This study aims to illustrate the significance of Greek mythology in this modern world and how it is reimagined by the American author Rick Riordan in his pentalogy, Percy Jackson, and The Olympian Series. In his novels, Riordan portrays the Greek gods centered in the focal point of the modern civilization, guiding the modern man in all his endeavors. He presents to us an out of the ordinary scenario, where the Greek myths are embedded in the core of modern American society and how the pop culture and modernity is mixed with the archaic myths of Greece. Hrithuparna. T "Reimagination of Greek Mythology in Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson and the Olympians Serie" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42322.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/english/42322/reimagination-of-greek-mythology-in-rick-riordan’s-percy-jackson-and-the-olympians-serie/hrithuparna-t
The Philosophical Demotion of the Sacred Feminine Form in Classical Art Atyeb Atum RE
This presentation is an exploration of how the Greek classical arts and its mythology appropriated the feminine intuitive abilities from the sacred universal Mother Goddess and her daughters, both in the heavens and here on Earth. It charts how the patriarchal system became an institution that still plagues Humanity today with its Male Dominated ideologies adopted from many Greek philosophers and how they viewed women.
5 legendary characters and people from folkloreCharlie
In this I go over five different legendary characters from folklore, from Merlin, to Osiris and Achilles, there are many interesting characters to learn about.
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The Philosophical Demotion of the Sacred Feminine Form in Classical Art Atyeb Atum RE
This presentation is an exploration of how the Greek classical arts and its mythology appropriated the feminine intuitive abilities from the sacred universal Mother Goddess and her daughters, both in the heavens and here on Earth. It charts how the patriarchal system became an institution that still plagues Humanity today with its Male Dominated ideologies adopted from many Greek philosophers and how they viewed women.
5 legendary characters and people from folkloreCharlie
In this I go over five different legendary characters from folklore, from Merlin, to Osiris and Achilles, there are many interesting characters to learn about.
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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mental disabled. By incorporating Greek mythology into
popular culture, Riordan tries to explain something that is
difficult to understand, and show how mythology still canbe
used as an effective tool to give a message to the society.
In the first novel, Percy Jackson and The Lightning Thief,
Riordan places the adobe of the Olympians, the Olympus at
the top of the Empire State Building, in New York. We are
introduced to the ancient Greek gorgon Medusa and herlair,
according to Riordan is situated in New Jersey, and the
entrance to the underworld, where all the dead people are
believed to go is situated in Los Angeles. In his second book,
Percy Jackson and The Sea of Monsters, Riordan tries to tell
the readers that the Bermuda TriangleortheDevilsTriangle,
is nothing other than the Sea of Monsters, in which resides
all the sea monsters like Scylla, Charybdis, the Sirens etc. In
his third novel, Percy Jackson and the Titans Curse, Riordan
relate to us the story of the Titans and the fall of their reign
after the ten-yearwar with the Olympian gods. As the
Olympus is situated on top of the Empire State Building, the
old palace of the Titans is placed at the top of Mount
Tamalpais, in San Francisco, according to Riordan.
In his fourth novel, Percy Jackson and the Battle of Labyrinth,
Riordan introduces to us the myth of Daedalus and his
greatest invention, the Labyrinth. Riordan explains the
Labyrinth as a second layer under the surface of the earth
and above the underworld, which keeps on growing on its
own. It has a spirit of its own and is connected to the life
force of Daedalus. In the fifth novel, Percy Jackson and the
Last Olympian, the gods unite with their demigod children
against the Titans, and fight against them in a united front.
The resurrection of the Titan Lord, Kronos and the worst
monster of all, the Typhon, throws the gods offtheirbalance,
but with help of their children, they save their seats of
power.
In all of these five novels, Riordan tries to embed the archaic
gods and myths in the twenty first century, and he tries to
wear off the distinction between the lines of reality and
fiction. The great gods of Greek mythology remain the same
in his pentalogy, but with some influence of the modern
civilization. The fire of the powerofthegods,asRiordansays
is burning bright in America, and we can see that in their
architecture, their national emblem etc. Thus, we could say
that Riordan places these myths in the current scenario to
help the readers understand and to relate to these stories
and fables more deeply.
In short, we can conclude that the ideology studied in this
research focuses on how the ancient Greek myths, whichare
entwined with the human beings’ way of life, are
incorporated in modern fiction. Following the footsteps of
Homer, Ovid, Virgil etc. the twenty first century writer Rick
Riordan wrote his own versionsaboutthedepictionofGreek
gods, goddesses and creatures. The characteristics of the
demigods developed by Riordan in the pentalogy resembles
their parents from Greek mythology. It proves that Riordan
stuck closely around the typical structure of Greek
mythology in composing his novel.
Mythic Recursions
…myth is now so encyclopedic a term that it means
everything or nothing. We can find it in whateverwewant to
say is essential about the way humans try to interpret their
place on earth. Myth is a synthesizer of values which
uniquely manages to mean most things to most men. It is
allegory and tautology, reason and unreason, logic and
fantasy, waking thought and dream, atavism and the
perennial, archetype and metaphor, origin and end. What a
burden myth has to carry as a portmanteau term. (Gould 5)
Myth is one word in the English language whose meaning
conveys both truth and revelation, as well as, false belief.
Since the dawn of mankind, mythology has tried to answer
the greatest questions queried by human beings, related to
life and existence, through stories and legends. Our
ancestors from different cultures around the globe had
passed on tales of creation, elucidating the meaning of life,
the stories of gods who ruled the earth and the heaven, the
tales of the monsters which roamed through this earth
scaring the human beings. Each culture has shaped and
developed its own myths and as people moved about on this
earth, they carried on with them these tales of wonder and
wisdom. Thus, Mythology is both the link to our eventful
past, as well as, the spark that ignites the inspiration of the
modern-day storytellers.
The Swiss psychiatrist and psycholinguist, Carl Gustav Jung
was of the opinion that myths and dreams were expressions
of the collective unconscious and it manifest the core ideas
that are part of the human race as a whole. In other words,
myths express the wisdom that is inherent in all the human
beings, perhaps encoded in us by the means of evolution or
through some spiritual process. For Jungians, this common
origin in the collective unconscious elucidates why the
myths from different societies and cultures from different
parts of the world can be strikingly similar to each other.To
Carl Jung, myths contain the archaic truth about existence.It
is the first and foremost psychic phenomena that reveal the
nature of the soul. C. G.Jung expound that for the human
psyche, myth is a necessary aspect as it needs to find
meaning and order in a world that often presents itself as
chaotic and meaningless. C. Jung writes:
The psyche, as a reflection of the world and man, is a thing of
such infinite complexity that it can be observed and studied
from a great many sides. It faces us with the same problem
that the world does: because a systematic study of theworld
is beyond our powers, we have to content ourselves with
mere rules of thumb and with aspects that particularly
interest us. Everyone makes for himself his own segment of
world and constructs his own private system, often withair-
tight compartments, so that after a time it seems to him that
he has grasped the meaning and structure of the whole. But
the finite will never be able to grasp the infinite. (Jung 23-
24)
The word Mythology came from the Greek words ‘mythos’
which means narrative or fiction or myth or plot and ‘logos’
which is a word or speech. Thus, mythology is the spoken
story of the people. Mythology could be defined as the study
and elucidation of sacred fables or chronicles of a particular
culture know as myths or is the collectionofsuchstoriesthat
deal with various aspects of human conditions like the good
and evil that equally resides in us, the origin of human
beings, the meaning of suffering, the originof namesofmany
places, origin of several cultural traditions and values, the
meaning of life and death, the afterlife, and the omnipresent
beings called the gods. It is an allegorical narrative in which
the main characters are gods, demigods or supernatural
humans. Scholars Maria Leach and Jerome Fried define
mythology along these lines:
A myth is a story, presented as having actually occurred in a
previous age, explaining the cosmological and supernatural
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traditions of a people, their gods, heroes, cultural traits,
religious beliefs, etc. The purpose of myth is to explain, and,
as Sir G.L. Gomme said, myths explain matters in “the
science of a pre-scientific age.” Thus, myths tell of the
creation of man, of animals, of landmarks; they tell why a
certain animal has its characteristics (e.g., why the bat is
blind or flies only at night), why or how certain natural
phenomena came to be (e.g., why the rainbow appears or
how the constellation Orion got into the sky), how and why
rituals and ceremonies began and why they continue.
(Leachand Fried 778)
If myth is an idea, then mythology could beconsideredasthe
vehicle that carries this idea. Mythology comprises all the
stories, fables, symbols and rituals that make a myth
tangible. These stories, fables, symbols and rituals are
fundamentally a part of language that have been heard, seen
and performed and passed down to the forth coming
generations. Together these aspects of language construct
the foundation of a culture on which it is built upon. From
the myths come beliefs ofthe peopleandfromthe mythology
comes the customs and it conditionsthethoughtsandfeeling
of the people. Mythology influences a person’s behavior and
communication in a society and thus has a far-reaching
influence on the culture. “The symbolic world of mythology
can be viewed as a mirror of our own inner landscape.”
