A academic reflection paper on agreements for and/or against using an individual or population approach to solving a public health concern. Written for a UNC-Chapel Hill public health foundations course in Fall 2015.
1. The document summarizes recent research on how social capital and social networks impact substance use, treatment, and relapse prevention. It finds that higher social capital, characterized by strong supportive networks of family and non-using peers, is associated with lower substance use and higher rates of recovery maintenance.
2. Treatment programs aim to build clients' positive social capital by helping them establish abstinent bonding networks, as well as bridging networks with non-using community groups. This allows recovery to continue post-treatment by providing alternative social support systems.
3. However, current programs often focus only on bonding networks within recovery groups. To better prevent relapse, interventions should expand clients' social networks beyond these groups to integrate them into
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Substance Abuse TreatmentAlexandraPerkins5
This document provides an overview of racial and socioeconomic disparities in substance abuse treatment in the United States. It discusses how factors like insurance coverage, treatment availability, and social determinants can influence disparities in treatment completion and outcomes. Specifically, it notes that Black and Hispanic youth are less likely to complete substance abuse treatment than white youth. While Medicaid expands coverage for treatment, not all providers accept it, creating availability issues. The document also explores historical models of addiction and how they impacted disparities, and examines various treatment approaches including medication-assisted treatment, peer-based support, and harm reduction strategies.
This fact sheet provides data on substance use and related factors in Chippewa County. It finds that 5th graders reported higher rates of past 30-day alcohol and inhalant use compared to state averages. While adult data is not available for the county, adults in the region reported lower binge drinking and higher cigarette smoking than state averages. Rates of DWI arrests and adults in prison for drug offenses have decreased since 2006 in the county. The data aims to inform prevention efforts through establishing community priorities.
Drug abuse in developing Asian countries is a complex issue. Understanding the never-ending spread of communicable diseases in countries including Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia is never easy. What are the solutions?
Male Sexual Addiction by Dr. LaVelle Hendricks - Published in the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
This document summarizes a study examining factors that affect access to mental health care. The study focuses on environment (rural vs. urban), socioeconomic status, financial barriers, and awareness of stigma. Literature is reviewed finding rural residents have less access to care than urban residents. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of insurance also reduce access. Stigma and negativity towards mental illness can deter people from seeking treatment. The study aims to determine if these factors influence access to mental health care using GSS survey data from 2006. Hypotheses predict less access to care for rural residents, those with lower socioeconomic status, activity limitations, and awareness of stigma.
Addiction Is a Disease and Needs to Be Treated as Such - NYTimeszelko mustac
This document summarizes an article arguing that addiction should be treated as a disease. It provides three key points supporting this view:
1) Addiction has a lifelong course characterized by relapses and cross-addiction, similar to other chronic diseases.
2) Genetics plays an important role in determining addiction risk, as shown by family and twin studies.
3) There are effective medications to treat drug addiction by blocking drug rewards and cravings, as approved by the FDA over the last 25 years.
This document assesses four vulnerability indicators used to identify at-risk neighborhoods for prioritizing pandemic interventions. It finds low concordance rates between indicators, meaning they identify different tracts as vulnerable. It also finds substantial differences in the racial composition and proportion of minority neighborhoods included between indicators. Specifically, an indicator based on pre-existing health conditions performs best at including African American populations and neighborhoods. The choice of indicator thus has significant implications for which groups and places receive priority support.
1. The document summarizes recent research on how social capital and social networks impact substance use, treatment, and relapse prevention. It finds that higher social capital, characterized by strong supportive networks of family and non-using peers, is associated with lower substance use and higher rates of recovery maintenance.
2. Treatment programs aim to build clients' positive social capital by helping them establish abstinent bonding networks, as well as bridging networks with non-using community groups. This allows recovery to continue post-treatment by providing alternative social support systems.
