Although there is a lot of discussion about the arrangement of Archeological sites in concern with celestials and there is a deep study of archeoastronomy and history of architecture, but they are not explained under one umbrella and how modern architects are practicing and involving archeoastronomy in their designs.
The Sun Temple at Modhera was built in 1026-27 AD under the Solanki dynasty. It is dedicated to the sun god Surya and was designed so that sunlight would illuminate the deity's image at the equinoxes. The temple complex includes a large sacred pool and the main temple, divided into a pillared hall and inner sanctuary. Though now in ruins, the temple was renowned for its intricate carvings covering every surface both inside and out.
Bernard Tschumi designed the New Acropolis Museum in Athens to house artifacts from the Acropolis and tell the story of life there. The building uses various materials like glass, concrete, and marble to reflect the importance of Greek history. Visitors move up through the building and through time, gaining understanding of the site. Natural light illuminates the exhibits through abundant glass walls and skylights. The top gallery has fritted glass allowing views of the Parthenon while displaying sculptures.
The document discusses architectural styles from different periods in South India, including the Pandya, Vijayanagara, and Hazara styles. It provides details on specific temples constructed during each period. The Pandya style included temples with pyramidal towers and mythological sculptures. The Srivilliputtur Andal Temple featured a 12-tiered tower structure. The Vijayanagara style combined elements from other South Indian styles and is known for pillared halls. Specific temples mentioned include the Vitthal Temple in Hampi and the Hazara Temple, both constructed by Krishna Devaraya.
Vedic architecture originated after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. The Aryans who entered India around 1500 BC established settlements and built villages. Their early structures were circular and rectangular huts made of timber and thatch, as the Aryans were still nomadic. Over time, the settlements grew and cities developed with rectangular plans divided into sectors. The concept of Vastupurusa, which determined the placement of buildings based on the imagined pinning of a demon to the ground, influenced traditional Hindu architecture.
Jawahar Kala Kendra is a cultural centre in Jaipur, India dedicated to Jawaharlal Nehru. Architect Charles Correa designed the centre based on the original city plan of Jaipur, arranging squares to represent the nine planets. The 9.5 acre complex includes art galleries, workshops, a library, and Shilpgram, a rural complex with replicas of huts from different regions of Rajasthan showcasing crafts and culture. By invoking the original city plan and using local materials like red sandstone, Correa created a space that blends traditional Indian concepts with contemporary design to display and promote India's cultural heritage.
This document discusses the vernacular architecture of Rajasthan, India. It provides an introduction to Rajasthan's location and climate, which is generally arid or semi-arid with hot temperatures year-round. It then lists various types of traditional architectural structures found in Rajasthan, including buildings from cities like Jaipur and Jaisalmer, as well as Bhonga architecture - a cylindrical building with a conical roof. The document also briefly discusses the culture and tribes of Rajasthan.
Buddhist architecture in ancient India included structures like stupas, chaityas, viharas, and stambhas. Stupas housed sacred Buddhist relics and had a rounded dome-like shape. Chaityas were prayer halls with a stupa at one end and were made in rock-cut caves. Viharas were monasteries that provided living quarters for monks. Stambhas were tall, polished stone pillars sometimes topped with sculptures. These structures developed under emperors like Ashoka who built many early Buddhist monuments to spread the religion across India.
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
The Sun Temple at Modhera was built in 1026-27 AD under the Solanki dynasty. It is dedicated to the sun god Surya and was designed so that sunlight would illuminate the deity's image at the equinoxes. The temple complex includes a large sacred pool and the main temple, divided into a pillared hall and inner sanctuary. Though now in ruins, the temple was renowned for its intricate carvings covering every surface both inside and out.
Bernard Tschumi designed the New Acropolis Museum in Athens to house artifacts from the Acropolis and tell the story of life there. The building uses various materials like glass, concrete, and marble to reflect the importance of Greek history. Visitors move up through the building and through time, gaining understanding of the site. Natural light illuminates the exhibits through abundant glass walls and skylights. The top gallery has fritted glass allowing views of the Parthenon while displaying sculptures.
The document discusses architectural styles from different periods in South India, including the Pandya, Vijayanagara, and Hazara styles. It provides details on specific temples constructed during each period. The Pandya style included temples with pyramidal towers and mythological sculptures. The Srivilliputtur Andal Temple featured a 12-tiered tower structure. The Vijayanagara style combined elements from other South Indian styles and is known for pillared halls. Specific temples mentioned include the Vitthal Temple in Hampi and the Hazara Temple, both constructed by Krishna Devaraya.
Vedic architecture originated after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. The Aryans who entered India around 1500 BC established settlements and built villages. Their early structures were circular and rectangular huts made of timber and thatch, as the Aryans were still nomadic. Over time, the settlements grew and cities developed with rectangular plans divided into sectors. The concept of Vastupurusa, which determined the placement of buildings based on the imagined pinning of a demon to the ground, influenced traditional Hindu architecture.
Jawahar Kala Kendra is a cultural centre in Jaipur, India dedicated to Jawaharlal Nehru. Architect Charles Correa designed the centre based on the original city plan of Jaipur, arranging squares to represent the nine planets. The 9.5 acre complex includes art galleries, workshops, a library, and Shilpgram, a rural complex with replicas of huts from different regions of Rajasthan showcasing crafts and culture. By invoking the original city plan and using local materials like red sandstone, Correa created a space that blends traditional Indian concepts with contemporary design to display and promote India's cultural heritage.