(Bartlett 14)
Mythology allows us to explore the world of gods, heroes,
monsters, and the adrenaline filled quests and other such
adventures through the stories that are told and it allows us
to delve into the mysterious world that welivein.Mythology
becomes a medium which enables us to comprehend the
literary and artistic works createdthroughouttheages.Even
today, themes and messages from mythology are
incorporated in our culture using motifs and characters
which can be found in ancientstoriesfromaroundtheworld.
Mythology reveals common themes such as how the
universe came into being, elucidations on how the forces of
nature are at work, the origin of people and civilizations,
personal quests and behaviors, social rules, customs and
beliefs. According to Joseph Campbell, myth represents the
human search for what is significant, meaningful and true.
He says that: “what we are searching for is an experience of
being alive, so that our life experiences will resonate our
own innermost being and we actually feel the rapture of
being alive.” (Campbell and Moyers 5)
To Carl Jung, myth is the outside ofthehumanconsciousness
and dream is the inside of the human consciousness, and
together they shape the realm of archetypes. Jung opined
that the mythological and religious traditions around the
world holds in itself myriad archetypal images. The term
‘archetype’ was coined by Carl Jung himself, and he defined
Archetypes as universal, archaic patterns and images that
are independent and hidden forms which are transformed
once they enter consciousness and are given particular
expression by individuals and their culture. And as myth isa
codification of our unconscious archetypes, literature is the
cultural realization of our mythologies. Myths and stories,
which plays a huge part in our past, have been used,
interpreted and reinterpreted for hundreds of years to
create new stories out of the old ones. Through this process,
a number of new “archetypes” have been created.
Once a myth is encoded into a language, it takes on the
qualities of a literary text and obtain independent repute.
Here, the original interaction between the unconscious and
the unknown is set aside and a second level of interaction
between the myth text and the individual, the listener or the
reader is obtained. It is no longer an original insight of the
original myth that has been passed down through
generations, but only an instrument or tool available to the
storytellers of the coming generations. Over the time, the
myth users gradually disperse in geographical terms, and
they take with them these myths and it results in the
enlargement of the mythical system as additional variants
are emerged out of this process. Thus, a modern novelistasa
myth user has at his disposal, a whole repertoire of myths.
He can reconstruct the old myths and tell the tales in a new
perspective. He can use these myths for the purpose of
allusion, allegory, parody, satire and can create several
layers of new meaning simultaneously.
The study of psycho-analysis in the modern age shows that
myth making is a part of the very nature of human beings. It
appears to be a “permanent activity of all men.” In fact,
studies show that what happens is that man abandons one
myth for the sake of another. That is why even the 20th
century writers often look back to the past for the survival,
revival and creation of myth. Thus, ‘the returntomyth’ wasa
particular feature of the Modernist movement. The titles of
some of the important works by some of the leading
modernist writers show that they do not hesitate to borrow
materials from the oldmythologies,for example,TheCentaur
by John Updike, The Labours of Hercules by Agatha Christie,
Antigone’s Claim by Judith Butler,The Song of Achilles by
Madeline Miller etc. and this happens often because myth
offers the writers a way through which they could
symbolically comment on the modern events.
Northrop Frye, the Canadian literary critic and theorist, is of
the view that certainformsofmythsbecometheconventions
and genres of literature. According to Frye, there are four
main narrative genres- comedy, romance, tragedy andirony
(or satire). These genres are associated with the second
cycle of spring, summer, autumn and winter, coming under
the Archetypal criticism. These myths have been borrowed
by the writes in different languages and different time with
the purpose of making their works lively and vital. The
German Romantic writers,JosephSchellingandFredrich von
Schlegel, have talked about the needofa unifyingmythology.
English writers such as James Joyce in his novel Ulysses, T. S.
Eliot in his poem The Waste Land, Eugene O’Neil in his play
Mourning Becomes Electra, have stressed the importance of
integrative mythology to literature and hascreatedmythical
parallels based on the contemporary materials. Herman
Hesse, Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, W. B. Yeatsetc.haveused
mythical modes of expression in their works.
The Greek mythology is generally supposed to present to us
the way the human race acted, thought and felt eons ago.
Taking these myths as a medium we can retrace the paththe
civilized man, who had once lived in harmony and close
companionship with the nature to become someone who
lives so far and distant from the nature. When the stories
came into being the distinction between what was real and
what was unreal had yet to be made out. The imagination of
these people was vividly alive and dynamic and was not
checked by reason, so that any person who happens to be
near a spring or stream could see the reflecting face of a
naiad in the depths of the water or could see dryads chasing
each other in the woods.
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It has been more than two thousand years since the Ancient
Greek society has fell over. But the impact of one of the
magnificent societies of the world still has its influence over
the modern western society and how we live today in this
world. References and allusions to Greek mythologycanstill
be found in many areas of study including astrology,
mathematics, biology, engineering, medicine, literature,
architecture etc. There are references to Greek mythology
where ever you turn to now a day. For example, Nike, a
brand of sports shoe which is namedaftertheGreek goddess
of victory; the Starbucks logo is a siren which is intended to
symbolize the irresistibility ofthebrand’scoffee;Atlaswhich
is a term that is used to describe books filled with maps and
also the first vertebra of the spine which allows us to hold
our heads up is the name of the Titan who was condemned
to hold up the sky; the Olympic Games started in Ancient
Greece in the city of Olympia and inspired by the ancient
Olympics the International Olympic Committee wasformed.
Thus, we can say that the traces of Greek mythology can be
seen in many places even now.
The impact of Greek culture and myths can also be vividly
seen in the pop culture and arts. Greek mythology has been
used in nearly every form of popular culture. Many Greek
myths have been adapted into modern novels, movies, TV
shows and video games. Even the word ‘theatre’wasderived
from the Greek word ‘theatron’ which meant the section of
outdoor arenas where people watched the plays. Many
movies had been directed which are essentially based on
Greek myths. For example, HelenofTroy (1956), Spartacus
(1960), Antigone (1961), Hercules (1997), Troy (2004),
Minotaur (2006), Clash of Titans (2010), Wrath of Titans
(2012), Immortals (2011), Wonder Woman (2017) etc. We
can also see the presence of many monsters and creaturesin
Popular Culture. Like the appearanceofa Centaur,a halfman
and half horse figure in films like Chronicles of Narnia and
Harry Potter; the fire breathing monster, Chimera, is seen in
Beauty and the Beast and WrathofTitans; the one-eyed giant
monster called Cyclops can be seen in DoctorWho and
BattlestarGalactica; Pegasus, a beautiful winged stallion can
be seen in The Blood of Olympus, My Little Pony and Fantasia.
The Greek mythology began with Homer and his work ‘Iliad’
which is first written record of Greece as well as it is or
contains the oldest Greek literature. The tales of Greek
mythology doesn’t really throw light upon what the early
mankind as a whole was like, but it does shower light up on
how the early Greeks were like. The Greeks, unlike the
Egyptians, created their gods in their own image. Until the
Greek mythology, the gods had no semblanceofreality.They
weren’t like any living thingsonearth.They were beyondthe
power of imagination to bequeath movement, they were
immobile and fixed in stone in colossal temples and even
though they were represented the humans in their shape
and appearance, they were deliberatelymadeunhuman. The
Egyptians had a rigid figure of a woman with a cat’s head
called Bastet, another god with the body of a man and head
of a falcon named Horus etc. But as the Greeks took over, the
universe became more sensible and rational. Saint Paul had
stated that the invisible must be understood by the visible.
This idea is often mistaken to be a Hebrew concept, when it
really is a Greek thought. The Greeks found satisfaction in
what was visible around them. They centered all their art
and thoughts around human beings. Edith Hamilton in her
book ‘Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes’remarks
that:
That is the miracle of Greek mythology- a humanized world,
men freed from the paralyzing fear of an omnipotent
Unknown. The terrifying incomprehensibilities which were
worshiped elsewhere, and the fearsome spirits with which
earth, air, and sea swarmed, were banned from Greece. It
may seem odd to say that men who made the myths disliked
the irrational and had a love for facts; but it istrue,nomatter
how wildly fantastic some of the stories are. Anyone who
reads them with attention discovers that even the most
nonsensical take place in a world which is essentially
rational and matter of fact…The terrifying irrational has no
place in classical mythology. Magic, so powerful in theworld
before and after Greece, isalmostnonexistent.(Hamilton10-
11)
The chief writers through whom these myths have been
passed down to us are Homer, whose works ‘Iliad’ and
‘Odyssey’ are the oldestGreek writings;Hesiod,a poorfarmer
whose poem ‘Theogony’ is entirely concerned with
mythology; Pindar, the greatest lyric poet of Greece, wrote
Odes which alludes to myths; Aeschylus, the oldest of the
three tragic poets, have included mythological subjects and
references in his works; Apollodorus, the Greek poet, is the
most voluminous ancient writeronmythology.Mostofthese
books about the tales of the classical mythologies are
centered around the works of the Latin poet Ovid.
