Reliability and safety are related but distinct dependability attrib.pdf
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Reliability and safety are related but distinct dependability attributes for software. Describe two important distinctions between these attributes. Explain why it is possible for a reliable system to be unsafe and vice versa. Solution Explain why it is possible for a reliable system to be unsafe and vice versa.? ANS:------> Because If the specification does not explicitly exclude dangerous behavior then a system can be reliable but unsafe.RELIABILITYSAFETY1) Reliability involves much more than analyzing test results, estimating remaining faults, and modeling future failure probabilities.1)safety optimizes system safety in the design, development, use, and maintenance of software systems and their integration with safety-critical hardware systems in an operational environment.2)Ensuring system reliability does not necessarily lead to system safety as Reliability is concerned with meeting the system specification (the system \'shall\')2)Safety is concerned with excluding the possibility of dangerous behavior (the system \'shall not\').
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Jennifer DePoy
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22 May 2003
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Copyright © 2003, Sandia Corporation. All rights reserved.
Permission is granted to display, copy, publish, and distribute this document in its entirety, provided that the copies are not used for
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Copyright © 2003, Sandia Corporation. All rights reserved.
Permission is granted to display, copy, publish, and distribute this document in its entirety, provided that the copies are not used for
commercial advantage and that the present copyright notice is included in all copies, so that the recipients of such copies are equally
bound to abide by the present conditions.
Unlimited release – approved for public release.
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observed from the assessments, as well as typical reasons for these security issues and an
introduction to an effective mitigation strategy. Overall, most security vulnerabilities in
infrastructure include failures to adequately define security sensitivity for automation
system data, identify and protect a security perimeter, build comprehensive security
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dissolved in water?
Solution
If a substance has a pH of 4, it is acidic in nature.
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Write a class that maintains the scores for a game application. Implement the addition and
removal function to update the database. The gamescore.txt contains player’ name and score data
record fields separated by comma. For Removal function, uses the name field to select record to
remove the game score record.
Download – List.java, LList.java, Dlink.java, GameEntry.java, gamescore.txt
(a)Read gamescore.txt to initialize the Linked list in sorted order. (1 point)
(b)Provide Remove and Add function for user to update the sorted linked list. (1 point)
(2)Add a reverse function to the LList.java class to reverse the order of the linked list. (2 points).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------
//gamescore.txt
Mike,1105
Rob,750
Paul,720
Anna,660
Rose,590
Jack,510
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
//DLink.java
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
/** Doubly linked list node */
class DLink {
private E element; // Value for this node
private DLink next; // Pointer to next node in list
private DLink prev; // Pointer to previous node
/** Constructors */
DLink(E it, DLink p, DLink n)
{ element = it; prev = p; next = n; }
DLink(DLink p, DLink n) { prev = p; next = n; }
/** Get and set methods for the data members */
DLink next() { return next; }
DLink setNext(DLink nextval)
{ return next = nextval; }
DLink prev() { return prev; }
DLink setPrev(DLink prevval)
{ return prev = prevval; }
E element() { return element; }
E setElement(E it) { return element = it; }
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
//GameEntry.java
public class GameEntry {
protected String name;
protected int score;
public GameEntry(String n, int s) {
name = n;
score = s;
}
public String getName() {return name;}
public int getScore() {return score;}
public String toString() {
return \"(\"+name+\",\"+score+\")\";
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------
//List.java
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
/** List ADT */
public interface List {
/** Remove all contents from the list, so it is once again
empty. Client is responsible for reclaiming storage
used by the list elements. */
p.
Emperor penguins live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained fro.pdf
Emperor penguins live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from cold Antarctic seawaters.
However, during their breeding cycle, they migrate to inland breeding grounds nearly 100 km
away from their source of food. As a result, male emperor penguins do not eat for the two
months that they protect and incubate the single egg laid by their mate. During this time, each of
the tens of thousands of male penguins can lose up to 50% of its body mass (by dry weight).
Where does the majority of this penguin mass go?A. The mass is converted to energy and used
up.B. The mass is converted to urine and feces and eliminated from the body.C. The mass is
converted to ATP molecules.D. The mass is released as CO2 and H2O.
Solution
DURING THIS PERIOD THE MASS WOULD BE USED UP IN FORM OF ENERGY
REQUIRED DURING SUCH PERIOD. OPTION A. The mass is converted to energy and used
up. is answer.