This document discusses the vernacular architecture of Rajasthan, India. It provides an introduction to Rajasthan's location and climate, which is generally arid or semi-arid with hot temperatures year-round. It then lists various types of traditional architectural structures found in Rajasthan, including buildings from cities like Jaipur and Jaisalmer, as well as Bhonga architecture - a cylindrical building with a conical roof. The document also briefly discusses the culture and tribes of Rajasthan.
Buddhist architecture in ancient India included structures like stupas, chaityas, viharas, and stambhas. Stupas housed sacred Buddhist relics and had a rounded dome-like shape. Chaityas were prayer halls with a stupa at one end and were made in rock-cut caves. Viharas were monasteries that provided living quarters for monks. Stambhas were tall, polished stone pillars sometimes topped with sculptures. These structures developed under emperors like Ashoka who built many early Buddhist monuments to spread the religion across India.
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
The document discusses adaptive reuse, which refers to reconstructing or reusing existing buildings for purposes other than their original design. This process provides environmental and economic benefits. Some advantages of adaptive reuse include energy conservation, supporting sustainability, enhancing community character, encouraging investment, and cost savings compared to new construction. Successful adaptive reuse projects consider the building's condition and suitability for the new purpose. They also address any physical, regulatory or environmental limitations. The types of abandoned buildings most suitable for adaptive reuse tend to be industrial, political, or community buildings in cities. Terminologies like retrofitting, refurbishment and rehabilitation are used for adaptive reuse projects depending on the work conducted.
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
This document summarizes the architectural styles of buildings constructed during the Later Mughal period in northern India after the decline of the Mughal Empire. It discusses the hybrid Indo-Saracenic style that emerged, influenced by both Mughal and European designs. Specific buildings mentioned include the Chattar Manzil palace in Lucknow, known for its umbrella-shaped dome, and the Khursheed Manzil palace, resembling an English castle with its central dome, octagonal towers, and battlements. Other notable gardens and palaces from this period discussed are the Alam Bagh, Wilayati Bagh, Moosa Bagh, and the many structures within the Kesar Bagh complex in Lucknow
The document summarizes three projects:
1. The National Handicrafts and Handloom Museum in Delhi, designed by Charles Correa in 1990 to preserve Indian craft traditions and showcase objects from all over India.
2. The Living & Learning Design Center (LLDC) in Kutch, Gujarat, conceived as a resource center and public museum to preserve local crafts. Designed by responding to the local climate and using sustainable materials and techniques.
3. The Uttrayan Art Foundation in Vadodara, Gujarat, completed in 2009, aims to promote art and culture.
Architectural Conservation- Hampi World Heritage SiteRajat Rana
Hampi, located in Karnataka, India, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 for its ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire from the 14th-16th centuries. It contains outstanding examples of South Indian architecture, sculpture, and paintings. Issues facing the site include unauthorized construction, increased tourism, and natural deterioration. Conservation efforts focus on restoration projects and managing visitor traffic to preserve Hampi's cultural and architectural heritage.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect who designed the Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France between 1950-1955. The chapel is located on a hilltop site with scenic views and featured expressive curved and textured concrete walls that give it an organic appearance. Inside, daylight filters through narrow slits in the walls to create a dramatic play of light and shadow throughout the space. The chapel demonstrates Le Corbusier's experimentation with form and light in his later works.
This document discusses vernacular architecture, including:
- Vernacular architecture refers to buildings constructed using local resources and traditions to address local needs, as opposed to buildings designed by architects.
- It is influenced by factors like climate, available materials, construction techniques, culture, and more.
- Vernacular architecture can be classified chronologically (tribal, pre-industrial, post-independent, modern), functionally (residential, farm-related, industrial, places of worship) and by settlement (rural vs. urban).
- The process of constructing vernacular buildings typically involves the owner working with a local mason or craftsman to modify standard plans to suit the site, family
The Sun Temple in Modhera is a splendid example of Solanki style architecture dedicated to the sun god Surya. The temple was designed so that the rays of the sun would fall on the image of Surya during the equinoxes. It is situated in front of a large sacred pool called the Surya Kund. The temple has two main sections, the pillared hall or sabha mandapa and the main temple or gudha mandapa.
The Chichu Art Museum in Naoshima, Japan, designed by Tadao Ando and completed in 2004, is an underground structure built to preserve the natural surroundings. It has five galleries connected by a triangular space to display works by Monet, de Maria, and Turrell. Through a simple geometric design of concrete walls and carefully placed skylights, Ando aimed to guide visitors through varying "lightscapes" within the underground complex while maintaining the forest and salt fields above.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent architecture made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century. The terminology often points to similarities between late modernism and post-modernism although there are differences.
Late Modernism, also known as High-tech architecture or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the late 80s, this style became a bridge between modernism and postmodernism.
Architecture in which the images, ideas, and motifs of the Modern Movement were taken to extremes, structure, technology, and services being grossly over stated at a time when Modernism was being questioned.
In the year 1980s the high tech architecture started to look different from the post modern architecture. Many of the themes and ideas which originated during the post modern times were added to the high tech architecture.
Modern architecture is primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability o f new building materials such as iron, steel, and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
Islamic Architecture in India- Imperial styleAngel Roselin
The document provides an overview of Indo-Islamic architecture during different dynasties between 1191-1557 CE. It classifies Indo-Islamic architecture into Imperial, Provincial and Mughal styles. The Imperial style during the Delhi Sultanate period saw a mix of Indian and Arabic styles. Key buildings from the Slave dynasty include the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and Qutub Minar. The Alai Darwaza gate was built during the Khalji dynasty. Tughlaqabad fort, built by the Tughlaq dynasty, was later abandoned due to a curse.