The Greeks believed that the universe was first formed.
From empty Chaos, somehow the sea and earth and air
appeared. The mother earth or Gaia disentangled herself
from the water and gases and thus Pontus or the primordial
god of the oceans and Uranus or the sky came into being.
Gaia bore the first set of children of Uranus, the Titans. The
Titans are often called as the Elder Gods. They were
exceptionally powerful and gigantic in size. Only a few of
them appear in the storiesofmythology.Themostimportant
was Cronos (in Latin Saturn) who usurped his fatherUranus
or Ouranos by the scythe his mother Gaia gave him. Even
though Cronos boasted his age as the Golden Age, it was a
time of darkness and destruction. And later he was
dethroned by his own son Zeus and seized the power for
himself. And it was then the Golden Age for human kind
came into being. The twelve great Olympians succeeded the
Titans. They were called Olympians because Olympus was
their home. There is no doubt that at first it was held to be a
top of a mountain, preferably identified with the highest
mountain in Greece, the Mt. Olympus in Thessaly. In ‘Iliad’ it
is mentioned that Olympus is situatedata mysterious region
above all the mountains of the earth. The entrance to
Olympus is a great gate of clouds guarded by the Seasons.
The twelve great Olympians oftheGreek mythologyareZeus
(Jupiter), Poseidon (Neptune), Hera (Juno), Ares (Mars),
Athena (Minerva), Apollo, Aphrodite (Venus), Hermes
(Mercury), Artemis (Diana), and Hephaestus (Vulcan),
Demeter and Dionysius. Hades (Pluto) is one of the threebig
brothers, but as his realm is underground, henotconsidered
as one amongst the Olympians. And in some myths, it is said
that Hestia (Vesta) is one amongst the Olympians, but some
myths say that when Dionysius was made a god, she
voluntarily gave her position in the council to Dionysius,
thus making him the twelfth Olympian.
Zeus and his brothers Poseidon and Hades divided their
share of the universe. Hades got the Underworld; Poseidon
got the sea and Zeus became the supreme ruler. He is the
Lord of the Sky and he wielded the thunderbolt. He was the
greatest and the powerful of all the Olympians. In ‘Iliad’ he
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had even told to his family that he was the mightiest of them
all. But he is being opposed and deceived. Some texts states
that the mysterious power called Fate is stronger and more
powerful than him. Zeus is often represented as falling in
love with one mortal woman after anotheranddoesall kinds
of tricks to hide his infidelity from his wife, Hera. Hera is
Zeus’s wife and his sister. She was brought up by the Titans
Oceanus and Tethys. She is the protector of marriage. But as
we go through the stories of Hera, we can see that she is
mainly engaged in punishing the women folks with whom
Zeus fell in love with. She never considered if they were
reluctant to be in that relationship or not. She was adamant
in punishing those who injured her ego. She does not even
leave the children of these mortal women alone, as they
were fathered by her husband. They arealsodoomedtobear
the curse of Hera.
Then comes Poseidon, who is amongst the of three most
powerful Olympians. He is the Lord of the sea and is married
to Amphitrite, granddaughter of the Titan Oceanus. He was
the one who created the horses from the foam of the sea and
gave it to mankind. He is often called a the “Earth Shaker”
and is found always with his Trident in possession.
Demeteris the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She is the
goddess of harvest, agriculture, fertility, nature andseasons.
She is the mother of Persephone.Athena, is the daughter of
Zeus alone. She sprang from his head fully grown and in full
armor. She is the Greek goddess of wisdom and strategy.She
is preeminently the Goddess of the City and the protector of
civilized life. She was Zeus’s favorite child and one among
the three virgin goddesses and is called the Maiden. The
humans have built a temple for the goddess named
Parthenon. And Athens was named after her to honor the
goddess.
The next Olympian is Apollo. He is the son of Zeus and Leto
in the island of Delos. He is often described as “the most
Greek of all the gods.” He is a beautiful figure and a master
musician who delights Olympus while playingonhislyre. He
is the Greek god of Healing, Medicine, and Archery and also
of Music and Poetry. Apollo spoke through his oracle, the
Oracle of Delphi, whose spirit Apollo possesses, in which
state the Oracle can predict the next Prophecy.Heisthetwin
brother of Artemis. Artemis is one of the maiden goddesses
of Olympus. She was the Lady of Wild Things and Huntsman
in chief to the gods and the protectress of the dewy youth. In
her is shown most vividly the uncertainty betweengoodand
evil which is apparent in every one of the divinities.
Aphrodite is the Goddess of Love and Beauty, who enchant
both gods and men alike with her irresistible charm and
appeal. She is the daughter of Zeus and Dione intheIliad,but
she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea in later
poems. In most of the stories she is the wife of Hephaestus.
Hephaestus is the God of Fire, stone masonry, forges andthe
art of sculpture. Sometimes it is said that he is the son of
Zeus and Hera, sometimes its he’s Hera’s alone, who bore
him as a retaliation for Zeus’s having brought forth Athena.
In some myths it is said that he was throw out from the
Olympus by Hera, because of his deformity and hideous
looks, and some other myths claim that it was Zeus who had
threw him off the Olympus for trying to defend Hera. Hewas
a kind and peace loving god who was loved and admired
both in heaven and earth. With Athena, he was important in
the life of the city. They both were the patronsofhandicrafts,
the arts which along with agriculture are the foundationand
support of civilization.
Hermes is the Greek god of Trade, Luck, Travel, Thieves,
Language etc. He is the son of Zeus and Maia (daughterofthe
Titan Atlas). He had winged sandals and possessed the
Caduceus, a magic wand featuring two snakes winding
around a winged staff. He was the messenger of Zeus and
was the most cunning and shrewdest among them. He was
the Master Thief, who stole Apollo’s herds when he was a
day old. Zeus made him give it back and he earned Apollo’s
forgiveness when he presented Apollo with a lyre. He is also
the solemn guide of the dead, the Divine Heraldwholeadthe
souls down to their last home. Ares is the Greek god of War
and is the son of Zeus and Hera. Homer calls himmurderous,
bloodstained, the incarnate curse of mortals andstrangely,a
coward too, who bellows with pain and runs away when he
is wounded. The Goddess of War, Enyo (Bellona in Latin)
walks beside him, and with her are Terror, and Trembling
and Panic. Ares figures little in mythology. In one story he is
the lover of Aphrodite and held up to the contempt of the
Olympians by Aphrodite’s husband, Hephaestus.
Hestia is Zeus’s sister and a virgin goddess like Athena and
Artemis. She has no distinct personality and plays no part in
the myths. She was the goddess of Hearth, the symbol of
home. Every meal began and ended with an offering to her.
Each city, too, had a public hearth sacred to Hestia, where
the fire was never allowed to go out. In Rome, her fire was
cared for by six virgin priestesses, called Vestals.Butinmost
of the myths, its noted that she stepped down from the seat
of Olympus when Dionysus was made an
Olympian.Dionysus, is the Greek god of Wine, Wine making,
Fertility, ritual madness, Theatre andReligiousecstasy.Heis
the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Semele.
Hades is the third brother among the most powerful
Olympians (after Zeus and Poseidon) and he was given the
underworld reign from where he rules over the dead spirits.
Because he was ruling the underworld, far away from the
Olympus, he is not considered as a member of the twelve
Olympians. He is also the god of Wealth. All the precious
metals hidden under the earth belongs to him. Like Zeus's
thunder bolt and Poseidon's Trident, Hades has his Helm of
Darkness, which helps him to become invisible and blend
with the shadows and darkness. He is the King of the dead,
not Death himself as most people mistakes him for. He
married Persephone, the Greek goddess of vegetation.
Other than the twelve Olympians,therewereotherdivinities
in Mount Olympus. The most importantamongthemwasthe
God of Love, Eros. He is famously known as Cupid (Latin). In
the early stories he is often described as a beautiful serious
youth who gives good gifts to men. He is often represented
as blindfolded, because love is often blind. Iris was the
goddess of Rainbow and the messenger of gods. Hermes
appears first in that capacity in the Odyssey, but he does not
take Iris’ place. Nemesis was the goddess of Divine
Retribution. She meted out punishment for evil deeds,
undeserved good fortune, and hubris. Pan is the god of the
wild, shepherds and flocks and rustic music. Hecate was the
Greek goddess of magic and witch craft. Sheisoftendepicted
holding two torches or a key. She is the daughter of the
Titans Perses and Asteria.
Greek mythology was a way for the ancient Greece to
elucidate the nature of theworldaroundthem,byattributing
various circumstances and events to gods and other
fantastical beings. We got to know about these myths from
the ancient Greek poets and their works. Greek mythology
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still remains as a popular topic in the contemporary society
because of the large part that is played by the fascinating
characters and creatures that inhabit these fables and tales.
