There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non-defining. Defining clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence, while non-defining clauses provide extra information that is not essential. Defining clauses do not have commas, while non-defining clauses always appear between commas. Relative pronouns like who, that, and which introduce both defining and non-defining clauses, while adverbial pronouns like when, where, why, and whose only introduce non-defining clauses.

1. RELATIVE CLAUSES HOW CAN WE CREATE A RELATIVE CLAUSE?

2. Types of Relative Clauses Defining Non-defining

3. THE “LINKERS” Basic: THAT WHO WHICH (OMISSION) ADVERBIALS: WHERE WHY WHEN WHOSE DEFINING NON-DEFINING

4. Defining or Non-defining? When the relative clause is necessary to understand the sentence completely When the relative clause adds some extra information but it is not essential to understand DEFINING NON-DEFINING

5. Defining Clauses When the relative refers to a person : “ The man who lives next door has a dog” “ The man that lives next door has a dog” When the relative refers to a thing or animal : “ My mother bought the cottage which has three tall palms ” “ My mother bought the cottage that has three tall palms”

6. Relative Omission We can omit if and only if: the relative clause is Defining. the relative is not adverbial the relative is not subject of the clause there is no preposition before the relative. I saw the car you told me about on tv yes NO

7. Non-Defining It is always a clause refered to a person, thing or animal totally identified . Mr. Smith, who lives in Norwich, was once my proffesor The White House, where the president of the USA lives, is in Washington Mickey Mouse, which is a very famous pet, has been on tv for many years. remember: always between commas

8. Averbial Relatives TIME “when” I remember the times when we danced together at the disco PLACE “where” The city where I study is not my hometown REASON “why” We will never know the reason why she didn't come to the party POSSESION “ whose” The girl whose parents you talked to were my work collegues.