3. However, current programs often focus only on bonding networks within recovery groups. To better prevent relapse, interventions should expand clients' social networks beyond these groups to integrate them into
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Substance Abuse TreatmentAlexandraPerkins5
This document provides an overview of racial and socioeconomic disparities in substance abuse treatment in the United States. It discusses how factors like insurance coverage, treatment availability, and social determinants can influence disparities in treatment completion and outcomes. Specifically, it notes that Black and Hispanic youth are less likely to complete substance abuse treatment than white youth. While Medicaid expands coverage for treatment, not all providers accept it, creating availability issues. The document also explores historical models of addiction and how they impacted disparities, and examines various treatment approaches including medication-assisted treatment, peer-based support, and harm reduction strategies.
This fact sheet provides data on substance use and related factors in Chippewa County. It finds that 5th graders reported higher rates of past 30-day alcohol and inhalant use compared to state averages. While adult data is not available for the county, adults in the region reported lower binge drinking and higher cigarette smoking than state averages. Rates of DWI arrests and adults in prison for drug offenses have decreased since 2006 in the county. The data aims to inform prevention efforts through establishing community priorities.
Drug abuse in developing Asian countries is a complex issue. Understanding the never-ending spread of communicable diseases in countries including Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia is never easy. What are the solutions?
Male Sexual Addiction by Dr. LaVelle Hendricks - Published in the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
This document summarizes a study examining factors that affect access to mental health care. The study focuses on environment (rural vs. urban), socioeconomic status, financial barriers, and awareness of stigma. Literature is reviewed finding rural residents have less access to care than urban residents. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of insurance also reduce access. Stigma and negativity towards mental illness can deter people from seeking treatment. The study aims to determine if these factors influence access to mental health care using GSS survey data from 2006. Hypotheses predict less access to care for rural residents, those with lower socioeconomic status, activity limitations, and awareness of stigma.
Addiction Is a Disease and Needs to Be Treated as Such - NYTimeszelko mustac
This document summarizes an article arguing that addiction should be treated as a disease. It provides three key points supporting this view:
1) Addiction has a lifelong course characterized by relapses and cross-addiction, similar to other chronic diseases.
2) Genetics plays an important role in determining addiction risk, as shown by family and twin studies.
3) There are effective medications to treat drug addiction by blocking drug rewards and cravings, as approved by the FDA over the last 25 years.
This document assesses four vulnerability indicators used to identify at-risk neighborhoods for prioritizing pandemic interventions. It finds low concordance rates between indicators, meaning they identify different tracts as vulnerable. It also finds substantial differences in the racial composition and proportion of minority neighborhoods included between indicators. Specifically, an indicator based on pre-existing health conditions performs best at including African American populations and neighborhoods. The choice of indicator thus has significant implications for which groups and places receive priority support.
The Ella Faye Childs Memorial Program aims to prevent suicide among the elderly by partnering with nursing homes in Denton County, Texas that have deficiencies related to elderly mental healthcare and quality of life according to Medicare reports. The program will provide training to nursing home staff to increase quality of care and implement a 12-month prevention program with mental health services and counseling. Goals are to improve the quality of care provided by staff, increase staff competence, and decrease elderly suicide risk factors like depression and isolation among residents. The program will be piloted over 14 months in two cycles to collect outcome data and demonstrate effectiveness with the goal of expanding statewide.
This essay is prepared with an aim to investigate into the difficulties arises while dealing
with alcoholic patients in primary care in Europe. In this context, the researcher will evaluate the
issues concerned with doctors in tackling the psychological character of alcoholic patients.
Moreover, the discussion will provide how doctors motivate such patient to recover from their
lethal conditions. In spite of declining in the wine-producing nations, Europe remains the
province on the globe with largest production as well as consumption of alcoholic beverages
along with commensurately more levels of harm related to alcohol. In the survey of North
America it was found that over 4.5% of women and 23% of men are involved in the alcohol use
or dependence throughout their lifetime. The country is about the middle of the worldwide
league of intoxicating consumption. Thus, in all European Union’s member states the alcoholic
harms are considered as a major public health problem. The use of alcohol and its harm are
increasing sharply in the some recently independent regions of Eastern Europe.
1) A study of racial disparities in treatment of behavioral health disorders in Philadelphia found that while African Americans had higher Medicaid enrollment rates than Whites, they had lower rates of treatment for mental health disorders.