Many of the Greek myths features a hero who is on a quest
and has to overcome a sinister monster. These monsters are
sometimes human like in nature but with strange and
unusual characteristics that set them apart from people.
They can be a mixture of various animals into a single
creature and sometimes, they combine both human and
animal features to create a completely new beingaltogether.
A Greek hero on an epic journey or a quest in search of
something, encounters at least one of these monsters.
Sometimes they are unlucky enough to encounter several.
Thus, we can deduce that the literary artist now can
appropriate myth for his own purposes, whether it is to
demythicize, distort, deconstruct, satirize, parody, educate,
or simply shock. He can create new myths, which can
correlate with the existing one or clash with it. “Myth serves
us, not as a compendium of belief, and still less as a reservoir
of history and convenient fiction, but rather as a modality
wherein we consciously mediate between fiction and belief,
between language and whatever it is that lies beneath and
beyond language” ( Cook 266) And this study is to analyze
how the American writer Rick Riordan reinvents the Greek
myths in his pentalogy The PercyJacksonSeries, astheauthor
borrows the epic myths of Greek gods and demigods told by
Homer, Hesiod, Ovid etc. and root them in the modern
western civilization,dissolvingthe boundariesbetweenfacts
and fiction.
Percy Jackson and The Olympians: A Realm of Alternate
Reality
Julia Kristeva, the Bulgarian-Frenchphilosopherandliterary
critic, commented that, intertextuality is “a mosaic of
quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation of
another. The notion of intertextuality replaces that of
intersubjectivity, and poetic language is read as at
least double" (Kristeva 37). Intertextuality is a field of study
that analyses the relationship between different texts. The
basic idea of intertextuality is that a text may contain
elements of syntax, diction, plot, ideas and themes that can
be identified in other texts. One of the notable examples of
intertextuality applied in literature is James Joyce’s Ulysses
as a retelling of Homer’s the Odyssey, another example is
William Faulkner’s story Absalom Absalom which is a
retelling of the story Absalom told by Samuel in the Hebrew
Bible.
Rick Riordan’s pentalogy, Percy Jackson and the Olympians,
often called as Percy Jackson or PJO series is a fantasy
adventure novel which borrows a great deal from Homer’s
the Odyssey and The Iliad and from The Theogony by Hesiod.
The readers are easily able to recognizetheanalogybetween
these celebrated texts to that of the five novels written by
Riordan. The parallels between the themes and ideas are
appreciable and significant. The Percy Jackson and the
Olympians series introduces to the readers the titular
character, Percy Jackson, a twelve-year-old boy, who is
diagnosed with dyslexia and ADHD. He is seen as a regular
mundane boy who is expelled from six schools in six years.
But things take a turn when his class at the Yancy Academy,
a private school upstate of NewYork for‘troubledkids’,went
on a trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan. A
series of over whelming incidents happen, which at last
make Percy realize that he is a special child, which is putting
it mildly. He happens to be the son of one of the Olympian
gods in Greek myth, Poseidon, the Greek god of sea, storms,
earthquakes and horses. And wasalsotheLordandtheRuler
of the Sea (the Mediterranean Sea) and the Friendly Sea (the
Euxine, now the Black Sea). Percy, with the help of his
mother Sally Jackson and his satyrfriendGroverUnderwood
reaches Camp Half Blood, a summer camp for the children of
the Olympian gods. These kids or the Demigods as to say,
train and goes on quests from this camp which is situated at
the Long Island, New York. From there he meets Chiron, a
Centaur, who unlike his kinsmen, is famous for his wisdom
and knowledge of medicineandAnnabethChase,daughterof
the Olympian Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and
strategy.
The five novels of the pentalogy are namely The Lightning
Thief, The Sea of Monsters, The Titan’s Curse, The Battle of
Labyrinth and The Last Olympian. In the pentalogy, Percy
Jackson, Annabeth Chase and Grover Underwood together
goes on many dangerous quests and even escape from the
depths of Underworld. They bond over their adventuresand
is met with many challenges. They slay many demons and
monsters, like Medusa, Minotaur, Echidna,Chimera,Drakon,
Empousa, Telekhines, Scythian Dracaena etc. Percy learns
the skills becoming of his lineage and discovers his own
peculiar gifts. As he being the son of Poseidon, he can be
healed when he is injured if he steps into the water and has
the ability to control and command water.
This pentalogy places the Greek gods in the modern-day
scenario and it applies the ancient Greek archetypes in the
world that we live in today. Riordan is trying to showushow
these primordial gods, who are the central forcesthatguides
this world forward, is still culturally prevalent. For example,
Ares, the Greek god of war, appear in one of the novels as an
impertinent and brusque modern-day biker and Hermes,
once showed up in front of the characters in the form of a
mailman, whose Caduceus was disguised as a mobile phone,
a modern-day gadget. The intertextual relationship between
the Percy Jackson and the Olympian series to the prehistoric
works namely The Iliad, The Odyssey, The Theogony etc. are
significant. To apply intertextuality in a work and for it to
work the magic, somethingadditional hastobeimplemented
and applied to the previously commemorated myths or
stories. Rick Riordan, by placing these myths in the current
society, tries to acquaint the readers with the mystic beings
and is trying to normalize them by placing them in this
mundane and terrestrial world. The splendorous and
magnificent Mount Olympus, the abode of the gods,issaidto
be hovering over the Empire States Building, and to get
there, we have to take an elevator ride to the six hundredth
floor. The terrifying Sphinx, who asked riddles to those
stumbled upon her is seen to be asking simple and factual
questions and provides the quest goers with answer sheets
which are far from the traditional conundrum.
While going through these books, we can see that Riordan
has mixed the elements of myth with the prosaic modern
world in a way that it creates a humorous backdrop to the
story by maintaining the spirit and quintessence of the plot.
The mighty and divine Greek gods, Zeus, Poseidon, Hades,
Athena, Ares etcetera are always seen to be fighting and
quarrelling with each other like any other siblings for trivial
reasons. Zeus accuses Poseidon for stealing his master bolt,
Hermes blames Zeus for not letting him fight the monster
Typhon along with his family, Ares tries to start a full-
fledged civil war between the three Big brothers by stealing
the master bolt of Zeus and the Helm of Darkness from
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Hades and blaming it all on Poseidon, Hephaestus sets up
traps all over the world to capture Aphrodite and Ares to
mock them in front of the Olympians, to Demeter the
solution to every problem is farming and eating cereals.
Analyzing these scenes gives the reader the impression that
these mighty Greek gods can be deemed as a very basic and
mundane set of siblings, fighting over frivolous things by
giving them the basic qualitiesofearthlybeingslikejealousy,
fear, ego, hatred etcetera. Along withit,therearemanyother
humorous instances in the novels which the author weaves
alongside with the original myths, like where Grover the
satyr is captivated by the cyclops Polyphemus, who thinks
that Grover is a lady cyclops and wants to marry him soon
and then Annabeth fights him by introducing herself as
“Nobody”, the name used by Odysseus to trick the cyclops
(used by Homer in his workOdyssey); there is this scene
where Rachel Elizabeth Dare, the girl who becomes the new
Oracle of Delphi by the end of the pentalogy, throwsa plastic
hair brush at the Titan Kronos to escape from him; and
another instance where Percy teases the river gods of the
Hudson river and the East river to provoke them and gain
their attention and so on.
Riordan’s incorporation of mythology with the modern
society and its ethos is remarkable. The Mount Olympus of
Greece, as we know from the myths was where the abode of
gods was situated. In Homer’s Iliad, this ancient acropolis is
said to be built just below the peaks of Mount Olympus.
Olympus, is the seat of power of all the gods. Throughoutthe
ages, the exuberance and fire triggered by their presence
made it changeits center. First it was centered in Greece,
then the heart of the fire moved to Rome, Germany, France,
Spain etc. and at last it has reached the pivot of modern
civilization, America, as mentioned in the pentalogy. The
powers of the gods are bind to their majestic golden palace.
And as their center of power moved from one place to
another, their names changed too. For example: Zeus in
Greece changed into Jupiter when the fire reached Rome,
Hera into Juno, Hades changed into Pluto, Poseidon into
Neptune, Demeter into Ceres, Athena into Minerva, Artemis
to Diana, Ares into Mars, Aphrodite to Venus, Hephaestus to
Vulcan, HermesintoMercury.Hestia into Vesta andDionysus
to Bacchus. As they changed their names and forms, so did
some of their characteristics. Butmoreorlesstheyremained
the same guiding force of humanity.
In this pentalogy, Riordan places the power of the gods at
the very heart of western civilization, America. The
sumptuous palace of Olympus is situatedhoveringabovethe
Empire State Building in the New York City, the entrance to
the Underworld is situated in Los Angeles, the lair of the
gorgon Medusa is situated at New Jersey and so on. In the
first novel, The Lightning Thief, Riordan says:
What you call ‘western civilization’, do you think it’s just an
abstract concept? No, it’s a living force. A collective
consciousness that has burned brightforthousandsofyears.
