as well as features like autoregulation and high oxygen consumption.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The basic functions and structures of the kidney, including filtration, homeostasis, and hormone production.
2. The anatomy of the kidney, including locations of the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids and other structures.
3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
4. Key physiological concepts like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It describes the key functions of the kidney which include excretion of wastes, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and hormone production. The basic functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, is explained in detail. The nephron is responsible for filtering blood to form urine via processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. The countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle is also described, which helps concentrate urine.
The kidney performs several essential functions: it filters the blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The kidney achieves this through its basic functional unit, the nephron. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a renal tubule that processes the filtrate, removing waste and regulating electrolyte and water balance in the body through reabsorption and secretion. Precise regulation of blood flow and filtration allow the kidney to maintain homeostasis.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. Glomerular filtration occurs as blood plasma passes through the glomerular membrane into Bowman's capsule. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is determined by the net filtration pressure across the membrane. GFR is regulated by the constriction and dilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which alter glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. Factors such as sympathetic stimulation, angiotensin II, blood pressure, protein intake, and blood glucose levels can impact GFR through their effects on renal blood flow and arteriolar resistance.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. They regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, red blood cell production, and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter the blood and reabsorb useful substances back into circulation. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, where glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are actively transported back into the bloodstream along with sodium, water, and other electrolytes.
The document describes the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the key components and functions of the nephron including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, it outlines the special features of renal circulation including its high pressure, permeability and blood flow.
Urinary System By Dr. Bhagat Singh Jaiswal (1).pdfAmitDubey431477
The urinary system plays a vital role in homeostasis. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle for blood filtration and a renal tubule. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances, and tubular secretion of wastes. The kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance and remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
This document provides information on the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the basic anatomy of the nephron and its parts including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Regarding renal circulation, it notes the kidney receives a high blood flow and has a unique portal system, as well as features like autoregulation and high oxygen consumption.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The basic functions and structures of the kidney, including filtration, homeostasis, and hormone production.
2. The anatomy of the kidney, including locations of the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids and other structures.
3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
4. Key physiological concepts like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It describes the key functions of the kidney which include excretion of wastes, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and hormone production. The basic functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, is explained in detail. The nephron is responsible for filtering blood to form urine via processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. The countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle is also described, which helps concentrate urine.
The kidney performs several essential functions: it filters the blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The kidney achieves this through its basic functional unit, the nephron. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a renal tubule that processes the filtrate, removing waste and regulating electrolyte and water balance in the body through reabsorption and secretion. Precise regulation of blood flow and filtration allow the kidney to maintain homeostasis.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. Glomerular filtration occurs as blood plasma passes through the glomerular membrane into Bowman's capsule. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is determined by the net filtration pressure across the membrane. GFR is regulated by the constriction and dilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which alter glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. Factors such as sympathetic stimulation, angiotensin II, blood pressure, protein intake, and blood glucose levels can impact GFR through their effects on renal blood flow and arteriolar resistance.
The current presentation includes the anatomy of nephron with neat labelled diagrams. The slide also includes the details of functions of each part of nephron.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It details the major organs of the system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then explains the structure and function of the kidneys, nephrons, and processes of urine formation including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Finally, it discusses how the urinary system regulates water balance and maintains acid-base balance in the blood.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.
The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Kidney and urinary system parts and their functions
Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:
Remove waste products and drugs from the body
Balance the body's fluids
Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
Control production of red blood cells
The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.
Upon examination, specific "landmarks" are used to describe the location of any irregularities in the bladder. These are:
Trigone: a triangle-shaped region near the junction of the urethra and the bladder
Right and left lateral walls: walls on either side of the trigone
Posterior wall: back wall
Dome: roof of the bladder
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration. In the nephrons, blood is filtered in the glomerulus and the filtrate is processed and regulated in the renal tubules to form urine. Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help regulate water and electrolyte balance to control blood pressure, volume, and pH. The kidneys also regulate red blood cell production and blood glucose levels through hormone secretion.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the posterior abdominal cavity that filter blood and produce urine. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. During filtration, water and soluble waste products pass from blood into Bowman's capsule, while proteins and other large molecules are retained. As the filtrate passes through the nephron's tubule, certain substances are reabsorbed back into blood while others are actively secreted into the tubule from surrounding blood vessels. This finely tuned process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion produces urine with the proper concentration of waste products and electrolytes for excretion from the body.