Even before the Ownership Society programs of Presidents Clinton.pdf
Even before the \\Ownership Society\" programs of Presidents Clinton and Bush, the federal
government was heavily involved in the housing market. In a study just prior to the foreclosure
crisis starting in 2008, the Urban Institute started about 80% of the estimated $200 billion
of federal housing subsidies consisted of tax breaks. Samples indicated that federal housing
benefits average $8,268 for those with incomes $200,000 and $500,000 and only $365 for those
with incomes of $40,000 to $50,000. The respective standard deviations were $2,100 and $150.
They were obtained from sample sizes of 150.
1. the statistical test obtained is 45.9741 and p value is 0.0000. Test whether the benefits
to the high income group are at least $7,500 more than the benefits to the low income
group using = 0:05. Make sure to state the null and the alternative hypotheses. Assume
bene ts are normally distributed for both income groups.
Solution.
Do the following picSolutionHere is the solution for the .pdf
Do the following pic:
Solution
Here is the solution for the first 2 problems in the pic:
#include
using namespace std;
template
class Dec
{
public:
//hasDuplicate function that returns true if the private data member has an item that appears
twice or more in the list.
bool hasDuplicate();
//eraseAll function to remove all items which are equal to the item specified in the function
parameter.
void eraseAll(ElementType element);
//isLessThan function to determine if another Dec object is greater than the Dec object itself.
//If the summation of all items from the Dec object itself is less than the summation of all
//items from another Dec object, return true, otherwise, return false.
bool isLessThan(Dec other);
//push_second function to add an item after the first item if there are more than one items.
void push_second(ElementType element);
private:
vector dec;
};
template
bool Dec::hasDuplicate()
{
for(vector::iterator ot = dec.begin(); ot != dec.end(); ot++)
for(vector::iterator it = dec.begin() + ot + 1; it != dec.end(); it++)
if(*it == *ot)
return true;
return false;
}
template
bool Dec::isLessThan(Dec other)
{
int sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;
for(vector::iterator it = dec.begin(); it != dec.end(); it++)
sum1 += *it;
for(vector::iterator it = other.dec.begin(); it != other.dec.end(); it++)
sum2 += *it;
return sum1 < sum2;
}.
Can one mRNA be translated into more than one protein sequence Can .pdf
Can one mRNA be translated into more than one protein sequence? Can more than one type of
mRNA be transcribed in a single cell?
Solution
The prokaryotic mRNAs are called as polycistronic since a single mRNA codes for more than
one protein, whareas the eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic, because it codes for single
polypeptide.hence the given statement true for prokaryotes. Second statement is also absolutely
true. Because in a cell meny genes are in the process of transcription or translation or both at the
same time in the same cell.hence one cell has more than one type of mRNA..
why is there an uneven distribution of photosystem 1 and 2 on the th.pdf
why is there an uneven distribution of photosystem 1 and 2 on the thylakoid membrane?
Solution
Photosynthesis is carried out by the cyanobacteria, plants involved the absorption of light and the
conversion of its energy into chemical energy. The photosynthetic apparatus is made up of 4
multiprotein complexes, which are asymmetrically embedded in the thyalkoid memberane. It is
the high structural and functional coordination between these 4 complexes, which enables the
efficient coupling of photosynthetic electron transfer and photophosphorylation.
The 4 complexes - Photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6f complex, PS I and the proton-ATP
synthase, are unevenly distributed between the 2 regions of the thylakoids. The PS II complex is
situated in the appressed grana-lamella region, the PS I and the ATP synthase complex are
located in the non-appressed stroma-lamella region.
Light driven electron transfer is intiated with the oxidation of water mole. by the PS II complex
and the reduction of quinones associated with the PS II complex. The electrons are then
transferred across the memberane to plastocyanin via the Cyt b6f complex. Plastocyanin is a
copper protein facing the lumen of the thylakoids, is the secondary electron donor of the PS I
complex. In the PS I the electron are translocated across the memberane to ferredoxin which
further transfers them to NADP+. The membrane potental and proton gradient resulting from this
photochemical electron transport provide the motive force required for the formation of ATP by
the ATP synthase.
The transport of electron against the electrical potential and the formation of ATP and NADPH
are made possible due to the unique ability of the thylakoids to absorb light energy. The 2
pigment complexes (PS II and PS I) are responsible for harvesting the light and performing the
charge separation across the thylakoid memberanes.