The gods are part of it. You might even say they are the
source of it, or at least, they are tied so tightly to it that they
couldn’t possibly fade, not unless all of Western civilization
were obliterated. The fire started in Greece. Then, the heart
of the flame moved to Rome, so did the gods. Oh, different
names, perhaps- Jupiter for Zeus, Venus for Aphrodite, and
so on- but the same forces, the same gods…. The gods simply
moved, to Germany, to France, to Spain for a while. Where
ever the flame was brightest, the gods were there. They
spend several centuries in England. All youneedtodoislook
at the architecture. People do not forget the gods. Every
place they have ruled, for the last three thousand years, you
can see them in paintings, in statues, on the most important
buildings. (Riordan 72- 73)
Riordan inextricably intertwines the past with the present
by placing the gods where the heart of the west is. Thus, the
symbol of the United States which is the Eagle of Zeus, the
statue of Prometheus at the Rockefeller Center, the Greek
facades in their government buildings in Washington, all
shows that America is the heart of the flame,thegreatpower
of west and so Olympus moved to this hub of civilizationand
with it, the gods.
The novels are basically set in Long Island, New York, where
the Camp Half Blood is situated. Camp Half Blood is a
training facility in disguise of a summer camp, where the
demigods go to train, take up quests and learn how to
survive in the mortal world where they are constantly
hunted by the mythical monsters. The camp has magical
boundaries around it, which makes it invincible to the eyes
of mundane people and it also keep the monsters away. The
landscape is dotted with buildings that looked like ancient
Greek architecture. There were twelve cabins, each
distinguished in its own way for the campers belonging to
each one of the Olympian gods. And in Percy’s words:
There were twelve of them, nestled in the woods by thelake.
They were arranged in a U, with two at the base and five in a
row on either side. And they were without doubt the most
bizarre collection of buildings I’d ever seen. Except for the
fact that each had a large brassnumberabovethedoor(odds
on the left and evens on the right), they looked absolutely
nothing alike. (Riordan 79-80)
Cabin one was dedicated to Zeus and it was the biggest of
them all. It was polished in bronze with lightning boltstripes
over it. Cabin two belonged to Hera, and is an honorary one,
as she is the goddess of family, and can’t have relations with
mortals like other gods. Cabin three belongs to Poseidon. It
wasn’t high and mighty like cabin one, butwaslongandsolid
and studded with pieces of seashells and corals. Cabin four
belongs to Demeter and their roof is made of grass and had
tomato vines on the wall. Cabin five belonged to Ares and
was bright red and the roof was lined with barbed wires.
Cabin six belongs to Athena and had a symbol of owl on the
outside and was the tidiest of them all. Cabin seven belongs
to Apollo and it seemed to be made of solid gold. Cabin eight
is also an honorary cabin which belonged to Artemis, who is
a maiden goddess. Cabin nine is that of Hephaestus and had
smokestacks like a tiny factory. Cabin ten belonged to
Aphrodite and it was decorated with fragrant flowers and
plants. Cabin eleven belonged to Hermes and was worn out
than all of the other cabins. It had an engraving of the
Caduceus on the door. Cabin twelve belonged to Dionysius
and had grape vines growing along the walls. Thus, we can
say that each cabin takes on some of the featuresofthegodit
represents.
America, in the eyes of Riordan, became the hub of all the
mystic activities. He borrows heavily from the Greek myths
and successfully merged it into the modern society. The
Empire State Building and the Camp at Long Island are not
the only places pulsing with the metaphysical activities. The
entrance to the realm of Hades, the Underworld, is situated
in Los Angeles, at the DOA Recording Studios, which is
guarded by the psychopomp, Charon, who is theferrymanof
Hades and carries souls of the newly deceased across the
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river Styx. Then there is the mystery of the Bermuda
Triangle, which is on the east coast of Florida, unraveled by
Riordan, as he states that it is the Sea of Monsters, where the
monsters like Scylla, Charybdis, the Sirens etc. inhabit.
Riordan explains that normal mortal beings doesn’t really
understand what goes on those waters, but they do know
that there is something strange about that part of the ocean
and thus they named this part of the ocean as the Bermuda
Triangle or the Devils Triangle. It is to be noted that this is
the same sea that Homer’s Odysseus had sailed through on
his adventures. Then there is the palace of the Titans
reassembling itself brick by brick on the top of the Mount
Tamalpais which according Homer, was situated on top of
Mount Othrys. Another important borrowing from Homer’s
Iliad is the Labyrinth, which Riordan says is right under the
surface of the mortal world and its been growing and
expanding under the western societies.
In every myth, tale or chronicle, the characters play a great
role in keeping the plot to move forward and not all Greek
myths are centered on gods. We are familiar with the stories
of many great heroeswho had special abilities and faced
terrible monsters through the words of some prominent
writers like Homer, Ovid, Hesiod etc. Homer, in his works
Iliad and Odyssey introduced to the readers, heroes like
Heracles, who tricked Atlas into taking the sky back into his
shoulders and fought the giant Antaeus;Perseus,whoslayed
the gorgon Medusa (this myth is also recounted byHesiod in
Theogony); Achilles, the great hero of the Trojan war who
was submerged in the river Styx by his ownmotherThetis to
become invincible during a fight; Jason, the hero who along
with his Argonauts, went on a quest to retrieve the Golden
Fleece (Jason appears in various other works like
Argonautica by Apollonius and Medea by Euripides). Along
with the heroes, we are also introduced to many monsters
like Scylla and Charybdis in Odyssey, Medusa in Theogony,
Minotaur in Iliad etc.
Even though Riordan doesn’t directly use these heroesin his
plot, he does makes use of the quests they have gone on and
also many of the monsters they have encountered on their
quests. The interesting aspect of the intertextual
relationships between all those epic tales and Riordan’s
pentalogy is that on a basic level they function exactly in the
same way as tropes and figurative language. The leading
heroes of Riordan, namely Percy, Annabeth, Thalia, Nico,
Luke, Clarisse, and Grover (a satyr) and Tyson (a cyclops),
have in one way or the other encountered with the mythical
creatures or been to places which is significant in Greek
mythology. And heroes as we know are destined to have a
grievous ending. But Riordan, unlike his predecessors, gives
the readers a glimpse of hope that his heroeswouldhavenot
be meted with such grave fate.
In The Lightning Thief, Percy, Annabeth andGrovergoesona
quest, after Percy was accused of stealing the master bolt of
Zeus. It is on this journey that they stumble upon to the lair
of the gorgon Medusa in New Jersey. In both Theogony and
Iliad,she is beheaded by a hero named Perseus, and Riordan
adapts this myth, and Percy beheads her by looking at her
reflection through a polished shield. After their encounter
with Medusa, Percy is forced to fight with the mother of all
monsters, Echidna. BothHomerandHesiodfeaturesEchidna
in their writings and Riordan uses Echidna to taunt Percy
and makes him to jump off the Gateway Arch, but Percy
being the son of Poseidon, doesn’t die or feel anykindofpain
as he plummeted down from the top of that two-hundred-
meter monument. After encountering such various
hardships, they reach Los Angeles from where they come
across Procrustes who calls himself Crusty in this novel. In
Hesiod’s Theogony, Theseus kills him the same way he used
to kill his prey, by “fitting” them into his bed and either
cutting off the parts that is hanging down or by stretching
the victim’s limbs to fit the bed, resulting in their death.
Percy, just like Theseus, tricks Procrustes into lying down in
the bed and kills him.
In The Sea of Monsters, Clarisse, Percy, Annabeth and Tyson
goes on a quest to save Grover and also to find the Golden
Fleece to save their Half-Blood camp. The first monster they
encounter is the vicious Hydra. Its was defeated by Heracles
in Homer’s Iliad. After this encounter they set sail to the Sea
of Monsters or the modern day Bermuda Triangle, asperthe
author, and as they near the waters of the Monster infested
sea, they are forced to fight the monsters Scylla and
Charybdis, mentioned by Homer in his Odysseywhen
Odysseus had to fight with these creatures while on his
voyage. But the heroes were overwhelmed by these two
monsters and get separated. Percy andAnnabeth escapeand
reaches an island named C. C’s island whichwastheislandof
Circe the Sorceress, who turns men into pig, according to
Homer. And Percy, unfortunately was turned into a guinea
pig by Circe, but is rescued by Annabeth and they set sail
from that island. As they continued their quest, they
happened to pass the island of the Sirens, which are
creatures that enticed the sailors to their destruction with
their beautiful singing. In Odyssey, Odysseus successfully
escapes the enchanting calls of the Sirens, but as for
Annabeth, daughter of Athena, she wanted to hear them
singing because she knew that they sung about the greatest
desires of the people they see.Annabethwasalmostkilledby
the Sirens, but in the last moment Percy comestoher rescue.