2) The study also found disparities in the type and intensity of services received, with African Americans less likely to receive medication management and psychotherapy than Whites.
3) The study used GIS mapping and found higher psychiatric outpatient service utilization tended to be in areas with more providers, while providers were more dispersed in low service areas where African Americans were highly concentrated.
This document summarizes key issues related to racial and ethnic mental health disparities in the United States. It notes that while prevalence rates of mental health conditions are equivalent across races, communities of color experience greater burdens and barriers to care, including poorer access, inappropriate care, and increased social risks. Untreated conditions can lead to worse outcomes and higher costs. The document outlines structural, affective, value orientation, and cognitive barriers communities of color face in accessing mental health services. It provides background on past presidential commissions and reports that brought attention to the need for culturally-responsive care and policies to reduce disparities.
This document discusses socioeconomic issues in medicine. It summarizes that:
1) While only 10% of premature deaths are due to inadequate medical care, 40% are due to unhealthy behaviors like smoking, excessive drinking, obesity, and imprudent sexual behaviors.
2) Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poorer health and higher mortality, due to factors like higher rates of unhealthy behaviors, stress, and lack of control over life circumstances among those of lower socioeconomic status.
3) The United States spends much more on health care than other countries, at over 17% of GDP currently, due to both supply factors, like expensive technologies and specialist care, and demand factors, like consumer appetite for new medical advances
Substance abuse is a major health issue in Washtenaw County. Youth in the county are more likely to initiate substance use like alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes at an earlier age compared to a neighboring county. Deaths related to alcohol and drugs have been increasing in Washtenaw County between 2000-2009. Heroin and opioid overdoses are a growing problem, accounting for nearly half of emergency room visits for drug overdoses from 2011-2012. Treatment admissions for substances like prescription drugs and heroin have been decreasing in average age. A variety of factors contribute to substance abuse issues, including social and economic influences as well as the local physical environment.
This document summarizes a report analyzing Medicaid expansion in Florida and Georgia as a policy tool to address health disparities. The report was prepared by students in a domestic health policy workshop. It finds that expanding Medicaid in Florida could reduce health disparities by increasing access to preventative care for uninsured Floridians and minorities. Three options for Medicaid expansion are examined: standard expansion and two alternative models from Michigan and Tennessee. The analysis concludes that Medicaid expansion would likely improve health outcomes in Florida while saving costs compared to the status quo.
Latinos in LA County have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, accounting for 64% of cases and over half of deaths despite being 49% of the population. They have higher risks like living in crowded households and working essential jobs. Vaccine enthusiasm is rising among Latinos but access barriers like transportation and trust must be addressed. While most Latinos adopted safety behaviors, risks remain from gatherings and challenges maintaining distancing in multi-generational households pose ongoing risks until widespread vaccination is achieved.
This document summarizes a study examining differences in the social environments of adolescents receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment in Illinois by race and gender. The study used data from 619 adolescents ages 12-17 collected through the GAIN assessment. Results found that 56% of the sample was white males, while black and Hispanic adolescents were underrepresented. While all groups reported similar levels of drug and alcohol use by family, over half reported weekly intoxication by peers and 38% had peers in substance abuse treatment. The study concludes certain racial groups are underrepresented in treatment and services should be directed to these underserved populations.
The document discusses implementing a public health approach to address drug abuse, mental illness, homelessness, and incarceration of those with mental illnesses or substance abuse issues. It notes the high economic and social costs of the current fragmented system and lack of treatment. Over 20% of jail and prison populations have a mental illness or were incarcerated due to lack of treatment options. The document calls for a national strategy with coordinated services across housing, employment, treatment, law enforcement, and other areas to improve outcomes and reduce costs to taxpayers.
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abouAMMY30
This document discusses research on reducing drug abuse among teenagers. It recommends focusing the research on how to reduce rather than just describe the problem. The literature review discusses consequences of drug abuse to help identify affected teenagers, and factors like parenting, poverty and peer pressure that contribute to abuse. Potential solutions proposed are encouraging good parenting, advising at-risk youth, and enforcing laws against drug availability to teenagers.