The Kailash Temple is located in Ellora Caves near Aurangabad, Maharashtra. It is a monolithic temple carved out of single rock dating back to 8th century AD. The temple architecture includes a gopuram, nandi mandapa, pillars, and carvings depicting Hindu gods and epics. It is notable for being the largest monolithic structure in the world carved from top to bottom in vertical direction.
Amdavad ni Gufa is an underground art gallery in Ahmedabad, India. Designed by the architect Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi
Address: Opposite L.D Engineering, Gujarat University campus, CEPT campus, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009
Architectural style: Modern architecture
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
The document provides an overview of the history of astronomy from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses how early civilizations like those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece began making observations of celestial objects and developing models to explain their motions. Key figures mentioned include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model, Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model, Galileo who made observations with his telescope, Kepler who formulated his laws of planetary motion, Newton who discovered gravity, and modern scientists like Hubble and Hawking. The document outlines the progression of astronomical thought and knowledge over the centuries as better observations led to more accurate models of the universe.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
The document discusses adaptive reuse, which refers to reconstructing or reusing existing buildings for purposes other than their original design. This process provides environmental and economic benefits. Some advantages of adaptive reuse include energy conservation, supporting sustainability, enhancing community character, encouraging investment, and cost savings compared to new construction. Successful adaptive reuse projects consider the building's condition and suitability for the new purpose. They also address any physical, regulatory or environmental limitations. The types of abandoned buildings most suitable for adaptive reuse tend to be industrial, political, or community buildings in cities. Terminologies like retrofitting, refurbishment and rehabilitation are used for adaptive reuse projects depending on the work conducted.
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
This document summarizes the architectural styles of buildings constructed during the Later Mughal period in northern India after the decline of the Mughal Empire. It discusses the hybrid Indo-Saracenic style that emerged, influenced by both Mughal and European designs. Specific buildings mentioned include the Chattar Manzil palace in Lucknow, known for its umbrella-shaped dome, and the Khursheed Manzil palace, resembling an English castle with its central dome, octagonal towers, and battlements. Other notable gardens and palaces from this period discussed are the Alam Bagh, Wilayati Bagh, Moosa Bagh, and the many structures within the Kesar Bagh complex in Lucknow
The document summarizes three projects:
1. The National Handicrafts and Handloom Museum in Delhi, designed by Charles Correa in 1990 to preserve Indian craft traditions and showcase objects from all over India.
2. The Living & Learning Design Center (LLDC) in Kutch, Gujarat, conceived as a resource center and public museum to preserve local crafts. Designed by responding to the local climate and using sustainable materials and techniques.
3. The Uttrayan Art Foundation in Vadodara, Gujarat, completed in 2009, aims to promote art and culture.
Architectural Conservation- Hampi World Heritage SiteRajat Rana
Hampi, located in Karnataka, India, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 for its ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire from the 14th-16th centuries. It contains outstanding examples of South Indian architecture, sculpture, and paintings. Issues facing the site include unauthorized construction, increased tourism, and natural deterioration. Conservation efforts focus on restoration projects and managing visitor traffic to preserve Hampi's cultural and architectural heritage.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect who designed the Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France between 1950-1955. The chapel is located on a hilltop site with scenic views and featured expressive curved and textured concrete walls that give it an organic appearance. Inside, daylight filters through narrow slits in the walls to create a dramatic play of light and shadow throughout the space. The chapel demonstrates Le Corbusier's experimentation with form and light in his later works.
This document discusses vernacular architecture, including:
- Vernacular architecture refers to buildings constructed using local resources and traditions to address local needs, as opposed to buildings designed by architects.
- It is influenced by factors like climate, available materials, construction techniques, culture, and more.
- Vernacular architecture can be classified chronologically (tribal, pre-industrial, post-independent, modern), functionally (residential, farm-related, industrial, places of worship) and by settlement (rural vs. urban).
- The process of constructing vernacular buildings typically involves the owner working with a local mason or craftsman to modify standard plans to suit the site, family
The Sun Temple in Modhera is a splendid example of Solanki style architecture dedicated to the sun god Surya. The temple was designed so that the rays of the sun would fall on the image of Surya during the equinoxes. It is situated in front of a large sacred pool called the Surya Kund. The temple has two main sections, the pillared hall or sabha mandapa and the main temple or gudha mandapa.
The Chichu Art Museum in Naoshima, Japan, designed by Tadao Ando and completed in 2004, is an underground structure built to preserve the natural surroundings. It has five galleries connected by a triangular space to display works by Monet, de Maria, and Turrell. Through a simple geometric design of concrete walls and carefully placed skylights, Ando aimed to guide visitors through varying "lightscapes" within the underground complex while maintaining the forest and salt fields above.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent architecture made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century. The terminology often points to similarities between late modernism and post-modernism although there are differences.
Late Modernism, also known as High-tech architecture or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the late 80s, this style became a bridge between modernism and postmodernism.
Architecture in which the images, ideas, and motifs of the Modern Movement were taken to extremes, structure, technology, and services being grossly over stated at a time when Modernism was being questioned.
In the year 1980s the high tech architecture started to look different from the post modern architecture. Many of the themes and ideas which originated during the post modern times were added to the high tech architecture.