Percy and Annabeth are reunited with Grover, Clarisse and
Tyson from the island of the CyclopsPolyphemus.InOdyssey,
Odysseus had tricked Polyphemus by claimingthathisname
is “Nobody” and stabs him in the eye making him half blind
and as he bellowed in pain, he cried out to his fellow giants
that “Nobody” has hurt him. This same trick was played by
Percy, Annabeth and Clarisse to save Grover from the
Cyclops. And they retrieve the Golden Fleece, which Jason in
Odyssey seized from king Aeetes of Colchis.
In The Titan’s Curse, Zoe, Bianca (huntresses of Artemis),
Percy, Grover and Thalia is given a quest tosaveArtemisand
Annabeth who had been kidnapped by the enemy forces.
Before going on this quest, Percy, Annabeth and Thalia are
sent on a mission to help and escape two demigods, Bianca
and Nico who were the children of Hades. But things go
sideways when they are ambushed by a Manticore who is
eventually killed by Dionysius at the end of their quest.Even
though Percy managed to save Bianca and Nico, Annabeth
was taken away by the enemies. Also, Artemis was
ambushed by the Titans forces and thus the group set outon
the quest to save both of them. As they started their journey,
they are led into the Air and Space Museum in Washington
DC where they had to fight the Nemean Lion, a beast in
Homer’s Iliad which had been slayed by Heracles.TheTitans
army had sent some skeletal warriors to stop the heroesand
during their fight, they are blessed by the Wild with an
Erymanthian Boar, which was again captured by Heracles in
Homer’s Iliad. An Ophiotaurus is an ancient monster that
could bring down the gods if it was slain and its entrails
burnt. In the first battle of Titans and gods, the Titans had
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slayed the beast, but Zeus’ eagle retrieved its entrails before
it was burned. We can find references to this creature in
Ovid’s poem Fastiand Riordan makes use of this monster by
tempting Thalia to kill it and burn its entrails to over throw
the gods and let the Titan army win. But Percy helps
Ophiotaurus escape from the scene along with Grover to
protect it. Homer in his Iliad mentions about the Garden of
Hesperides where the dragon Ladon protects the golden
apples sacred to Hera. Zoe distracts Ladon while Percy and
others pass around the garden to reach Mount Othrys. Even
though Heracles had defeated the monster, the group of
heroes was sure that they didn’t want to fight Ladon.
In the fourth book, The Battle of the Labyrinth, Percy,
Annabeth, Grover and Tyson come across many monsters in
the Greek mythology. Starting with Kampe, who was the
guard of Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires, according to Hesiod
in Theogony. Kampe is seen in novel atAlcatraz,guardingthe
last hundred-handed one, Briareus. But by the end of the
novel, Briareus with the help of Tyson, kills Kampe. Next,
they encounter the famed Sphinx, a monster which is seen
Hesoid’sTheogony and in OedipusRex bySophocles.Sphinxis
supposed to ask people the riddle "What goes on four feet in
the morning, two feet at noon, andthreefeetintheevening?"
the answer being Humans. Butinthisbook Riordanattempts
to bring a change by making the Sphinx ask a series of
random trivia questions instead. After escaping the Sphinx,
they reach the Triple G Ranch where Geryon a fearsome
giant with three bodies and one head resided. In Homer’s
Iliad, Geryon was killed by Heracles by shooting an arrow
through three of his hearts at the same time. Percy, with the
blessing of Hera, kills Geryon and escapes from there to go
and meet Hephaestus, who tasks them to investigate one of
his forges in Mount St. Helens’ which the Telekhines had
been using to forge the scythe of Kronos. Telekhines are
mysterious smiths and sea demons who made both Kronos;’
Scythe and Poseidon’s Trident. They were firstmentionedin
Hesiod’s Theogony during the Titan-God war.
In the last book of the series, The Last Olympian, Riordan
makes use of all of these multifarious monsters and demons
from the Greek mythology as the demigods take their final
stand against the invasion of the Titan army in New York.
Other than the monsters discussed above there are several
other references of such beasts, both friendlyandevil,inthis
pentalogy. From Homer’sIliadandOdyssey,Riordan borrows
characters like, Argus, a one hundred eyed giant who is
the guardian of the heifer-nymph Io and son of Arestor, and
works at Camp-Half Blood as their security chief; Centaurs,
which are thought of as being wild and untamed horseswith
upper body of a human. They are the children of Ixion and
Nephele, expect for Chiron, who is the son of Kronos and
Philyra. They are good with their bows and aregoodhealers.
In the pentalogy they help theDemigodsintheirfightagainst
the Titans; Cerberus guards the gates to theUnderworldand
is fiercely loyal to Hades. in the novel he is described as
“pure-bred three headed rottweiler” by Percy and loves to
play with Mrs. O’Leary; Chimera, the fire breathing hybrid
offspring of Typhon and Echidna is killed by Bellerophon in
myth. It appears in TheLightning Thief and attacks Percy
from the Gateway Arch
The Clazmonian Sow, which is a sow with wings which
ravaged the territory of Klazomenai in the myths. In this
book, the Titan’s release this sow to overwhelm the
demigods and take them down. In The Last Olympian, Percy
with the help of the automatons, killsthebeast;Empousa isa
shape shifting female being that seduces men and feeds on
them. In The Battle of Labyrinth, we can see two Empousai
trying to kill Percy on his first day back to school;
Hellhounds are children of Nyx and Cerberus and are feared
by half-bloods. In the pentalogy we see that the hellhounds
side with the Titan army to fight against the demigods,
except for one named Mrs. O’Leary,whichistheonlyfriendly
hellhound who is loyal to Daedalus and later to Percy; The
Stymphalian birds, in the myth was killed by Hercules by
scaring them first using the brass bells. In The Sea of
Monsters, the camp is attacked by these birds and Percy and
Annabeth use the stereo to confuse the birds and kills them;
Pegasi are winged horses and are named after the original
Pegasus, the son of Poseidon and Medusa. In the pentalogy
there are a number of Pegasus which are used by the
demigods and the notable pegasi is Blackjack, Percy’s pure
black Pegasus; Laistrygonian giants are a race of man eater
giants encountered by Odysseus in his travels. In The Sea of
Monsters a group of giants tries to attack Percy; the Scythian
Dracaenae in mythology are female reptilian monsters who
stole Hercules’ horses. They fight along with the Titan army
in the pentalogy.
Riordan also borrows from Hesiod’s Theogony, namely, the
Hyperboreans which were mythical giants who lived far to
the North of Thrace. In The Last Olympian, they side with the
Titan army to fight against the demigods; The Furies or
Erinyes are the deities of vengeance that sprang from the
blood of Uranus, and are referred to astheKindlyOnesin the
novels and serves Hades; the Lydian Drakon is a serpentlike
creature which is killed by Damasen. In The Last Olympian, a
Lydian Drakon is unleashed by Kronos which is fated to die
by the hands of a child of Ares and is killed by Clarisse;
Spartoi are the “sown” warriors who spring up full grown
from a giant serpents teeth killed by Kadmos. In The Titan’s
Curse, they are resurrected by Atlas from the teeth of a
Drakon, to hunt down the demigods on the quest; Typhon,
the youngest son Gaea and Tartarus, and is the father of
Hydra, Cerberus and Chimera. In The Last Olympian, Typhon
is released from his confinementundermountEtna and tries
to destroy mount Olympus.
It is undeniable that Riordan has come up with a clever
conceit, which is amusingly sustained. The godsare
portrayed in a humorous fashion where they are given the
basic human qualities andaremademundaneandterrestrial
as possible. We can see eye to eye with Riordan’s version of
Olympian gods. Take for example,Poseidon,theGreek godof
the Sea. He is humble and unostentatious and seems to care
for his son Percy dearly. He playfully ignoresthe bickering of
his siblings like a good-natured person. Even though in the
myths the thrones of these gods are said to be in full
grandeur, his throne in this pentalogy isdescribedasa fisher
man’s seat in a boat, simple and cozy and a perfect fit for the
Lord of the Seas. Like a regular father these days, he visits
Percy on his birthday, even though gods are not allowed to
interact with their children like that. Then comes Zeus, the
Greek god of the Sky, whose character could be described as
one who is short tempered and someone who turns a blind
eye to the problems he is facing, which is a typical feature of
a human being as humans would love not to face their
problems and think that it would go away just like that. Like
a stubborn human being, he refused to take into his
consideration the warnings of Percy and some of his fellow
demigods that the Titan Kronos was indeed trying to reform
and take over this chaotic yet mesmerizing world. He is
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presented to the readers wearing a sophisticated suit, like a
serious business man, instead of the traditional chiton and
cloaks. Hephaestus works in his workshops like a crazy
mechanic in his numerous forges around the world and
leaves the inoperative inventions all around. He casts traps
in remote and abandoned places in hope of catching
Aphrodite and Ares in their romantic strolls, like the one he
had laid in the water theme park, The Water Land, where
Percy, Annabeth and Grover were tasked to retrieve the
shield of Ares, only to get trapped inside. And it is to be
noted that Ares, the god of war, appears as a biker in a red
muscle shirt and is armed with a huge knife and intimidates
mortals like a bully.
