Relation algebra (1).ppt
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Relational algebra is a procedural query language used to manipulate data in relational databases. It consists of five basic operators: union, difference, selection, projection, and Cartesian product. Additional derived operators include intersection, complement, and various join operations. Relational algebra provides a theoretical foundation for relational databases and sits between declarative query languages like SQL and the implementation code in a DBMS that executes queries.
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hgvgvhbhv hvh h h h h h h h h h h h h .ppt
This document summarizes a lecture on relational algebra. It introduces the five basic relational algebra operators: union, difference, selection, projection, and cartesian product. It also discusses derived operators like intersection, joins, and renaming. Examples are provided to illustrate each operator. The document notes that relational algebra is used to translate SQL queries into optimized execution plans. It also discusses how relational algebra operates on bags rather than sets and has some limitations compared to other languages.
Relational Algebra.ppt
The document discusses relational algebra, which is a formalism for creating new relations from existing ones. It describes the five basic relational algebra operators - union, difference, selection, projection, and cartesian product. It also covers derived operators like intersection, joins (natural, equi-join, theta join, semi-join), and renaming. Examples are provided to illustrate each operator. Relational algebra is used to translate SQL queries into optimized execution plans.
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Algebra relacional
This document discusses relational algebra and its operations. It begins with an introduction to relational algebra and its role in manipulating data in a relational database. The key operations of relational algebra are then explained in detail, including selection, projection, join, union, intersection, difference, and cartesian product. Examples are provided to illustrate how each operation works. The document also covers concepts like assigning relations to temporary names and using multiple operations sequentially to form more complex queries.
2. Relational Algebra.ppt
Relational algebra consists of operators that allow deriving new relations from old ones. The five main operators are:
1) Union combines relations, 2) Intersection returns common tuples between relations, 3) Difference returns tuples in one relation not in another, 4) Selection returns tuples satisfying a condition, and 5) Projection eliminates columns and removes duplicates. Other operators include Cartesian Product, which pairs all tuples between relations, and Rename, which changes the schema but not instances.
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hgvgvhbhv hvh h h h h h h h h h h h h .ppt
This document summarizes a lecture on relational algebra. It introduces the five basic relational algebra operators: union, difference, selection, projection, and cartesian product. It also discusses derived operators like intersection, joins, and renaming. Examples are provided to illustrate each operator. The document notes that relational algebra is used to translate SQL queries into optimized execution plans. It also discusses how relational algebra operates on bags rather than sets and has some limitations compared to other languages.
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Relational algebra consists of operators that allow deriving new relations from old ones. The five main operators are:
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Relation algebra (1).ppt
- 1. Relational Algebra V.Deepa M.Sc.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science
- 2. Relational Algebra • Five operators: • Union: • Difference: - • Selection: s • Projection: P • Cartesian Product: • Derived operators: • Intersection, complement • Joins (natural,equi-join, theta join, semi-join) • Renaming: r
- 3. DBMS • Database Management System or DBMS in short refers to the technology of storing and retrieving users data.
- 4. What is data and Information?
- 5. How relational algebra related to DBMS? • Relational algebra mainly provides theoretical foundation for relational databases
- 7. Introduction to Relation Algebra • It was introduction by 1970 • By EF Code who is the father of DBMS. • It is called procedural or formal query language.
- 8. Relational Algebra • Frame for creating new relations from existing ones • Its place in the big picture: Declartive query language Algebra Implementation SQL, relational calculus Relational algebra Executable code
- 9. 1. Union and 2. Difference • R1 R2 • Example: • ActiveEmployees RetiredEmployees • R1 – R2 • Example: • AllEmployees -- RetiredEmployees
- 10. What about Intersection ? • It is a derived operator • R1 R2 = R1 – (R1 – R2) • Also expressed as a join (will see later) • Example • UnionizedEmployees RetiredEmployees
- 11. 3. Selection • Returns all tuples which satisfy a condition • Notation: sc(R) • Examples • sSalary > 40000 (Employee) • sname = “Smith” (Employee) • The condition c can be =, <, , >, , <>
- 12. sSalary > 40000 (Employee) SSN Name Salary 1234545 John 200000 5423341 Smith 600000 4352342 Fred 500000 SSN Name Salary 5423341 Smith 600000 4352342 Fred 500000
- 13. 4. Projection • Eliminates columns, then removes duplicates • Notation: P A1,…,An (R) • Example: project social-security number and names: • P SSN, Name (Employee) • Output schema: Answer(SSN, Name)
- 14. P Name,Salary (Employee) SSN Name Salary 1234545 John 200000 5423341 John 600000 4352342 John 200000 Name Salary John 20000 John 60000
- 15. 5. Cartesian Product • Each tuple in R1 with each tuple in R2 • Notation: R1 R2 • Example: • Employee Dependents • Very rare in practice; mainly used to express joins
- 16. Cartesian Product Example Employee Name SSN John 999999999 Tony 777777777 Dependents EmployeeSSN Dname 999999999 Emily 777777777 Joe Employee x Dependents Name SSN EmployeeSSN Dname John 999999999 999999999 Emily John 999999999 777777777 Joe Tony 777777777 999999999 Emily Tony 777777777 777777777 Joe
- 17. Relational Algebra • Five operators: • Union: • Difference: - • Selection: s • Projection: P • Cartesian Product: • Derived or auxiliary operators: • Intersection, complement • Joins (natural,equi-join, theta join, semi-join) • Renaming: r
- 18. Operations on Bags A bag = a set with repeated elements All operations need to be defined carefully on bags • {a,b,b,c}{a,b,b,b,e,f,f}={a,a,b,b,b,b,b,c,e,f,f} • {a,b,b,b,c,c} – {b,c,c,c,d} = {a,b,b,c,d} • sC(R): preserve the number of occurrences • PA(R): no duplicate elimination • Cartesian product, join: no duplicate elimination Important ! Relational Engines work on bags, not sets !
- 19. Joins • Joins is a combinatio of Cartesian product by a selection process. • Inner Joins: Theta join EQUI join Natural join • Outer joins: Left outer join Right outer join Full outer join
- 20. • Also known as conditional join. • Used when you want to join two or more relation based on some conditions.
- 21. • Is a special case of conditional join. • When a theta join uses only equivalence condition, it become a equi join • As value of two attributes will be equal in result of equaijoin, only one attribute will be appeared in result.
- 22. Thank you