There is a need for health and human service professionals to understand the connection with substance abuse and infectious disease in women. It is important for them to:
understand and an appreciate the issues facing substance abuse treatment and prevention specialists, public health specialists and child welfare workers working with addicted women and their children.
This article examines issues related to integrating drug treatment systems for criminal justice offenders. It discusses how the demand for treatment far exceeds availability for the large number of offenders who have substance use disorders. Most treatment provided in correctional settings is insufficient, such as self-help groups without clinical treatment. When offenders are released, continuity of treatment is often lacking. The article argues more needs to be done to apply lessons from research on effective community-based treatment to the criminal justice system. This includes providing clinically appropriate treatment matched to offenders' needs and integrating services as offenders transition between community supervision and incarceration.
The Role of Government-Funded Assistance Programs on HIV Testing among Poor A...ICF
This study examined the impact of government assistance programs on HIV testing rates among poor adults in the United States. The study found that participation in public assistance programs, especially Medicaid and human services programs, was associated with higher rates of HIV testing compared to poor adults not enrolled in these programs. However, testing rates still did not meet the 90% target proposed in the Ending the HIV Epidemic plan. The results suggest that public assistance programs can help HIV prevention efforts but need to be strengthened, through continued funding and integration into national strategies, to improve testing among vulnerable groups.
This document provides strategies for strengthening needs statements in grant proposals using data and research. It outlines four strategies: 1) using specific and local data; 2) presenting data in an easy-to-follow way from "big to small"; 3) citing relevant research; and 4) helping the reader follow the argument and draw conclusions. Examples are provided for each strategy to illustrate how to incorporate compelling local data, cluster and sequence information clearly, support needs with outside studies, and explicitly state the implications of the presented evidence.
Seniors can be grouped into nine distinct health profiles based on their health care attitudes and behaviors. Four profiles - Generics, Naturalists, Ready Users, and Traditionalists - have higher than expected disenrollment rates from health plans and account for significant differences in premium losses. Generics prioritize cost and are more swayed by advertising. Naturalists emphasize quality but distrust conventional medicine. Ready Users highly value quality and trust medical providers. Traditionalists have low involvement in health. These profiles show varying levels of satisfaction with and consideration of health plan selection factors.
This document discusses harm reduction strategies and syringe exchange programs (SEPs). It provides evidence that SEPs are effective in preventing HIV and hepatitis C by allowing for safe disposal of used needles and connecting injection drug users to medical care. The document reviews how SEPs make communities safer by reducing improperly discarded syringes, protect first responders from needlestick injuries, and do not increase crime rates. SEPs are also cost-effective by saving millions in avoided healthcare costs from prevented infections. The discussion aims to increase support for SEPs by addressing common myths and concerns.
Florida faces significant health disparities, with minority populations experiencing higher rates of diseases like HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer, and gonorrhea. Uninsurance contributes to these disparities through lack of access to preventative care and treatment. Expanding Medicaid would provide coverage to around 877,000 Floridians and address the disparities. It would improve health outcomes and reduce costs by increasing access to care, lowering uncompensated costs for hospitals by $1.3 billion annually. While expansion faces political opposition, it has majority public support and would benefit both the population and state economy through increased jobs and revenue of over $8 billion.
This document summarizes an education and advocacy track on parents and naloxone presented at a conference. It introduces Joanne Peterson from Learn to Cope, an organization that provides support and resources to families affected by addiction. It outlines the goals of Learn to Cope, including educating communities about drug dangers and solutions. Data is presented showing the large number of people Learn to Cope has helped and its pilot program training parents to distribute naloxone kits has helped reduce overdose deaths in Massachusetts.
Fitzgerald's life closely paralleled his writing, reflecting the changing American economy of the 1920s with its introduction of widespread consumer credit. This analysis examines Fitzgerald's life and three short stories - "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz," "Winter Dreams," and "The Rich Boy" - to show how they reflect both Fitzgerald's personal struggles and the era's focus on constant wanting and spending beyond one's means. The stories portray characters constantly reaching for more wealth and status, mirroring both Fitzgerald's own ambitions and the changing consumer culture fueled by easy credit.