Basically, the whole series is built upon theplanlaidupon by
the Titan lord Cronos, who plans to over throw the mighty
gods from their seats of power and to rule over the world.
The Great Prophecy, which had been foretold by the Oracle
decades before the novels are set, unfold in front of the
characters and the readers alike. Some of the Olympians
anticipated about the revival of the titans and their allies
when the prophecy was spoken, and that is when Zeus,
Poseidon and Hades made the pact not to have any more
children with mortal women. But Zeus and Poseidon broke
the rule and as the result Thalia and Percy were born. And in
the pentalogy all of the beings in this mystical realm within
the bounds of the terrestrial world looks up to Percy and his
progress as a hero as he was the one who would causeeither
the Olympus to fall or to triumph in the war between the
Olympians and Titans. This war between the Olympiansand
the Titans is called as Titanomachy and was first explained
by Hesiod in his work Theogony.
In the written account of Hesiod, we can find that the
Titanomachy took place in Thessaly between the Titans and
the Olympians for ten consecutive years. Just like Cronos
usurping his father Uranus with his mother Gaia’s help,
Cronos was usurped by his youngest son Zeus with his
mother Rhea’s help. It was a cycle of struggle for power and
desperate attempts to change their fate. Uranus had
imprisoned his children,the CyclopesandtheHecatonchires,
and Gaia helped Cronos, the youngest amongst the other set
of their children, the Titans, to castrate him and help save
the Cyclopes and Hecatonchires. Uranus was easily defeated
by Cronos and he took the place of Uranus and ruled the
world. Cronos’ sister-wife, Rhea, bore him six children,
Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. But
Cronos knew that he was destined to be overcome by his
own son. Therefore, he kept no blind outlook, but watched
and swallowed his children. But Rhea hid Zeus when he was
born and gave Cronos a rock to eatinstead.WhenZeusgrew-
up he came in disguise as a cupbearer for his father andgave
him a potion which made Cronos regurgitate his children
who being immortals had grown up inside him. Thus, Zeus
with the help of his siblings fought the ten-year war to
overthrow the Titans, which Hesiod named as the
Titanomachy. Hesiod then narrates to us that this same fate
was destined upon Zeus too, that he was to be overthrown
by his own son by Metis. So, in an attempt to escape his fate,
he swallows the pregnant Metis all togetherandthusAthena
was born from his forehead. We can see that the pattern of
events is the same. The father, in fear of loosing his power
tries to enslave or eliminate his children but it backfires and
he ends up meeting his fate.
Riordan makes use of this myth inhisseries,whereCronosis
trying to reform and gather allies to fight against the
Olympians after their loss in the first Titanomachy, to take
back the power that once had been his. The plot of the series
revolved around Cronos’ plans, who hoped to rise from
Tartarus and rule the world once more by defeating the
Olympian gods. There were five major battles over the
course of the war; the Attack of Camp Half-Blood, the Battle
of the Princess Andromeda, the Siege of Poseidon’s Palace,
and contemporaneous battles of Mount
Othrys and Manhattan. It lasted approximately four years
after Luke Castellan stole the Master Bolt and the Helm of
Darkness, which happened in the first book, The Lightning
Thief. As the plot develops Riordan unravels the plan of
Cronos on how to take over the world. We can interpret it as
the second Titanomachy, but the difference hereisthatmost
of the minor gods and their demigod children sided with the
Titans because they were neglected and disregarded by the
Olympians. So, did all of the monsters that has been ever
mentioned in the Greek mythology. The Olympians hadwith
them the demigod children of the Olympian gods, the nature
spirits, the army of Underworld, the Hunters of Artemis,
Cyclopes, Centaurs, and Briareus (the last one of the
Hecatonchires). And while the Olympians fought the
gruesome monster Typhon, it was the others who defended
the Mount Olympus from the direct attack of Cronos. This
battle, as Riordan mentions, the Battle of Manhattan, can be
regarded as the second Titanomachy.
While analyzing the Percy Jackson pentalogy,itisimperative
that we discuss about the prophecies stated in each of the
five books. In Greek mythology, people came to consult the
Oracle of Delphi, Pythia, a role played by the priestess of
Apollo, to know about their future. We can see references to
the Oracle in Iliad, Odyssey, Theogony etc. She relays the
messages from Apollo to her visitors that typically had
something to do with the future or how to achieve a desired
outcome. The prophecies mainly focused on politics and
warfare. Pythia prophesied for hundredsofyears,asshewas
a role played by different priestesses and not just one
person.
It is usually assumed that the Pythia’s original words were
coherent, but not very clear… it was always the
responsibility of the recipient to interpret the oracle
correctly. And the oracles, even in their final form, were
always ambiguous. Frequently (though not always), the
recipients did not interpretthemcorrectly,andtheysuffered
as a result.(Mellenthin and Shapiro Ch. 13).
Many of the prophecies were anecdotal andhavesurvived as
proverbs. Some of the most prominent and historically
significant prophecies of Delphi are the ones she gave to
Croesus of Lydia, which ultimately led to the war with
Persians and to Laius, father of Oedipus, telling that he
would be murdered by his own son.
In each of Riordan’s novel, we can see the Oracle of Delphi
relaying the prophecies to the heroes. In The LightningThief,
Percy accepts to go a quest. He is then being sent to the attic
where the Oracle is residing. He asks for his “destiny” and
the Oracle says in a rasping voice:
You shall go west, and find the god who had turned.
You shall find what was stolen, and see it safely returned.
You shall be betrayed by one who calls you a friend.
And you shall fail to save what matters most, in the end.
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In The Sea of Monsters, Clarisse, the daughter of Ares takes
up the quest. She goes to consult the Oracle and the
prophecy she gets is:
You shall sail the iron ship with warriors of bone,
You shall find what you seek and make it your own,
But despair for your life entombed within stone,
And fail without friends, to fly home alone.
In The Titan’s Curse, it was Zoe Nightshade, daughter of the
Titan Atlas, currently a huntress along side with Artemis, is
the one who gets the chance to lead the quest. The prophecy
predicted for her was:
Five shall go west to the goddess in chains,
One shall be lost in the land without rain,
The bane of Olympus shows the trail,
Campers and Hunters combined prevail,
The Titan’s curse must one withstand,
And one shall perish by a parent’s hand.
In The Battle of the Labyrinth, the quest is taken up by
Annabeth Chase, the daughter of Athena. The prophecygoes
like this:
You shall delve in the darkness of the endless maze.
The Traitor, the Dead and the Lost one raise.
You shall rise or fall by the ghost king’s hand.
The child of Athena’s final stand.
Destroy with a hero’s final breath,
And lose a love to worse than death.
In the last book of the pentalogy, The Last Olympian, the
Great Prophecy which had been predicted years ago is
revealed, as Percy takes up his final stand against the army
of the Titan Cronos. The Great Prophecy is as follows:
A half-blood of the eldest gods
Shall reach sixteen against all odds.
And see the world in endless sleep,
The hero’s soul, cursed blade shall reap.
A single choice shall end his days.
Olympus to preserve or raze.
These prophecies don’t always convey the literal meaning of
the sentences, there are different types of interpretations
and deeper levels of meaning to these prophecies. These
prophecies drive the story forward. The heroes undertaking
the quests and adventures rely upon these words as to
where to begin the quest from or what all things they may
face in their adventure. For example, in The Lightning Thief,
Percy and his friends goes west, that is to the city of Los
Angeles, to the entrance of the Underworld and along the
way the find the god who has turned, who was mistaken to
be Hades, but in real was Ares. And he is betrayed by his
friend Luke Castellan, who gave him the enchanted flying
shoes which made Grover fly into the deep pit whichwasthe
entrance into the Tartarus.InTheTitan’sCurse, Zoeandother
members of the quest reach a dessert and Bianca loses her
life while attempting to save others in “the land without
rain” which is the junkyard of gods where a giant automaton
made by Hephaestus guards the place. The heroes confuse
“the bane of Olympus” to a titan or a devilish monster, but it
turns out to be the Ophiotaurus. In The Battle of Labyrinth,
Annabeth and her friends mistakes “the ghost king” for
Minos, when it really was Nico, son of Hades all along. They
were afraid that the “child of Athena” mentioned in the
prophecy would be Annabeth, but as it turns out, it was
Daedalus, who destroyed his own creation, the Labyrinth by
giving up his life to save the campers. In the last book, The
Last Olympian, we get to know the Great Prophecy which
had be predicted decades ago. Everyone thinks that Percy is
the hero of the prophecy and that he would die by making a
single choice and with a “cursed blade” he shall die, which
was thought to be Percy’s sword, the Anaklusmos or Riptide
which had a tragic story behind it. But the hero of the
prophecy was Luke, son of Hermes, who had sided with the
Titans and gave up his body for Kronos to take over. In the
end Luke realizes the grave mistakes he had done and stabs
himself with the dagger he had given to Annabeth years ago
right after he had promised her that he would never hurt
her.