Modern architecture is primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability o f new building materials such as iron, steel, and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
Islamic Architecture in India- Imperial styleAngel Roselin
The document provides an overview of Indo-Islamic architecture during different dynasties between 1191-1557 CE. It classifies Indo-Islamic architecture into Imperial, Provincial and Mughal styles. The Imperial style during the Delhi Sultanate period saw a mix of Indian and Arabic styles. Key buildings from the Slave dynasty include the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and Qutub Minar. The Alai Darwaza gate was built during the Khalji dynasty. Tughlaqabad fort, built by the Tughlaq dynasty, was later abandoned due to a curse.
The Kailash Temple is located in Ellora Caves near Aurangabad, Maharashtra. It is a monolithic temple carved out of single rock dating back to 8th century AD. The temple architecture includes a gopuram, nandi mandapa, pillars, and carvings depicting Hindu gods and epics. It is notable for being the largest monolithic structure in the world carved from top to bottom in vertical direction.
Amdavad ni Gufa is an underground art gallery in Ahmedabad, India. Designed by the architect Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi
Address: Opposite L.D Engineering, Gujarat University campus, CEPT campus, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009
Architectural style: Modern architecture
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
The document provides an overview of the history of astronomy from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses how early civilizations like those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece began making observations of celestial objects and developing models to explain their motions. Key figures mentioned include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model, Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model, Galileo who made observations with his telescope, Kepler who formulated his laws of planetary motion, Newton who discovered gravity, and modern scientists like Hubble and Hawking. The document outlines the progression of astronomical thought and knowledge over the centuries as better observations led to more accurate models of the universe.
The document discusses how the winter solstice, which occurs on December 21st, marks the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. It explains that the Earth's axial tilt is what causes the seasons by determining how many hours each hemisphere receives sunlight. Ancient cultures around the world, including in Egypt, India, Rome, North and South America, built structures aligned with solstices and equinoxes to observe and celebrate the sun's changing path in the sky. Many held ceremonies and myths surrounding the solstices, seeing the sun's return after the solstice as important for survival. Sites like Stonehenge, Newgrange, and Chaco Canyon were precisely constructed to track the sun's movements
This document provides an overview of key topics in ancient art history, including how different time periods are defined and distinguished. It discusses sites such as Stonehenge, Lascaux, and Chauvet Cave, and prehistoric artworks like the Venus of Willendorf. The development of Stonehenge over time is described, alongside theories about its purpose. Key periods mentioned are the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic eras.
History & Culture of Astronomy April 10, 2009 acloutier copyrightAnnie C. Cloutier
1) Many ancient cultures developed sophisticated astronomy traditions and systems for tracking celestial events, including African, Chinese, Australian Aboriginal, Mayan, Greek, Inuit, and European cultures dating back as far as 2,000 BC.
2) These traditions incorporated astronomy into cultural storytelling, calendars, rituals, and timekeeping and were used to make sense of the cosmos and understand celestial phenomena.
3) Key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler advanced scientific astronomy in Europe starting in the 15th century by developing heliocentric models and improving observational tools and methods.
- Obtain at least a bachelor's degree in astronomy or physics, with graduate degrees like a master's or PhD preferred for research roles
- Develop strong math and science skills like physics, chemistry, and computer programming
- Gain experience through internships at observatories or universities to conduct research and operate telescopes
- Expect a typical work schedule of standard office hours analyzing data, but some night and weekend work for observations
- Salaries range from $50,000 for bachelor's to over $100,000 for those with graduate degrees, with researchers earning the most
- Duties involve studying celestial objects through telescopes, analyzing data
The document discusses the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, which remains controversial despite ongoing research. Radioactive dating and other stratigraphic methods have advanced our understanding of early Cambrian evolution. Laminated stromatolites from the Precambrian provide fossil evidence, while biosedimentary structures indicate the boundary location. Determining an accurate timeframe for the boundary is difficult as evidence suggests a transition period of 30-50 million years between Ediacaran fauna (620-700 million years ago) and the appearance of trilobites.
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Circular in shape, its outer ring consists of vertical sarsen standing stones. A lot of archaeologists and scholars are still looking for answers to their questions. The reason for the rumor of it being spooky is that the Sarsen stone which was used to build Stonehenge occurred as loose or semi-buried boulders.
The document discusses astronomy concepts before the invention of the telescope. It describes how ancient Greeks like Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle developed early models of the universe and proved the Earth was round based on observations of the sky. It also discusses astronomical phenomena that were observable without telescopes, including the motions of planets, stars, and constellations; comets; eclipses; and phases of the moon.
Ancient sites like Newgrange Passage Tomb and Stonehenge were carefully aligned with astronomical events like solstices and equinoxes, suggesting their builders had knowledge of the movement of celestial bodies. Early models of the universe placed Earth at the center, with the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and later displaced by Copernicus' heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Kepler later improved on this by discovering planetary orbits were elliptical rather than circular in shape.
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The Moon formed about 4.45 billion years ago from debris ejected when a large object collided with Earth. It has since been shaped primarily by relentless bombardment from impacts. Exploration of the Moon began with telescopic observations in the 1600s and recent robotic missions have revealed much about its geology and origins, but many questions remain unanswered, motivating continued exploration including future human missions.
Sky as a bridge: Astronomical interactions in Eurasia through the agesRajesh Kochhar
Sky has always been seen as the heritage of the whole humankind. People have been curious about their sky. They have also been curious about the curiosity of others. Accordingly, astronomy has advanced through pooling of intellectual resources and cross-fertilization of ideas. There is broad connectivity in the world history of astronomy. Astronomy is a multi-stage intellectual cumulus where each stage has built on the previous ones and carried the studies forward.
