Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory states that children's development is influenced by their relationships and environments across different systems, from close personal interactions to broader cultural influences. The theory identifies microsystems like family, mesosystems of connections between microsystems, exosystems of external influences, macrosystems of culture, and chronosystems of time. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development also reflects how children develop through stages of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity and more based on resolving crises at each stage. The document discusses how parenting styles, peer relationships, school, self-esteem, morality and coping with stress all impact child development according to various psychological theories covered in Unit 3.

1. Reflection
Group’s members: - Choeun Neang - Kchorng Vira - Lang Borath
According to my comprehension in unit 3, I am deeply convinced by notices of the
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory that the social contexts in which children live and the people who
influence their development. Ecological theory consists of five environmental systems that range from
close interpersonal interactions to broad-based influences of culture. The five systems are the
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem (W.Santra, 2011). I believe that
Bronfenbrenner’s concept is strongly fulfilled because the Social contexts can be understood as the
relationships and networks of support that people experience, the interconnections within communities,
and the involvement of people and communities in decisions that affect their lives (Smit, 2016).Among
of five ecological, the microsystem is the most important that always influence for most children went
they were young. I experienced with this when I was young my parents told me that you need to say
“Thank You” when someone giving something to you. I never know to say like this. I just understand
from my mother that the word “Thank You” is a polite word and to show grateful from the giver. This is
what I influence from my from my mother who called Macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological
Theory.
In addition, I got the concept from Eric Erikson’s Theory that presents a developmental view of
people’s lives in stages. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a
crisis. Each crisis, the more psychologically healthy the individual will be. Each stage has both positive
and negative sides. The eight stages are Trust versus mistrust, Autonomy versus shame, initiative versus
guilt, Industry versus inferiority, Identity versus identity confusion, Intimacy versus isolation,
Generativity versus stagnation, Integrity versus despair (W.Santra, 2011). I deeply agree with the theory
of eight stages of human development. If you look around, you will notice that from birth onwards changes
of various kinds are taking place in an individual’s life, which continue even during old age. Over a span
of time, a human grows and develops, learns to communicate, walk, count, and read and write. They also
learns to distinguish between right and wrong. They makes friends, goes through puberty, gets married,
rears children, and grows old (Tagore, 2015). All this stages are truly happened in our life since we was
born.
Moreover, in unit 3 I have learnt about Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the social contexts in which
children live are important influences on their development. Let’s explore three of the contexts in which
children spend much of their time: families, peers, and schools. The Four of Parents’ style such as
Neglectful, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Authoritative also influence to children development (W.Santra,
University of Battambang
Kingdom of Cambodia
Nation Region King

2. 2011). I am deeply accepted with this theory. These psychologists indicate that parenting style which
includes parent-child interaction, parent-child joint activities, parents‟ involvement in children’s
education are significant in socialization and children’s functioning (Johari, 2015). I remembered that
when I was in high school I used to adopt from my friend of changing hair style. I have not learnt from
school the ways of changing hair style, so I mean I spent much time at school with my friend that make
me influence from them.
After we have discussed three important social context that influence student’s socioemotional
development; families, peers and school. Furthermore, we explore the development of the self , morality,
and coping with stress. The self, according to Psychologist often refer to that ‘’I’’ as the self. Two
important aspects of the self are self-esteem and identity. Self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall
view of himself or herself. Self-esteem also is referred to as self-worth or self-image. For example, a child
with high self-esteem might perceive that she is not just a person but a good person. I do agree with this
theory because Self-esteem refers most generally to an individual’s overall positive evaluation of the self.
(CAST & BURKE, 2002). Identities are the traits and characteristics, social relations, roles, and social
group memberships (Leary, 2012).
Moreover, morality development a person’s moral development concerns rules and conventions
about just interactions between people. These rules can be studied in three domains: cognitive, behavioral,
and emotional. Childhood is the important time of human’s socialization. One of the direction is the
acquisition of moral norms and moral development at that age. The social-cognitive psychological
development in middle childhood provides necessary conditions for moral development. The analysis of
social situation of development allows defining factors and conditions that influence. The development
of social relations and communication with peers in the middle childhood plays an important role in moral
development. The intellectual, particularly reflective thinking provides the person sensitivity to moral
development in the middle childhood (V.Molchaov, 2013).
In conclusion, there are many very significant theories in Unit 3. Most of the theories are really
reflect to the real social in the society especially, the social contexts in which children live and the people
who influence their development and other factor in this unit. I am really appreciate to catch up all this
concepts and apply to apply in my teaching.
References
CAST,A. D.,& BURKE, P.(2002, march).A Theoryof Self-Esteem.pp.041-1068.
Johari,T. (2015). Effectives of parenting styleon children development. UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.
Leary,M. R. (2012). Handboolof self and identity. new york:72 SpringStreet,New York,NY 10012 .
Smit,D. (2016). Social contextand health:a GCPH synthesis. Glassgow CenterForPopulationHealth.
Tagore,R. (2015). Human Development. New York.
V.Molchaov, S. (2013). The moral development in childhood . Ressia: Lomonosov Moscow State
University.

3. W.Santra, J. (2011). Educational Psycology. McGraw-Hill.