Riordan incorporates mythology in his works to update the
traditional idiosyncrasy. The way he modernizes the gods,
demigods and their quests help thereaderstorationalize the
extramundane. The direct allusions to Homer, Hesiod, Ovid
etc. can be seen throughout the novels. And these allusions
and references are woven together with the ultra-modern
context by the author. Thus, the borderline between fantasy
and reality, facts and fiction fade, leaving the readers with a
new genre to explore. In an interview with The Guardian,
Riordan says:
I tend to think of a myth and then explore how it would play
out if it were happening in the modern-day world. I modify
all the myths I use, but I stick very closely to theirstructure–
it is the hidden teacher in me.With a lot of them it is easy to
imagine the modern context by, say, having Aries ridingona
motorcycle. These myths are universal and are totally
ingrained in our culture. We are still struggling with the
same things, so they fit neatly into the modern world.
(Riordan)
Riordan delivers puns, jokes and subtle wit, alongside a
gripping story line. He blends myth with the modern and
shows mordant satirical quality in this pentalogy.Thesatyrs
in his works are environmentalists and vegans who
complains about how the humans are destroying the world;
his gods and monsters fears oblivion; his heroes are flawed
(haunted by their hamartia and are diagnosed with dyslexia
and ADHD) but are also resilient and valorous; his mortals
are a bunch of ignorant people who will “believe anything
but the truth”. He communicates the complexitiesoflifewith
his readers by referring to these myths. The monsters and
the Titans trying to destroy the Olympians shows that evil
will prevail in this world and as long as such threats are
there, there will emerge heroes who will change the course
of history from that of doom to that of boon.
Conclusion
“I made my song a coat
Covered with embroideries
Out of old mythologies
From heel to throat;” (Yeats, lines 1-4)
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The term ‘myth’ has often been a topic that has drawn many
debates on whether it can be considered as stories relating
to the truth or maybe of fallacy. Northrop Frye however,
believed myth to have ‘really happened’, or to have some
exceptional significance in explaining certain featuresoflife,
such as ritual. In his opinion, myth is often used as an
allegory of science or religion or morality and it may arise in
the first place to account for a ritual or a law, or it may be an
example of a parable which illustrates a particular situation
or argument. It may be told or retold, modifiedor elaborated
or different patterns may also be discovered in it.
Mythology could be seen as an archaic and profound record
we have of the mankind’s nature and spirit. To understand
and connect with our past and our origin people relate to
myth and myth making.Myths,whetheritisGreek,American
or Indian, are the survivals of those primitive ages when
myth making mind reigned supreme. But myths respond to
the basic human situations. And they are verymuchrelevant
in this modern day. By using myth in his literary and artistic
works, modern man is able to understand and communicate
the complexity of life, as well as, provide great deal of
material for the modern-day writers. Northrop Frye
maintains, that the structural principles of literature are
largely based on myths. In his essay Myth, Fiction and
Displacement, he writes:
The things that happen in myth are things that happen only
in stories, they are in a self-contained literary, world. Hence
myth would naturally have the same kind of appeal for the
fiction writer that folk tales has. It presents him with a
ready-made frame-work, hoary with antiquity, and allows
him to develop all his energies to collaborating its
design.(Frye 590)
This study aims to illustrate the significance of Greek
mythology in this modern world and how it isreimagined by
the American author Rick Riordan in his pentalogy, Percy
Jackson and The Olympian Series. In his novels, Riordan
portrays the Greek gods centered in the focal point of the
modern civilization, guiding the modern man in all his
endeavors. He presents to us an out of the ordinaryscenario,
where the Greek myths are embedded in the core of modern
American society and how the pop culture and modernity is
mixed with the archaic myths of Greece.
Riordan borrows myths and themes from the previous texts
of Homer, Hesiod, Ovid etc. and tries to create various layers
of meaning in his pentalogy. Thus, the readers are able to
interpret the text in different ways. The fashion in which he
recounts the timeless tales is different from that of his
predecessors. In all of the five novels,Riordantriesto embed
the archaic gods and myths in the twenty first century, and
he tries to wear off the distinction between the lines of
reality and fiction. The great gods of Greek mythology
remain the same in his pentalogy, but with someinfluence of
the modern civilization. The fire of the power of the gods, as
Riordan is burning bright in America, and we can that in the
architecture, their national emblem etc. Thus, we could say
that Riordan places these myths in the current scenario to
help the readers understand and to relate to these stories
and fables more deeply. It is almost like he spots things
around him that have echoes in the ancient world.
The recurring parallel between contemporaneity and
antiquity given shape and significance in the works of the
new writers or ‘myth creators’ helps us to see the world in
new ways. Though in the surface level these novels talk
about the story of demigods and their adventures and
quests, in a deeper level we could even interpret it as the
story of some brave and courageous youngsters who rights
the wrong and help those in need. They keep aside their
differences and fight for justice. Instead of backing away
from the perilous quests, they come forward willingly
without knowing what the future holds for them. This
pentalogy is not only a piece of literature which entertains
its readers, but also gives them hopeinthisoften-chaoticlife.
And that can be seen as a quality of myth. Eveninitsmystical
context, a myth, conveys to the readers about the truths of
life and helps people to find worth and purpose in their
existence.
Ivan Strenski in his work FourTheoriesofMythinTwentieth-
Century History: Cassirer, Eliade, Levi Strauss and
Malinowskiquotes:
Myth is everything and nothing at the same time. It is the
true story or a false one, revelation or deception, sacred or
vulgar, real or fictional, symbol or tool, archetype or
stereotype. It is either strongly structured and logical or
emotional and pre-logical, traditional or primitive or part of
contemporary ideology. Myth is about the gods, but often
also the ancestors and sometimes certain men… itischarter,
recurring theme, character type, received idea, half-truth,
tale or just plain lie.
In conclusion, one could say that not reason but imagination
was the key to myth. Myth is not failed attempt to articulate
rational truth butis the creative impulse underlying human
history. Primitive mythopoeia was the source of all
experience and all expression. In the case of modern writers
or in particular Rick Riordan, the use of myth in their works,
is not aimed to rationalize or reason with the history of
humans and the psyche, but to build a bridge that connects
the past to the present, to erase the boundary between the
reality and fantasy.
Works Cited
[1] “About Rick Riordan.” Rickriordan.com.N.p.,n.d.Web.
25 December 2019.
[2] Bartlett, Sarah. The MythologyBible:ADefinitiveGuide
to Legendary Tales. Sterling Publishing Co., 2009.
[3] Campbell, Joseph and Moyers, Bill. The PowerofMyth.
Doubleday, 1988.
[4] Cook, Albert. Myth and Language. Indiana University
Press, 1980.
[5] Frye, Northop. “Myth, Fiction, and Displacement.”
Daedal us, vol. 90, no. 3, 1961, pp. 587- 605,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026675?seq=1.
[6] Gould, E. Mythical Intentions in Modern Literature.
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981.
[7] Hamilton, E. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and
Heroes (75th Anniversary Edition). Black Dog and
Leventhal Publishers, 2017. Print.
[8] Jung, C. J. Ed. Campbell, J. The Portable Jung. Penguin
Classics, 1992.
[9] Kristeva, Julia. Word, Dialogue, and Novel. Columbia
University Press, 1986.
[10] Leach, M. and J. Fried. Funk and Wagnall’s Standard
Dictionary of Folk lore, Mythology, andLegend. Harper
and Row Publishers, 1984.
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[11] Mellenthin, Jessica and Sharipo, Susan O. Mythology
Unbound: An Online Textbook for Classical Mythology.
Press books. Rebus Community,
https://press.rebus.community/mythologyunbound/
chapter/the-delphic-oracle/
[12] “Myth.” ahdictionary.com. The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language, 2015. 15,
November, 2015.
https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=myth
[13] Riordan, Rick. “Rick Riordan: ‘Mythsareuniversal and
are totally ingrained in our culture.’” Interview. By
Venessa Thorpe. The Guardian, 9 December, 2019.
www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/09/rick-
riordan-interview-heroes-olympus.
[14] Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Battle of
Labyrinth. Puffin Books, 2008. Print.
[15] Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Last Olympian.
Puffin Books, 2009. Print.
[16] Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief.
Puffin Books, 2005. Print.
[17] Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Sea of Monsters.
Puffin Books, 2006. Print.
[18] Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Titan’s Curse.
Puffin Books, 2007. Print.
[19] Strenski, Ivan. Four Theories of Myth in Twentieth-
Century History: Cassirer, Eliade, Levi Strauss and
Malinowski. London: Macmillan, 1987.
[20] Yeats, W.B. “A Coat.” Poetry Foundation, 2020,
www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poem
s/12893/a-coat.