The growth of astronomy has not occurred in a steady manner, but in spurts, with different centres playing a pre-eminent role at different times. An interesting correlation needs to be noted. The level and quality of astronomical activity has been related to a nation’s GDP. Prosperous, self-assured, resurgent, assertive nations have tended to become patrons of astronomy. It is as if having established their superiority or supremacy over fellow human beings, they wanted to unravel the mysteries of the sky on behalf of the whole humankind.
Astronomical event before the advent of telescopeoryzasativa0720
- Ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations systematically observed and recorded the motions of the sun, moon, and planets without telescopes. They noted the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, and its rising and setting points varied over the course of a year.
- They observed the moon's changing appearance over 29.5 days in its phases from a thin crescent to a full circular disk. Lunar eclipses where the Earth casts its shadow on the moon were also noticed.
- Constellations were patterns of visible stars that helped with navigation, timekeeping of calendars, and recognizing stars. Five planets - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn - could be seen without telescopes
Ancient cultures studied the sky and developed calendars based on observed cycles of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. They noticed that the sun rises and sets daily, the moon's appearance changes monthly in a repeating cycle of phases, and stars return to the same positions annually. Over millennia, observations led to models of the universe, from geocentric ones placing Earth at the center, to the eventual acceptance of Copernicus' heliocentric model with the sun at the center.
1. The document discusses archaeoastronomy and how ancient structures like Stonehenge and structures at Chichen Itza were precisely aligned with astronomical events and used to track the movements of celestial bodies.
2. Key structures like the Caracol building and El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza aligned with solstices, equinoxes, and risings and settings of Venus, demonstrating the Maya's sophisticated astronomical knowledge without modern instruments.
3. Stonehenge may have been used as a predictor of solar eclipses through its arrangement of stones marking the moon's orbit and other cycles.
The document summarizes archaeological research on the Thornborough Henges ritual monument complex in North Yorkshire, England. It describes the layout and features of the site, including three large henge monuments arranged in a straight line across a gravel plateau. Archaeological investigations aimed to determine the chronology and role of the site in the surrounding Neolithic landscape. Surface surveys found lower artifact densities near the henges, suggesting the area was kept clear, while distant scatters implied temporary occupation when visiting the ritual center.
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical through several lines of evidence:
- Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth around 500 BC.
- Anaxagoras observed circular shadows on the Moon during lunar eclipses, indicating the Earth was round.
- Aristotle made detailed arguments including that the North Star appears higher in the sky the farther north you travel, and ships disappear over the horizon progressively from bottom to top.
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth by measuring the sun's angle at different locations, arriving at a value close to modern measurements.
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Relation between Archeoastronomy and Architecture a Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Architecture
1. “Relationship between Archeoastronomy and
Architecture
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Architecture”
Saba Naz
Faculty of Architecture
Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and
Life sciences Quetta, Takatu Campus
Abstract: Archeology is the study of ancient civilizations, their physical remains, and
the analysis of human cultures –Astronomy is the study of everything in the universe
beyond Earth's atmosphere. That includes objects we can see with our naked eyes, like
the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars. It also includes objects we can only see with
telescopes or other instruments, like faraway galaxies and tiny particles.
Archeoastronomy is the relation between celestial objects and archeological ruins and
historic monuments – While Architectural forms and spaces were built according to
specific geometrical relationships associated with astronomical observation. This paper
will draw a relationship between archeoastronomy and architecture and how modern-day
architecture is fabricated in harmony with celestial objects and using the practices of
ancient architects.
Key words: archeoastronomy, astronomy, faraway, celestial objects, architecture
1- Problem Statement:
Although there is a lot of discussion about the arrangement of Archeological sites
in concern with celestials and there is a deep study of archeoastronomy and history of
architecture, but they are not explained under one umbrella and how modern architects
are practicing and involving archeoastronomy in their designs.
2- Introduction:
Almost all the great civilizations of the past build spectacular monuments, which
testify to their skills, knowledge, and religious beliefs. All their monuments are silent,
there is no written evidence of how and when they were constructed. There is one thing
that is connecting these monuments, Astronomy. These projects are connected to the sky
due to their astronomical alignment, which is the core of archeoastronomy: The stars and
stones. Its gives us information about the mind of our ancestors’ gives us the emotion of
experiencing today, spectacular events, which were planned thousands of year ago.
2. Archeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary science lying somewhere between
archeology astronomy and has a link with architecture. Archeology is the study of human
activities through the recovery and analysis of material culture, efforts made for getting
evidence of architecture in previous time, while astronomy is a study of celestial objects
(moon, stars, planets, and galaxy). Archeoastronomy is the study of the connection of
people in past with the sky, their astronomical practices, celestial objects, mythologies,
religions, and world perspectives about ancient cultures. Material evidence from the past
might be representational or physical. Establishing alignment is often a focus of
Archeoastronomy but as with the interpretation of the past, seeing, and drawing a
conclusion. Archeoastronomy, therefore, focuses on the material elements present in the
archeological record. For instance, it can recognize whether a structure was intentionally
built in such a way as to capture sunlight on particularly important days of the year. For
example, the Passage tomb of New grange Ireland whose entrance and roof-box captures
sunrise on the winter solstice, and among one of
the bronze age sites in Europe, Stonehenge is
prominent. The site is paramount as it is relatively
belonging to an advanced Bronze age structure.