The document provides an introduction to the excretory system, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the kidney. It discusses the following key points:
1. The kidneys regulate homeostasis through fluid balance, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure regulation. They also excrete metabolic waste and secrete important hormones and vitamins.
2. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, each with a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. Glomerular filtration occurs through small pores in the filtration membrane, allowing filtration of plasma while retaining blood cells and proteins. Around 180L of filtrate is produced per day through this process.
The kidneys are located retroperitoneally behind the abdominal cavity. Each kidney contains an outer cortex and inner medulla. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is found in the cortex. The nephron filters blood in the renal corpuscle to form urine, which drains into the renal pelvis and exits via the ureters. Hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and vasopressin precisely regulate blood pressure and the reabsorption of salts and water to control urine production and blood volume.
The document provides information on renal physiology and the structure and function of the kidney. It discusses the key functions of the renal system including regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance and excreting waste. It describes the anatomy of the kidneys and nephrons. Specifically, it details the functional units of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubule. It explains the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure and sodium balance.
This document provides an overview of kidney function and anatomy. It discusses the objectives of the lecture, which are to explain the urinary system and kidney anatomy, discuss kidney physiology and the use of non-protein nitrogenous compounds to assess kidney function, and explain techniques used to diagnose kidney impairment. The document outlines the lecture and provides details on the structure and function of the urinary system, kidney anatomy, glomerular filtration, and renal function tests.
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
The document summarizes the physiology of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. It describes the histology of the nephron including the glomerular capsule, renal tubule, and collecting duct. The three basic processes of urine production are glomerular filtration where fluid is filtered from blood, tubular reabsorption where the kidney reabsorbs water and solutes, and tubular secretion where wastes and excess ions are secreted into the urine. Hormonal regulation by systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help control tubular reabsorption and secretion.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. Each kidney contains approximately 1-2 million functional filtering units called nephrons, which help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes from the bloodstream.
The urinary system maintains homeostasis by filtering the blood and regulating fluid volume and composition. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing waste and regulating electrolytes. Urine moves from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters and is expelled via the urethra. Precise regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion allow the urinary system to maintain fluid balance and blood composition.
The document summarizes key aspects of excretion and the kidney's role in excretion and maintaining water balance. It describes the three main processes involved - ultrafiltration in the malpighian body, selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, and urine formation in the loop of henle and collecting duct. It also outlines the structures of the nephron and kidney, and how different regions work together to filter and regulate blood content.
The document discusses disorders of kidney function, providing information on kidney anatomy, physiology, and common renal diseases. It describes the key components of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. Investigations for evaluating kidney function such as urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, and biopsy are outlined. Common renal disorders like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases including nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are mentioned.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to form urine, regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance, and produce hormones. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb and secrete substances to form urine, which passes through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through the urethra. Precise regulation of urine production, water and electrolyte levels is controlled by hormones including antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine, which travels through the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder fills, urine is excreted through the urethra. The kidneys regulate water and ion levels in the blood and remove wastes via specialized nephrons that filter the blood, reabsorb necessary components, and produce urine for excretion.
This document provides an overview of renal failure and its nursing management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview of the urinary system, focusing on kidney structure and function. The two main types of renal failure discussed are acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). AKI is defined as a sudden decline in kidney function over 48 hours and can be caused by prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal factors. CRF is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years. The global and Indian burden of kidney disease is also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of smooth muscle, including its two types, functional organization, innervation, electrical and mechanical properties, and neural and hormonal influences. Smooth muscle is found in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary system. It consists of spindle-shaped cells that derive energy from glycolysis and lack striations. Contraction is regulated by calcium levels and myofilaments sliding past each other. Smooth muscle exhibits spontaneous electrical rhythms and responds to neural, hormonal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli by modulating tension.
The document discusses acidification of urine through hydrogen ion secretion and reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate in the renal tubules. It describes how proximal tubule cells secrete hydrogen ions by forming carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water, and secreting hydrogen ions into the lumen. Distal tubules and collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions via proton pumps and hydrogen-potassium ATPases. The secreted hydrogen ions titrate filtered bicarbonate and are excreted as titratable acid or combined with ammonium which is later excreted to generate new bicarbonate. The kidneys secrete over 4000 mmol of hydrogen ions per day, most of which reclaims filtered bicarbonate
The current presentation includes the anatomy of nephron with neat labelled diagrams. The slide also includes the details of functions of each part of nephron.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It details the major organs of the system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then explains the structure and function of the kidneys, nephrons, and processes of urine formation including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Finally, it discusses how the urinary system regulates water balance and maintains acid-base balance in the blood.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.