This curriculum vitae is for Muhammad Yaseen Zer Gul, seeking a position as an AutoCAD draftsman. He has over 5 years of experience working as an AutoCAD draftsman in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on projects including villas, apartments, mosques, and showrooms. His skills include AutoCAD 2D, architecture, mechanical, electrical, 3D Studio Max, and surveying. He is proficient in Arabic, English, Urdu, and Pashto languages.
The document is a resume for Surbhi Sukhija detailing her diploma in bakery and patisserie from the International Institute of Culinary Arts in New Delhi. It describes her 5-month industrial training at The Imperial Hotel where she gained hands-on experience in baking, pastry, and chocolate work including breads, cakes, desserts, and assisting with events. It lists the skills and techniques she learned like breads, cakes, pastries, cookies, and chocolates for use in buffets, banquets, a pastry shop, and more.
The Ella Faye Childs Memorial Program aims to prevent suicide among the elderly by partnering with nursing homes in Denton County, Texas that have deficiencies related to elderly mental healthcare and quality of life according to Medicare reports. The program will provide training to nursing home staff to increase quality of care and implement a 12-month prevention program with mental health services and counseling. Goals are to improve the quality of care provided by staff, increase staff competence, and decrease elderly suicide risk factors like depression and isolation among residents. The program will be piloted over 14 months in two cycles to collect outcome data and demonstrate effectiveness with the goal of expanding statewide.
This essay is prepared with an aim to investigate into the difficulties arises while dealing
with alcoholic patients in primary care in Europe. In this context, the researcher will evaluate the
issues concerned with doctors in tackling the psychological character of alcoholic patients.
Moreover, the discussion will provide how doctors motivate such patient to recover from their
lethal conditions. In spite of declining in the wine-producing nations, Europe remains the
province on the globe with largest production as well as consumption of alcoholic beverages
along with commensurately more levels of harm related to alcohol. In the survey of North
America it was found that over 4.5% of women and 23% of men are involved in the alcohol use
or dependence throughout their lifetime. The country is about the middle of the worldwide
league of intoxicating consumption. Thus, in all European Union’s member states the alcoholic
harms are considered as a major public health problem. The use of alcohol and its harm are
increasing sharply in the some recently independent regions of Eastern Europe.
1) A study of racial disparities in treatment of behavioral health disorders in Philadelphia found that while African Americans had higher Medicaid enrollment rates than Whites, they had lower rates of treatment for mental health disorders.
2) The study also found disparities in the type and intensity of services received, with African Americans less likely to receive medication management and psychotherapy than Whites.
3) The study used GIS mapping and found higher psychiatric outpatient service utilization tended to be in areas with more providers, while providers were more dispersed in low service areas where African Americans were highly concentrated.
This document summarizes key issues related to racial and ethnic mental health disparities in the United States. It notes that while prevalence rates of mental health conditions are equivalent across races, communities of color experience greater burdens and barriers to care, including poorer access, inappropriate care, and increased social risks. Untreated conditions can lead to worse outcomes and higher costs. The document outlines structural, affective, value orientation, and cognitive barriers communities of color face in accessing mental health services. It provides background on past presidential commissions and reports that brought attention to the need for culturally-responsive care and policies to reduce disparities.
This document discusses socioeconomic issues in medicine. It summarizes that:
1) While only 10% of premature deaths are due to inadequate medical care, 40% are due to unhealthy behaviors like smoking, excessive drinking, obesity, and imprudent sexual behaviors.
2) Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poorer health and higher mortality, due to factors like higher rates of unhealthy behaviors, stress, and lack of control over life circumstances among those of lower socioeconomic status.