Stonehenge is isolated in the topography that
makes it difficult to envision the site that was once
a highly settled area. Stonehenge's first version
some dated back to 3000BCE was made at that
time, but the difference is that it was spread 100
meters and would have two or three open spaces for approaching the circle. Archeologist
remains evidence that there was a centered timber building that was 30m. the large area
of scattered stones is spread up to the trench and a heel stone with a pointed head with a
height 4.9m high is just outside of the circle. Two astronomical alignments were erected
into it, one of which faces towards the northeast entrance towards the northern alignment
of the moon while the other is orientated towards the cardinal point to the south. In
2500BCE this structure was reshaped by the Beaker people, they changed the earthwork
structure, its associated landscape from lunar to the solar monument. According to the
beliefs of beaker people, their cosmology was connected between smelting of ore and
sun, that is why they reshaped Stonehenge and transformed its orientation. To do this
they rotated the axis to unnoticeable 3 degrees eastwards that harmonized with the rising
midsummer sun.
3. 2.1- Nabta Playa:- Located in modern-day southern Egypt,
some 80km west of Abu Simbel. This was not a common
Stonehenge site, as it contains a circle of modest upright
stones, while the main stones are being in pair of four sets
close together. With contrast to Stonehenge, built 4,500
years later, the circle is small, roughly 4 meters in diameters,
but its ambition was similar: to organize time according to
the seasons. Two of which stones are aligned towards true
northeast- southwest. They are assisted towards observation
of motion of the sun and the constellation orion. Nabta Playa is unique not only for its
age but also the ancient astronomy coded into its alignments. It could be evidence of the
first Egyptian civilization to use astronomy manner. Of the many stone structures found
at Nabta Playa, the stone circle is most well-known. The circle is made up four gateways,
two aligned North-South, and two pointing East-West. These alignments were likely used
to track the summer and winter solstices, as well as vernal and autumnal equinoxes. This
would have been of extreme importance to the inhabitants of Nabta Playa at the time. The
agricultural year would be based on when the wet season was approaching. There was,
however, more purpose for the site. In the middle of the stone circle is six anomalous
stones that do not align to any of the four cardinal points. North-south alignment of the
Nabta Play Stone Circle. Nabta playa could be one of the earliest astronomical
observatories found in Egypt. The study of archeoastronomy is a relatively new discipline
in science. Scholars analyze archaeological sites and their astronomical connections. For
lost ancient civilizations, the knowledge of the movements of the stars was held in utmost
importance. Evidence shows that as it helped shape and develop cultures all over the
world. Of the six mysterious standing stones in the center of the stone circle, it is now
thought they are part of an ancient star map. Each
stone seems to represent a star in the sky. Studies
reveal the stone circle acts as a map for accurate
angles and distances to relative stars. Most curiously,
Nabta Playa shows knowledge of precession of the
equinox. It is the much larger cycle of the star
constellations in the sky comparative to the sunrise
on the spring solstice. Just before the sun rose on the
summer solstice around 5000BC, three of the stones
in the center of the stone circle would have lined up
perfectly with the belt stars of the constellation of
Orion. This time marks when the precession cycle is
at one extreme. 12,000 years earlier, the opposite extreme of the precession cycle occurs.
Again, the other three stones line up precisely with the shoulder stars of Orion. The stone
circle is an accurate astronomical map tracking time back to around 16,500BC. Ancient
Egyptians at Nabta Playa were recording the movements of the constellation of Orion’s
Belt to mark the precession of the equinox.
2.2- Niuheliang Ritual Center: In hongshan culture of inner Mongolia located along the
Laoha, Yingjin and Daling rivers that empty into Bohai bay that was surrendering over a
large area over but had a single, common ritual center that consisted of at least fourteen
burial mounds and alters over several hill tops. It dates from around 3500BCE, but it
4. could find even earlier. Whereas no evidence of village settlement could be found in its
vicinity, its size is much larger than a clan or village could support. As a religious scared
landscape, the core might also have north-south axis attracts the ritual center with the
center of zhushan, or the pig mountain to the south. A key building is resting on 40 by
60-meter loam platform on which rested a structure that is speculated to have been
goddess temple. Its base footing contains detailed geometric designs made with clay in
high relief and painted yellow, red, and white. On its northern
Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable
constellations in the night sky. It is named after Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are blue-white Rigel and red Betelgeuse.
end is a single detached room clay body parts were excavated. The platform also contains
eight interconnected sub-Terrance tracks constructed in asymmetrical node shaped 25m
wide from south to north. Archeologist main site of interest was an artificial hill at the
entrance of valley. The mound is encircled by ring of squared white stones at ground
level. There burials at hill side were oriented north-south, at extremes of the moonrise in
the east.
2.3- Avebury’s stone circle in England on the
southern coast of Brittany at the base of peninsula.
Leading this stone circle is an impressive ritual road,
some 100 meters wide and 1,165 meters long,
oriented southwest to northeast and makes up almost
1,100 standing stones or menhirs, with eleven rows.
These stones were meant to follow the movement of
celestial cycle (stars and moon) land not the sun.
among numerous other sites is Serpent Mound in
Ohio, once there Hopewell culture was settled that was later occupied by what
archeologists known as the Fort Ancient Culture (1000-1650). The settlement was
composed of circular and rectangular homes made of twinges and thatch. In there
religious believes snake was dormient force. Even its astronomical alignment is indeed
aligned a way where the snakes head is aligned to the summer solstice and the various
curves to other celestial events.
Astronomy was extremely important for ancient Egyptians. For instance, the
movements of stars and the appearance of constellations represented an invaluable guide
for agricultural purposes, yearly signaling the beginning of the flood of Nile. Pharaohs
themselves were thought to ascend to stars after death. The positioning of the great
pyramids of Giza, its sides are oriented cardinally with entrance precision, pointing to
specific points in the celestial meridian.