Photosytem II (PS II):
1. PS II is located at the inner surface the grana thyalkoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P680
3. Pigments absorb shorter wavelengths of light (<680nm)
4. Participates only in non cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is associated with photolysis of water
6. Main functions are ATP synthesis and hydrolysis of water
Photosystem I (PS I)
1. PS I is located at the outer surface the grana thylakoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P700
3. Pigments absorb longer wavelength of light (>680nm)
4. Participates in cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is not associated with photolysis of water
6. Main function is ATP synthesis
This is the purpose the two photosystems (PS) are unevely distributed in thyalkoid memberane..
Which of the following are examples of cell signaling Choose all tha.pdf
Which of the following are examples of cell signaling? Choose all that apply. As a response to
increasing densities, bacteria coordinate behaviors and form biofilms. Insulin hormone produced
by the pancreas triggers the intake of glucose by liver cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses across the
cell membrane into the blood plasma. Chlorophyll absorbs and transfers light energy during
photosynthesis. A neuron releases neurotransmitters into a synapse, triggering a target nerve
cell.
Solution
Cell signaling
Cell signaling is the communication between the cells through which they coordinate
certain activities.
What is the purpose of testing a program with different dataSol.pdf
What is the purpose of testing a program with different data?
Solution
The purpose of testing a program functions according to the expectation. The overall goal of
testing is to find a bug that might effect the functioning of the program. There are various types
of testing and each serve their own purpose. Different data is used for each type of testing. We
have to check the whether internal module is functioning properly, how the program responds to
invalid data, test how changing one module will effect the whole system etc.. There are many
automated tools which can be used for comprehensive testing..
what are the factors contributing to the rise in global media Will .pdf
what are the factors contributing to the rise in global media? Will global media eventually
replace national media?
Solution
Q1) Media is the mass communication system of letting people informed through broadcasting,
publishing, and the internet. It enriches public awareness and knowledge, which is very
important in today’s fast moving world.
Global media gives the news of whole world, suppose a person sitting in India can get the
happenings in the US.
Factors are as below:
Point 1) The urge of national media: There are so many small national media in various
countries. They want to get international news as well but can’t get because of their small
infrastructure. Therefore, they are now becoming tied up with big international media agencies in
order to get regular updating. This is the reason of rising trend of global media.
Point 2) Globalization of economy: Most of the countries have free-trade environment now.
They need cheaper rate of factors of production (land, labor, capital, and organization); the
global media is a great source of information of it.
Point 3) Technological development: The development of internet gives the platform of rising of
global media. A person sitting on computer can get to know the whole world.
Q2) To some extent it is true. Since national media getting tied up with big global firms, the
chance of being acquired may be high in future. The small national media could be acquired by
those global media..
WACC of Alibaba company WACC of Alibaba companySolutionTh.pdf
WACC of Alibaba company
WACC of Alibaba company
Solution
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Alibaba company as of the latest quarter report is
18.28%. Alibaba company generates more return on investment than the cost of capital. WACC
is the rate that a company is expected to pay its stockholders and other lenders of money..
Two particles A and B of equal mass have velocities as shown in the f.pdf
Two particles A and B of equal mass have velocities as shown in the figure to the right. If the
particles collide, circle the situation(s) shown 111 the figures below that represent possible
velocities for the particles after impact. The velocities in all figures are shown to scale. [0.5 mark
for each correct answer]
Solution
Since thy have equal masses they will exchange velocities both for horizontal and vertical
component.
horizontal is head on collision so they will have horizontal velocity in opposite direction..
The forecast equation for mean wind in a turbulent flow is U_it + .pdf
The forecast equation for mean wind in a turbulent flow is: U_i/t + U_j U_i/x_j = delta_i3 g +
f_c epsilon_ij3 U_j - 1/p P/x_i + v ^2 U_i/x^2_j u\'_i u\'_j/x_j Name each term, and give its
physical interpretation.
Solution
solution
A is storage of mean momentum
B is advection of mean momentum by the mean wind
C is gravity to act in the vertical direction only
D is the Coriolis effect due to the earth’s rotation
E is the mean pressure gradient forces
F is the effect of viscous stress on the mean motions
G is the effect of Reynolds stress on the mean motions (also called the divergence of turbulent
momentum flux).