3) The United States spends much more on health care than other countries, at over 17% of GDP currently, due to both supply factors, like expensive technologies and specialist care, and demand factors, like consumer appetite for new medical advances
Substance abuse is a major health issue in Washtenaw County. Youth in the county are more likely to initiate substance use like alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes at an earlier age compared to a neighboring county. Deaths related to alcohol and drugs have been increasing in Washtenaw County between 2000-2009. Heroin and opioid overdoses are a growing problem, accounting for nearly half of emergency room visits for drug overdoses from 2011-2012. Treatment admissions for substances like prescription drugs and heroin have been decreasing in average age. A variety of factors contribute to substance abuse issues, including social and economic influences as well as the local physical environment.
This document summarizes a report analyzing Medicaid expansion in Florida and Georgia as a policy tool to address health disparities. The report was prepared by students in a domestic health policy workshop. It finds that expanding Medicaid in Florida could reduce health disparities by increasing access to preventative care for uninsured Floridians and minorities. Three options for Medicaid expansion are examined: standard expansion and two alternative models from Michigan and Tennessee. The analysis concludes that Medicaid expansion would likely improve health outcomes in Florida while saving costs compared to the status quo.
Latinos in LA County have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, accounting for 64% of cases and over half of deaths despite being 49% of the population. They have higher risks like living in crowded households and working essential jobs. Vaccine enthusiasm is rising among Latinos but access barriers like transportation and trust must be addressed. While most Latinos adopted safety behaviors, risks remain from gatherings and challenges maintaining distancing in multi-generational households pose ongoing risks until widespread vaccination is achieved.
This document summarizes a study examining differences in the social environments of adolescents receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment in Illinois by race and gender. The study used data from 619 adolescents ages 12-17 collected through the GAIN assessment. Results found that 56% of the sample was white males, while black and Hispanic adolescents were underrepresented. While all groups reported similar levels of drug and alcohol use by family, over half reported weekly intoxication by peers and 38% had peers in substance abuse treatment. The study concludes certain racial groups are underrepresented in treatment and services should be directed to these underserved populations.
The document discusses implementing a public health approach to address drug abuse, mental illness, homelessness, and incarceration of those with mental illnesses or substance abuse issues. It notes the high economic and social costs of the current fragmented system and lack of treatment. Over 20% of jail and prison populations have a mental illness or were incarcerated due to lack of treatment options. The document calls for a national strategy with coordinated services across housing, employment, treatment, law enforcement, and other areas to improve outcomes and reduce costs to taxpayers.
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abouAMMY30
This document discusses research on reducing drug abuse among teenagers. It recommends focusing the research on how to reduce rather than just describe the problem. The literature review discusses consequences of drug abuse to help identify affected teenagers, and factors like parenting, poverty and peer pressure that contribute to abuse. Potential solutions proposed are encouraging good parenting, advising at-risk youth, and enforcing laws against drug availability to teenagers.
There is a need for health and human service professionals to understand the connection with substance abuse and infectious disease in women. It is important for them to:
understand and an appreciate the issues facing substance abuse treatment and prevention specialists, public health specialists and child welfare workers working with addicted women and their children.
This article examines issues related to integrating drug treatment systems for criminal justice offenders. It discusses how the demand for treatment far exceeds availability for the large number of offenders who have substance use disorders. Most treatment provided in correctional settings is insufficient, such as self-help groups without clinical treatment. When offenders are released, continuity of treatment is often lacking. The article argues more needs to be done to apply lessons from research on effective community-based treatment to the criminal justice system. This includes providing clinically appropriate treatment matched to offenders' needs and integrating services as offenders transition between community supervision and incarceration.
The Role of Government-Funded Assistance Programs on HIV Testing among Poor A...ICF
This study examined the impact of government assistance programs on HIV testing rates among poor adults in the United States. The study found that participation in public assistance programs, especially Medicaid and human services programs, was associated with higher rates of HIV testing compared to poor adults not enrolled in these programs. However, testing rates still did not meet the 90% target proposed in the Ending the HIV Epidemic plan. The results suggest that public assistance programs can help HIV prevention efforts but need to be strengthened, through continued funding and integration into national strategies, to improve testing among vulnerable groups.