The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Kidney and urinary system parts and their functions
Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:
Remove waste products and drugs from the body
Balance the body's fluids
Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
Control production of red blood cells
The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.
Upon examination, specific "landmarks" are used to describe the location of any irregularities in the bladder. These are:
Trigone: a triangle-shaped region near the junction of the urethra and the bladder
Right and left lateral walls: walls on either side of the trigone
Posterior wall: back wall
Dome: roof of the bladder
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration. In the nephrons, blood is filtered in the glomerulus and the filtrate is processed and regulated in the renal tubules to form urine. Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help regulate water and electrolyte balance to control blood pressure, volume, and pH. The kidneys also regulate red blood cell production and blood glucose levels through hormone secretion.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the posterior abdominal cavity that filter blood and produce urine. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. During filtration, water and soluble waste products pass from blood into Bowman's capsule, while proteins and other large molecules are retained. As the filtrate passes through the nephron's tubule, certain substances are reabsorbed back into blood while others are actively secreted into the tubule from surrounding blood vessels. This finely tuned process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion produces urine with the proper concentration of waste products and electrolytes for excretion from the body.
The document provides an introduction to the excretory system, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the kidney. It discusses the following key points:
1. The kidneys regulate homeostasis through fluid balance, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure regulation. They also excrete metabolic waste and secrete important hormones and vitamins.
2. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, each with a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. Glomerular filtration occurs through small pores in the filtration membrane, allowing filtration of plasma while retaining blood cells and proteins. Around 180L of filtrate is produced per day through this process.
The kidneys are located retroperitoneally behind the abdominal cavity. Each kidney contains an outer cortex and inner medulla. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is found in the cortex. The nephron filters blood in the renal corpuscle to form urine, which drains into the renal pelvis and exits via the ureters. Hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and vasopressin precisely regulate blood pressure and the reabsorption of salts and water to control urine production and blood volume.
The document provides information on renal physiology and the structure and function of the kidney. It discusses the key functions of the renal system including regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance and excreting waste. It describes the anatomy of the kidneys and nephrons. Specifically, it details the functional units of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubule. It explains the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure and sodium balance.
This document provides an overview of kidney function and anatomy. It discusses the objectives of the lecture, which are to explain the urinary system and kidney anatomy, discuss kidney physiology and the use of non-protein nitrogenous compounds to assess kidney function, and explain techniques used to diagnose kidney impairment. The document outlines the lecture and provides details on the structure and function of the urinary system, kidney anatomy, glomerular filtration, and renal function tests.
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
The document summarizes the physiology of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. It describes the histology of the nephron including the glomerular capsule, renal tubule, and collecting duct. The three basic processes of urine production are glomerular filtration where fluid is filtered from blood, tubular reabsorption where the kidney reabsorbs water and solutes, and tubular secretion where wastes and excess ions are secreted into the urine. Hormonal regulation by systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help control tubular reabsorption and secretion.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. Each kidney contains approximately 1-2 million functional filtering units called nephrons, which help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes from the bloodstream.
The urinary system maintains homeostasis by filtering the blood and regulating fluid volume and composition. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing waste and regulating electrolytes. Urine moves from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters and is expelled via the urethra. Precise regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion allow the urinary system to maintain fluid balance and blood composition.
The document summarizes key aspects of excretion and the kidney's role in excretion and maintaining water balance. It describes the three main processes involved - ultrafiltration in the malpighian body, selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, and urine formation in the loop of henle and collecting duct. It also outlines the structures of the nephron and kidney, and how different regions work together to filter and regulate blood content.
The document discusses disorders of kidney function, providing information on kidney anatomy, physiology, and common renal diseases. It describes the key components of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. Investigations for evaluating kidney function such as urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, and biopsy are outlined. Common renal disorders like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases including nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are mentioned.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to form urine, regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance, and produce hormones. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb and secrete substances to form urine, which passes through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through the urethra. Precise regulation of urine production, water and electrolyte levels is controlled by hormones including antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine, which travels through the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder fills, urine is excreted through the urethra. The kidneys regulate water and ion levels in the blood and remove wastes via specialized nephrons that filter the blood, reabsorb necessary components, and produce urine for excretion.