The image below is of a charged moving in a uniform magnetic field. I.pdf
The image below is of a charged moving in a uniform magnetic field. Is the particle positively
or negatively charged?
Solution
According to Fleming left hand rule,
When the thumb,first finger,middle finger are streatched perpendicular to each other and the first
finger represents the magnetic field direction ,middle finger represents the direction of motion of
positive charged particle then the thumb represents force on charged particle.
In figure , magnetic field into the paper and the particle deflect right.So, the charged particle is
negative nature.
The concept of a sampling distributionA-Is essential for drawing c.pdf
The concept of a sampling distribution
A-Is essential for drawing conclusions about a population from the results of a sample.
B- Is related to the use of probability theory in inferential statistics.
C-Helps us use statistics to estimate the corresponding true values in the population.
D-All of the above.
Solution
The concept of a sampling distribution
D-All of the above..
The diets common to some cultures emphasize meat. Meat, milk, and br.pdf
The diets common to some cultures emphasize meat. Meat, milk, and bread, but few fruits and
vegetables, might be a typical meal for populations in northern latitudes and in desert areas, for
example. What ecological factors seem relevant in explaining this human habit?
Solution
Various studies have shown that populations living in northern latitude and desert areas have
dietary patterns higher in animal fat such as meat and dairy products compared to those living in
southern latitudes who thrive majorly on fruits and vegetables. This may be because land in
northern and desert areas had been less fertile to grow seasonal vegeies, due to extremes of
environment and limited rainfalls. People living in these areas over generations have been mostly
hunter-gatherers. Such societies had depended for their economic survival primarily on hunting,
gathering (wild vegetable and fruits and small land fauna), and fishing. Thus they might have
developed the food habit of increased meat and milk consumption (as they are largely dependent
on herd of cattle/animals) along with staple diet of breads, over the generations.
On the other hand, southern populations residing on more fertile pieces of land relish a
vegetarian diet consisting of fresh fruits and vegetables. They are richer in biodiversity due to
moderate climates and rainfall distribution throughtout the year. These populations are typically
farmers, food growers over several generations and have developed food habits of vegetarian
diets..
aed by genes at two loci R. rand P. p). A walnut comb is at one Tocus.pdf
aed by genes at two loci R. rand P. p). A walnut comb is at one Tocus and at least one dominant
inant gene A pi R P A rose comb is produced when at least and two recessive genes are present
at the the first locus at pea comb is produced when two recessive genes are least one dominant
gene is at are present at the first and the second locas sNuces 2 for comb shape of the parents in
the fol walnut, 1 single, and 1 pea offspring. ngle comb ing cross: Rose 3/. The mutation (bard es
is inherited as a maternal effect recessive allele. What is the expected ratio of preho termale and
a bad bed male? in offspring cross between bcd normal: mutant 1 3 mutant normal c 3 mutant 1
normal 32 Could the characteristic followed in the pedigree be caused by an autosomal dominant
disease? not?
Solution
32............is pedigree explaining about autosomal dominant disease/.
t t Deg g olthe year.) 4.9 An engineering construction firm is .pdf
t t Deg g olthe year.) 4.9 An engineering construction firm is chartered to provide consulting
services, design, and a limited range of construction services. Its designs have developed into
registered patents Some designs are licensed by subcontractors, the firm not choosing to use
them itself; it does re- ceive income from that business arrangement. These accounts and their
balance are summa- rized below or a family-owned firm titled \"Eastwood s are in units of
$1000, but ignore r each account title, first identify if it is an asset, liability, net worth, income,
expense, Find the income statement and balance sheet f Engineering Services,\" Second Quarter.
(Hints: These value that. Fo or tax. Each account will have a spot in either the income or
balance-sheet statement.)
Solution
Income Statement Revenue in $ in $ Fees Recived 73 Sales of design 7 Equipment
Lease 6 Royality on Patent 40 Interest On owned Securities 126 Less Salary
Expense 28 Utilities Paid 5 Taxes 12 Office Rent 1 Travel 4 Interest On owned
Securities 2 Supplies Expense 9 61 Net Income after tax 65 Balance sheet
Liability Amount in $ Asset Amount in $ Opening bal of retained earning 27 Equipment Book
Value 58 Profit as per income statement 65 Receivable from project 55 Capital Stock 25
Account Payable 30 Patent Asset 11 Bond Owned 12 Cash in Hand 3.
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what are the factors contributing to the rise in global media Will .pdf
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