This document provides strategies for strengthening needs statements in grant proposals using data and research. It outlines four strategies: 1) using specific and local data; 2) presenting data in an easy-to-follow way from "big to small"; 3) citing relevant research; and 4) helping the reader follow the argument and draw conclusions. Examples are provided for each strategy to illustrate how to incorporate compelling local data, cluster and sequence information clearly, support needs with outside studies, and explicitly state the implications of the presented evidence.
Seniors can be grouped into nine distinct health profiles based on their health care attitudes and behaviors. Four profiles - Generics, Naturalists, Ready Users, and Traditionalists - have higher than expected disenrollment rates from health plans and account for significant differences in premium losses. Generics prioritize cost and are more swayed by advertising. Naturalists emphasize quality but distrust conventional medicine. Ready Users highly value quality and trust medical providers. Traditionalists have low involvement in health. These profiles show varying levels of satisfaction with and consideration of health plan selection factors.
This document discusses harm reduction strategies and syringe exchange programs (SEPs). It provides evidence that SEPs are effective in preventing HIV and hepatitis C by allowing for safe disposal of used needles and connecting injection drug users to medical care. The document reviews how SEPs make communities safer by reducing improperly discarded syringes, protect first responders from needlestick injuries, and do not increase crime rates. SEPs are also cost-effective by saving millions in avoided healthcare costs from prevented infections. The discussion aims to increase support for SEPs by addressing common myths and concerns.
Florida faces significant health disparities, with minority populations experiencing higher rates of diseases like HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer, and gonorrhea. Uninsurance contributes to these disparities through lack of access to preventative care and treatment. Expanding Medicaid would provide coverage to around 877,000 Floridians and address the disparities. It would improve health outcomes and reduce costs by increasing access to care, lowering uncompensated costs for hospitals by $1.3 billion annually. While expansion faces political opposition, it has majority public support and would benefit both the population and state economy through increased jobs and revenue of over $8 billion.
This document summarizes an education and advocacy track on parents and naloxone presented at a conference. It introduces Joanne Peterson from Learn to Cope, an organization that provides support and resources to families affected by addiction. It outlines the goals of Learn to Cope, including educating communities about drug dangers and solutions. Data is presented showing the large number of people Learn to Cope has helped and its pilot program training parents to distribute naloxone kits has helped reduce overdose deaths in Massachusetts.
Fitzgerald's life closely paralleled his writing, reflecting the changing American economy of the 1920s with its introduction of widespread consumer credit. This analysis examines Fitzgerald's life and three short stories - "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz," "Winter Dreams," and "The Rich Boy" - to show how they reflect both Fitzgerald's personal struggles and the era's focus on constant wanting and spending beyond one's means. The stories portray characters constantly reaching for more wealth and status, mirroring both Fitzgerald's own ambitions and the changing consumer culture fueled by easy credit.
This curriculum vitae is for Muhammad Yaseen Zer Gul, seeking a position as an AutoCAD draftsman. He has over 5 years of experience working as an AutoCAD draftsman in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on projects including villas, apartments, mosques, and showrooms. His skills include AutoCAD 2D, architecture, mechanical, electrical, 3D Studio Max, and surveying. He is proficient in Arabic, English, Urdu, and Pashto languages.
The document is a resume for Surbhi Sukhija detailing her diploma in bakery and patisserie from the International Institute of Culinary Arts in New Delhi. It describes her 5-month industrial training at The Imperial Hotel where she gained hands-on experience in baking, pastry, and chocolate work including breads, cakes, desserts, and assisting with events. It lists the skills and techniques she learned like breads, cakes, pastries, cookies, and chocolates for use in buffets, banquets, a pastry shop, and more.
El documento describe los principios de la cultura empresarial como la fuerza vital, el deseo de superación, la visión de futuro y la innovación. También distingue entre diferentes tipos de trabajo como el trabajo independiente, dependiente, voluntario y personal/familiar. Además, destaca el desarrollo intelectual del personal, la motivación hacia el logro y la creación de empleos de acuerdo a las necesidades reales como nuevas políticas de gestión humana. Finalmente, resalta que las pequeñas empresas generan más empleo, innovación y avances tecn
This document discusses Kudu, an open source columnar storage system. It provides an overview of Kudu's goals and features, describes how to use Kudu from Rust using a new experimental Rust client library, and shows a sample Kudu SQL application built in Rust that allows executing SQL-like commands against a Kudu table.
