This document provides a bibliography of sources on e-learning in various European countries. It lists 18 references including journal articles, book chapters, and websites that discuss topics like the development of distance education, virtual learning environments, and e-learning providers in countries such as Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Finland, the UK, Sweden, France, Denmark, Spain, and Ukraine. The references present perspectives on e-learning and analyze the adoption and growth of online education across Europe.

1. Bibliography
Arneberg, P. Keegan, D., Lossenko, J,.Mazar, I., Michels, P.F., Flate
Paulsen, M., Rekkedal, T., Sangra, A., Toska, J. and Zarka, D. (2007).
The Provision of E-learning in Europe. Norway: Magtrends Project.
Brittain, S. & Liber, O. (2003) A Framework for pedagogical evaluation of
Virtual Learning Environments.
www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=project_pedagogical_vle
Flate Paulsen, M. (2007). Megaproviders of E-learning in Europe. Norway:
Magtrends Project.
Frencken, H., R. Jacobi, and K. Jager (2006). E-Learning and International
Education in The Netherlands. EDUCAUSE Volume 29 Number
2.www.educause.edu/apps/eq/eqm06/eqm0629.asp?bhcp=1
Grepperund, G., Stokken, A. M. and Toska, J. A. (2002). Out of the shadow
and into the Spotlight: The Development of Distance Teaching in
Norwegian Higher Education. International Review of Research in Open
and Distance Learning, 2 (2)
Holmberg, C. (2003). On the Move Toward Online Education in Sweden. In
Online Education and Learning Management Systems – Global E- learning
in a Scandinavian Perspective, M. F. Paulsen, 233-254. Oslo, NKI
Forlaget.

2. Kappel, H. H., Lehmann, B. and Loeper, J. (2002). Distance Education at
Conventional Universities in Germany. International Review of Research in
Open and Distance Learning, 2 (2)
Kylama, M. (2005). The Finnish Virtual University and Finland’s path to a
learning society. In C. McIntosh and Z. Varoglu (Eds.) Lifelong learning
and distance higher education: Perspectives on distance education.
(chap.9)
Lewis, (2002). The Hybridization of Conventional Higher Education: UK
Perspective. International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, 2 (2)
Markkula, M. (2004). eLearning in Finland - Enhancing Knowledge-based
Society. Development. Jyväskylä, Gummerus Kirjapaino.
www.dipoli.tkk.fi/oppiminen/raportti/elearning.html
Mortimer, P. (2005). France: The move toward distance education in the
university sector. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 6 (3) (233-241).
Nipper, S. (2003). Online Learning in Denmark: A Personal Account. In
Online Education and Learning Management Systems – Global E- learning
in a Scandinavian Perspective, M. F. Paulsen, 215-229. Oslo, NKI
Forlaget.

3. Paulsen, M. F. (2002). An Analysis of Online Education and Learning
Management Systems in the Nordic Countries. Online Journal of Distance
Learning Administration, Volume V, Number III, Fall 2002.
Paulsen, M. F. (2003). Online Education and Learning Management Systems
– Global Elearning in a Scandinavian Perspective. Oslo, NKI Forlaget.
Sangrà, Albert (2005). E-Learning in Spain: The Consolidation of the Earliest
Take-Off. In: Dittler, U; Kahler, H.; Kindt, M.; Schwrz, C. (eds.). E-
Learning in Europe – Learning Europe. Münster: Medien in der
Wissenschaft, vol. 35,. (181-201).
Sangra, A. (2002). A New Learning Model for the Information and
Knowledge Society: The Case of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
(OUC), Spain. International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, 2 (2)
Shunevych, B. (2002). Ukraine Open University: Its prospects in Distance
Education Development. International Review of Research in Open and
Distance Learning, 2 (2)
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