3- Modern Case Studies on how Archeoastronomy influenced modern
Architecture:
3.1- Jaipur’s Jantar Mantar: A collection of architectural astronomical instruments
build by king of at new Jaipur in 1727-1734. He has constructed total of five such
structures at different locations including Jaipur and Delhi. The largest sundial of the
5. world Samrat, its function is to indicate solar time of the place. On a clear day, due to
sun’s orientation, Samrat cast shadow on quadrant scale at on point and travels to another
with movement of sun. Shadow on quadrant scale identifies the local time. For finding
altitudes and azimuth angle of celestial objects instruments like Kapali Yantra and Ram
Yantra are used.
3.2- James Turrell’s Roden Crater:
Roden charter is in deserted region of northern
Arizona. Late in 1970s, turrell spend a night in extinct
volcano bowl in Arizona. Since than he started buying
and turning the site into celestial observatory site
linked with series of spaces and installations. After
receiving the dormant cinder cone in 1977, Turrell
converted Roden Crater into a different site, that is
containing tunnels and apertures that open onto the
sky, capturing light directly from the sun in daylight hours, and the planets and stars at
night. Roden Crater belongs to a tradition of monumental structures that have been built
by artists, rulers, and priests, ancient and modern. Above-ground observatories for
specific celestial events include Maeshowe in Scotland (which predates the pyramids),
Newgrange in Ireland, and Abu Simbel in Egypt. Remains of ancient sites that resemble
‘handmade volcanoes,’ large mounds with a depression at the vertex, are also scattered
around the world. These include Herodium near Jerusalem and Old Sarum in England. In
the sixteenth century, the great astronomer Tycho Brahe pioneered ‘naked eye
observatories,’ of which the eighteenth-century Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is perhaps the
best example. Turrell studied and adapted essential features of the naked-eye observatory
in his designs for Roden Crater, where the natural formation recalled these man-made
models. During planning and construction phase of Roden Crater, Turrell consulted with
astronomers including E.C. Krupp, Director of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles,
and the late Richard Walker, an astronomer with the U.S. Naval Observatory in Flagstaff,
to calculate the excavation and alignment of the Crater’s tunnels and apertures. When
completed the structures within the Crater will form a vast naked eye observatory for
celestial objects and events ranging from uncertain and baffling to the more familiar
summer and winter solstice. The East Portal, the Alpha (East) Tunnel and the Sun | Moon
Chamber act in concert as a monumental Camera unclear, or pinhole camera.
Transmitting light from the East Portal aperture, the Alpha (East) Tunnel focuses images
on the west side of the monumental image stone in the Sun | Moon Chamber annually for
the southernmost sunset and every 18.61 years to
mark the Major Lunar Standstill. Annually, ten days
before and ten days after the Winter Solstice (Dec
11th and Dec 31st with additional imaging on three
days before and after those dates), the annual
southernmost sunset, offset by the dates above, is
pictured on the west side of the image stone. The
Alpha Tunnel also serves as a naked eye telescope
to view the setting moon. Every 18.61 years (the
most recent was 2006) the moon reaches its northernmost and southernmost maximums
6. known as a Major Lunar Standstill. Viewed through the tunnel, the southernmost
moonset will form a reverse image on the west side of the image stone. The next Major
Lunar Standstill is calculated to be at zenith in 2025. The South Space is aligned to the
North Star that concentrates the viewer’s attention on the night sky. The center feature’s
structure that forms an astronomical instrument like the Jai Prakash Yantra in the celestial
observatory at Jaipur, India. With this instrument, one can track celestial bodies and
events (such as lunar and solar eclipses) as they occur within the timeframe of the 18-
year, 11-day Saros Cycle. A single seat provides a view focused on the North Star. The
South Space is, in effect, both a space with its own characteristics and a calendar for the
celestial movements and events that are at the heart of the varied spaces of the Roden
Crater project.
3.3- Jean Nouvel Sharaan Resort in AlUla, Saudi Arabia:
A design concept for Sharaan, were there will be a hidden resort in the rock dwelling of
Alula, an oasis in north-west Arabia Asia. This
design will showcase modernity giving a style of
living in an old Millennium way, a modern curved
monumental design in rocks while preserving and
respecting mother nature’s landscape. The concept is
to bring landscape with history. the resort will be
part of a fully integrated destination for visitors with
40 keys, including 25 suites, 10 pavilions, and five resort residential estates. Preserving
nature while introducing modern way of living, the project will have minimal impact on
nature and on urban landscape. Alula development will have a balance of heritage with
economic potentials. AlUla, a governorate, and city located in northwestern part of Saudi
Arabia, is celebrated for its rich heritage. Archaeological traces discovered dated back to
the Bronze Age and several ancient treasures and cities that existed, with evidence of
thriving civilizations such as the Dadan/Lihyan and the Nabataean kingdoms. AlUla’s
most significant landmark is the Nabatean city of Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO
World Heritage Site -popular for its well-preserved tombs and structures. Also known as
Mada’in Salih, Hegra was once a thriving metropolis for the Nabatean people, setting the
scene for the Silk Road and a vast trading empire.