This document provides an overview of renal failure and its nursing management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview of the urinary system, focusing on kidney structure and function. The two main types of renal failure discussed are acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). AKI is defined as a sudden decline in kidney function over 48 hours and can be caused by prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal factors. CRF is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years. The global and Indian burden of kidney disease is also reviewed.
Similar to Renal intro, blood flow JGA & RAS.pptx (20)
This document provides an overview of smooth muscle, including its two types, functional organization, innervation, electrical and mechanical properties, and neural and hormonal influences. Smooth muscle is found in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary system. It consists of spindle-shaped cells that derive energy from glycolysis and lack striations. Contraction is regulated by calcium levels and myofilaments sliding past each other. Smooth muscle exhibits spontaneous electrical rhythms and responds to neural, hormonal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli by modulating tension.
The document discusses acidification of urine through hydrogen ion secretion and reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate in the renal tubules. It describes how proximal tubule cells secrete hydrogen ions by forming carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water, and secreting hydrogen ions into the lumen. Distal tubules and collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions via proton pumps and hydrogen-potassium ATPases. The secreted hydrogen ions titrate filtered bicarbonate and are excreted as titratable acid or combined with ammonium which is later excreted to generate new bicarbonate. The kidneys secrete over 4000 mmol of hydrogen ions per day, most of which reclaims filtered bicarbonate
Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. Haemodialysis is done through intravenous lines in a hospital 3-5 hours at a time, where blood passes through a dialysis machine to filter waste. Peritoneal dialysis is done at home by introducing dialysis fluid into the peritoneal cavity for exchange over 15-20 minutes, then draining it out. Renal transplantation is the best treatment, where a donor kidney is transplanted and long term immunosuppression is needed to prevent rejection.
This document discusses different types of diuretics and their mechanisms of action. It outlines 7 categories of diuretics: 1) osmotic diuretics like urea and mannitol; 2) loop diuretics like furosemide that inhibit electrolyte reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop; 3) thiazide diuretics like chlorothiazide that inhibit reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule; 4) potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone that inhibit aldosterone; 5) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide; 6) drugs like caffeine that increase glomerular filtration rate; and 7) vas
The document summarizes renal physiology, including glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and the handling of common solutes like sodium, water, and urea. Glomerular filtration filters plasma at the glomerulus based on size and charge. Tubular reabsorption and secretion precisely regulate solute and water levels. Sodium is reabsorbed along different tubular segments through active transport mechanisms, while the loop of Henle dilutes and concentrates fluid to create the corticomedullary osmotic gradient.
This document discusses regulation of acid-base balance in the body. It covers:
1) Various buffers that help maintain blood pH within a narrow range, including bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins. Bicarbonate acts as the primary extracellular buffer.
2) Mechanisms for pH regulation, including respiratory changes that release or retain CO2, and renal mechanisms like reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting acid.
3) Types of acid-base disorders like metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis, which can occur alone or in combination. Clinical evaluation involves analyzing pH, bicarbonate, and CO2 levels.
Renal failure refers to the deterioration of renal functions resulting in reduced glomerular filtration rate and increased waste products in the blood. There are two types: acute renal failure caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow or damage to the kidneys, and chronic renal failure caused by long-term damage from conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Acute renal failure can lead to a build up of fluid, electrolytes, and waste in the blood that can cause issues like edema, hypertension, and hyperkalemia. Chronic renal failure progressively reduces kidney function and can cause complications through the retention of waste if more than 75% of nephrons are damaged.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 was awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian 'for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.' The document then provides detailed information about the layers of skin, glands of skin, functions of skin, body temperature regulation, factors influencing heat balance in the body, and examples of conditions involving abnormal body temperature regulation like hyperthermia and hypothermia.
The document discusses the mechanisms by which the kidney concentrates and dilutes urine. It describes the countercurrent mechanism, which involves two parts: the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, and the countercurrent exchanger in the vasa recta blood vessels. The loop of Henle establishes an osmotic gradient in the medulla through selective permeability and NaCl transport. The vasa recta then maintain this gradient by passively exchanging water and solutes between descending and ascending blood vessels flowing in opposite directions. This allows the kidney to produce urine with osmolalities ranging from 30 to 1400 mosm/kg H2O.
The ventilatory control mechanism must accomplish two tasks: establishing the automatic rhythm of respiration and adjusting the rhythm based on metabolic demands, mechanical conditions, and other behaviors. This is accomplished by networks of respiratory neurons located in the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla that generate the respiratory rhythm through intrinsic properties and synaptic interactions. These neurons are modulated by peripheral and central chemoreceptors that sense changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to adjust ventilation. Higher brain centers and afferent feedback further influence the respiratory control system.