3.4- Planetarium in Shanghai:
Some of the ancient civilization had left few studies of skies and stars. To preserve its
culture and history, China is planning to make a new planetarium and astronomical
museum in Shanghai, one of the crowded hubs of China, Asia. Consisting of three
“celestial bodies,” the entire building is assembled of the oculus, the inverted dome, and
the sphere. According to the firm, “Each major element acts as an astronomical
instrument, tracking the sun, moon and stars—reminding visitors that our conception of
time originates in distant astronomical objects and
enriching the museum exhibit experience with actual
encounters of celestial movement.” The building will
7. anchor on astronomy and planetary science and will characterize a solar telescope,18m-
diameter optical planetarium, an IMAX cinema, a 21m-diameter digital sky theatre, an
education and research Centre, a youth observation camp and observatory and a range of
galleries a 38,000 square-meter planetarium set for construction on the coast of East
China Sea. The curved, futuristic planetarium is built on three key architectural features –
the oculus, the inverted dome, and the sphere, each of which acts as an astronomical
instrument, tracking the sun, moon, and stars. Each element speaks its own story, the
Oculus — an ancient architectural element first made famous when first made in the
Rome Pantheon— turns the building itself into an astronomical instrument, visualizing
the passage of time with a circle of light that moves slowly across the gallery floor. While
the Oculus has scientific significance in this context, its experiential qualities may cut
down towards the instinctive. By using reflecting pools—and the external environment of
the museum creates a scenery of Japanese modernists. The Inverted Dome —forms a
focal point at the museum’s heart, presenting a description of architects as “sublime
spatial experience” at the height of the visitors’ journey through the museum interior. The
dome’s inverted form makes the sky itself a focus, and the uninterrupted glazing creates a
light and airy atmosphere in the atrium housing most the museum’s permanent exhibits.
The Sphere houses the Planetarium theater inside a geodesic dome, a classic form
reminiscent of many astronomically oriented buildings around the world. The Sphere
appears as the positive complement to the inverted dome, nestled within a curved
pedestal like a pearl in the heart of a concrete oyster shell. Landscaped pathways spiral
outward from pedestal, around the exterior of the planetarium, resonating the elliptical
orbits of the planets around the sun. The sweeping green space creates an embracing
addition in a city crowded at the seams with new development, provides further external
exhibitory to supplement the museum program, including a 24-meter-high solar
telescope.
4- Literature review:
My research paper aims to highlight the relation between Archeoastronomy and
architecture as an interdisciplinary field and how architecture was shaped by
Archeoastronomy. And modern architects incorporating cosmic to create new forms.
Through case studies I have tried to explain the importance of astronomy in architecture
and how archeoastronomy works hand by hand with architecture. A lot more study is
required in this field for better understanding of our present and future.
5- Conclusion:
Astronomy was the important element used by ancient people in every aspect of life,
including their architecture. From Stonehenge, its study and science had inspired other
cultures to modify ancient practices according to there needs and this process continued
and gave others an idea to create something better and more useful for their time
according to their needs. From bronze age to Niuheliang complexity has increased but
they all have a single mainstay, Astronomy that always binds them together. Moreover,
prehistorians had used their tools to study the sky for which they constructed instruments
like Jantar Mantar. Archeoastronomy has its own significance in the field of architecture
and the modern-day designers are more concerned for making use of prehistoric elements
in their design as a dominant feature by adding complexity according to their time and
8. needs. Having a thorough research on archeoastronomy and presented case studies of
modern architecture it is understood that both Architecture and Archeoastronomy are
interrelated, and each has an impact on other as both are dependent on each other. There
is no impact on Astronomy without both as it is naturally occurred but archeoastronomy
and architecture are dependent on astronomy as sky is the priority of man. Hence an
extensive study is required to understand celestial objects, movement of sun and stars and
how these celestial objects have an intensive impact on architecture of prehistoric and
today. Certain case studies are presented in this paper for understanding the relationship
of archeoastronomy, with architecture and astronomy, but there is a lot more study
required for understand the complex relation between these fields and more work is
required in the field of architecture for better understanding of our future having a
concern of present.
6- Reference
1. https://www.archdaily.com/950328/jean-nouvel-designs-resort-in-saudi-arabia-
hidden-within-rock-dwellings?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
2. http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/archaeastronomy.html
3. https://www.archdaily.com/910086/james-turrells-roden-crater-set-to-open-after-45-
years
4. “Astronomy and Architecture” faculty of architecture Jamia Millia Islamic
university New Delhi, India
5. https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/shanghai-planetarium/
6. https://www.bdcnetwork.com/architecture-based-astronomy-principles-new-
planetariumshanghai#:~:text=X,Architecture%20based%20on%20astronomy%20pri
nciples%20for%20new%20planetarium%20in%20Shanghai,inverted%20dome%2C
%20and%20the%20sphere.&text=The%20ancient%20Chinese%20civilization%20le
ft,studying%20the%20stars%20and%20skies.
7. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/archaeoastronomy/archaeoastronomy-the-
science-of-stars-and-stones-FH2XS
8. https://www.cladglobal.com/architecture-design-features?codeid=30354
9. http://www.exploreglobe.net/archaeoastronomy-overview.html
10. Francis D. K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzom -bek, and Vikramaditya Prakash (1995)
A global history of architecture second edition
11. https://interactive.archaeology.org/veracruz/?p=174 Momin Muhammad Zaki
12. https://medium.com/@humanoriginproject/the-ancient-astronomy-of-the-
nabta-playa-egyptian-stone-circle-c8ecb2800223
13. https://rodencrater.com/celestial-events/
14. http://www.space-awareness.org/bg/careers/career/who-archaeoastronomer/
15. https://spacefan.org/the-link-between-astronomy-and-architectures
16. https://www.underluckystars.com/blog/what-is-archaeoastronomy/