This document discusses lipid profiles, their components and reference values. It then examines the relationship between lipid profiles and type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Specifically, it finds that abnormal LDL levels correlate with diabetes and that cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels are higher in hypertension patients while HDL is lower. The document concludes by recommending preventive measures like a healthy diet, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol to control cholesterol.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
3. Functions of kidney
Urine formation and excretion of waste products
Regulation of ECF volume
Regulation of blood pressure (BP)
Regulation of electrolyte composition of body fluids
Acid-base balance
Regulation of plasma osmolality
Regulation of erythropoiesis
Endocrine functions
Gluconeogenesis
4. Functional Anatomy
1. Gross anatomy
External features
Gross internal structure
2. Microscopic structure of kidney
Structure of nephron
Types on nephron
7. Microscopic structure of kidney
Microscopically, the cortex and medulla of the kidney are composed of nephrons,
blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Structure of nephron
Types of nephrons
JGA
10. Proximal tubule
Has 2 parts
Microvilli on apical
surface
Infoldings on basolateral
membrane
Lateral surface have
tight interdigitations
Many mitochondria and
Golgi complex.
The villi and
interdigitations go on
decreasing as they go
down from pars
convolute to pars recta.
11. Loop of Henle
3 parts in JMN
2 parts in cortical nephrons
Thin limb and thick limb
In JMN, thin limb has descending and
ascending parts.
The epithelial cells are flat with relatively
smooth apical and basolateral membranes in
thin limb
In thick limb epithelial cells are small and
cuboidal.
The basolateral membrane of cells has extensive
infoldings.
The luminal surface of cells has less infoldings.
Cells contain numerous mitochondria that are
mainly located toward basal part
Macula densa
12. Distal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule
(DCT) begins immediately after
the macula densa
Some what larger cells when
compared to thick ascending
limb.
Though, DCT is relatively
impermeable to water,
hormones like aldosterone and
ADH facilitate its absorption in
this segment
13. Connecting segment
The DCT empties into collecting duct through the
connecting segment or tubule.
This is a small and relatively straight tubule with
morphological and transport characteristics similar
to that of collecting duct
14. Collecting duct
It passes through the cortex and medulla
2 parts
Again Medullary collecting duct is divided
into outer and inner.
The epithelial cells of collecting duct are
modified to participate in transport of ions
and water.
The water permeability is controlled mainly
by ADH whereas Na+ transport is controlled
by aldosterone
Epithelial cells are cuboidal with minimal
infoldings of basolateral and apical
membrane
Contains P cells and I cells
Further down no of P and I cells decrease
and near papilla, they coalesce and become
taller cells.
16. Secretory cells of kidney
The secretory or endocrine cells in kidney are mainly two types:
1. Juxtaglomerular (JG cells) cells: JG cells secrete renin that activates renin-angiotensin
system.
2. Interstitial cells (IS cells): Three are two types of interstitial cells: cortical and
medullary.
i. Cortical interstitial cells are of two types: Phagocytic and fibroblast-like cells.
Fibroblast-like cells (peritubular interstitial cells) secrete erythropoietin.
ii. Medullary interstitial cells are of two types: type-I and type-II. Type-I medullary
interstitial cells secrete prostaglandins, especially PGE2.
20. Functions
Regulation of renal blood flow and filtration rate
(Tuberoglomerular feedback mechanism)
Maintenance of Na+ balance & ECV (RAS(Renin angiotensin
system))
Secretion of Erythropoietin
21. Maintenance of Na+ balance & ECV RAS(Renin
angiotensin system)
↓ Systemic blood
pressure (sympathetic
effect on JGA)
↓ Renal perfusion
pressure (renal
baroreceptor)
↓ NaCl concentration at
macula densa (NaCl
sensor)
Renin release from
granular cells
Angiotensinogen→ANG I→ANG
II
Hypothalamus→thirst
and AVP
Adrenal
gland→aldosterone
↓Na+ & water excretion
from kidneys
↓ECV
22. Secretion of Erythropoietin
Renal tissue hypoxia
Release of HIF-I
Binding to HRE element
of erythropoietin gene
↑Synthesis of
erythropoietin
↑Erythropoiesis
23. Innervation of kidney
Parasympathetic innervation is by Vagus nerve, but its function is uncertain
Sympathetic innervation. Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from the
neurons of lower thoracic and upper lumbar (T10–L2) intermediolateral segments
of spinal cord.
The cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons are located in the ganglia of
sympathetic chain and superior mesenteric ganglion.
The fibers from these neurons are carried by the renal nerves, which travel along
the renal blood vessels as they enter the kidney.
The efferent fibers are mainly distributed to afferent and efferent arterioles, cells of
renal tubule and also to JG cells.
Afferents run along with the efferent fibers and enter in the spinal cord through
the thoracic and upper lumbar dorsal roots.
24. Renal blood flow
Kidneys receive about 23.5% of the cardiac output though they constitute less than
0.5% of the total body weight.
The blood flow to kidneys is about 1260 mL/min or 420 mL/100 g of tissue/min.
Thus, blood flow per unit weight of the kidney tissue is much more in comparison
to other organs.
26. In the medulla of kidney, blood supply is derived from efferent arteriole of
juxtamedullary glomeruli.
These efferent arterioles in juxtaglomerular nephrons, in addition to formation of
peritubular capillaries, form an extra set of capillaries called vasa recta
there are descending and ascending limbs of vasa recta that remain in close contact
with each other.
This arrangement of vasa recta helps it to function as the counter exchanger in urine
concentrating mechanism
Functions of vasarecta
1. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the nephron segments.
2. It delivers substances to the nephron for secretion into the tubular lumen.
3. It serves as a pathway for the return of reabsorbed water and solutes to the
circulatory system.
4. It participates in concentration (as counter current exchange) and dilution of urine
27. Importance of Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
1. Supplies oxygen, nutrients, and hormones that control kidney functions.
2. Delivers metabolites and waste products to the kidney for their excretion in the
urine.
3. Controls concentration and dilution of urine.
4. Influences solute and water reabsorption from kidney.
5. Determines GFR (RBF is the main determinant of GFR)
28. Oxygen Consumption of Kidneys
The oxygen consumption by kidneys per unit tissue (6 mL per 100 g of tissue per min) is more
than other metabolically active organs like
liver (2 mL per 100 g of tissue per min) and brain (3.3 mL per 100 g of tissue per min).
Its is second only to Myocardium(8ml/100mg tissue).
A greater blood flow to kidneys (23.5% of the cardiac output) ensures a higher oxygen supply
to the organs.
The oxygen consumption by kidneys as a whole is much less, which is about 18 mL per min, in
comparison to
52 mL per min for liver,
50 mL per min for skeletal muscles,
45 mL per min for brain and 30 mL per min for heart
In spite of adequate oxygen supply to kidneys, damage to renal tissues occurs in hypoxic
conditions as in shock as most of the blood is shunted from capillaries to venules.
29. Regulation of Renal blood flow
The regulatory mechanisms affect the renal
blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) by changing the arteriolar
resistance
1. Constriction of afferent arteriole decreases
both RBF and GFR without change in the
filtration fraction (FF).
2. Dilatation of the afferent arteriole increases
both RBF and GFR without change in the
(FF) .
3. Constriction of the efferent arteriole
decreases the RBF and increases GFR and
(FF).
4. Dilatation of the efferent arteriole increases
the RBF and decreases the GFR and (FF).
31. Autoregulation
The RBF and thus the GFR remain constant over a
wide range of renal arterial pressures (80–200 mm
Hg)
2 mechanisms, Myogenic mechanism and
Tubuloglomerular feed back mechanism.
1. Myogenic - When renal arterial pressure is raised,
the afferent arterioles are stretched, which contract
and increase the vascular resistance.
32. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
↑ Renal arterial
pressure
↓ Renal arterial
pressure
↑ GFR ↑ RBF ↓ GFR ↓ RBF
↑ NaCl in
tubular fluid
Sensed by
macula
densa cells
Constriction of afferent
arteriole
↓ NaCl in
tubular fluid
Sensed by
macula
densa cells
Dilation of afferent
arteriole
34. Nervous regulation
Under normal circulatory conditions, sympathetic tone is minimum.
Mild-to-moderate stimulation of sympathetic nerves usually has mild effects on
RBF because of autoregulation mechanism.
Strong acute stimulation of sympathetic nerves may produce marked fall in RBF
(even to 10−30% of normal) temporarily due to constriction of both afferent and
efferent arterioles. This effect is mediated mainly by α1-adrenergic receptors
sympathetic stimulation to kidneys stimulate the production of local
prostaglandins (PG E2 and I2) that produce vasodilation and oppose the
vasoconstriction effects.