So!Art association presentation in RussianDaria Gissot
So!Art Association
So!Art is a european association for professionals, offering educational programmes, trainings, consulting services, workshops and conferences in the following spheres:
- communication
- languages
- art
- music
- cinema
- theatre
- journalism
- international relations
- management
Ergomotion provides various services and support to boost retailers' sales of adjustable beds and foundations, including marketing expertise, promotional materials, sales training, customer service support, financing programs, and social media campaigns. They offer full product assembly in the US along with nationwide distribution. Ergomotion also develops new products based on customer needs and gives early access to new technologies to existing customers.
This document provides information about programs and activities at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Baltimore (JCC). It includes the JCC directory, membership information, children and youth programs, teens programs, adult programs, fitness and wellness programs, and aquatic programs. The summary highlights the main sections and types of programs covered in the document.
This document certifies that Ashish Kumar Parikh has fulfilled the requirements for several qualifications, including a Certificate IV in Electrical Instrumentation issued on July 12, 2011. It also lists the specific competencies and skills attained by Ashish Kumar Parikh under the qualifications.
This document discusses using Wikipedia to determine the knowledge domain of documents. It aims to gather new information from Wikipedia, detect the knowledge domain of a document using the topics/articles and associated WikiProjects, and explore the organization of domains within Wikipedia. WikiProjects are organizing structures that define knowledge domains by focusing on a particular topic and rating articles on importance and quality. The document demonstrates detecting a document's domain by generating a list of related topics/articles from the document, calculating a weight for each associated WikiProject based on article importance ratings, and returning a ranked list of the most relevant WikiProjects.
Taha Marar is an oil and gas professional with over 35 years of experience in drilling and exploration across various geographies. He is seeking a senior project management role leveraging his expertise in areas such as project planning, people management, financial management, and QHSE standards. His technical experience includes drilling various well types using different rig sizes and capacities.
José Bada Panillo nació en 1929 en Favara, Aragón. Tuvo una infancia marcada por la Guerra Civil y la posguerra. Estudió en el Seminario de Alcorisa y luego Teología y Filosofía en Salamanca y Munich. Fue profesor y fundador del Partido Socialista de Aragón. Como consejero de cultura promovió la lengua catalana en Aragón. Ha escrito varios libros y artículos sobre temas como la paz, el agua, y la identidad aragonesa. Ha dedicado su
1) The document analyzes Oscar Wilde's plays The Importance of Being Earnest and An Ideal Husband, which were playing in London when Wilde was arrested for sodomy in 1895.
2) While the plays appear frivolous on the surface, focusing on trivial arguments among the characters, Wilde uses them to satirize and expose the superficial nature of judging others based on outward appearances alone, as Victorian society did.
3) One of the plays, An Ideal Husband, uses the character Lord Goring to represent Wilde himself. Though initially portrayed negatively, Lord Goring's character transforms to reveal inconsistencies in society and give Wilde a voice, as the fictional
The document is a resume for Jack Lynch. It summarizes his experience as a senior academic advisor and adjunct instructor at the University of South Florida from 2014 to present. Previously, he held roles as an academic advisor, student services manager, and academic counselor at the University of Phoenix from 2003 to 2014. He also owned and operated a small business providing strategic planning services from 2005 to 2009. His education includes an MBA from the University of Phoenix and a Bachelor's degree from St. Mary's College of Maryland.
Dr. Tom Frieden, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, keynote presentation at the National Rx Drug Abuse & Heroin Summit on March 30, 2016.
This paper examines the relationship between socioeconomic factors and prescription drug abuse. It reviews 7 studies that found higher rates of opioid misuse among low-income populations, including Medicaid patients and those with mental health or substance abuse disorders. While doctors often perceive younger and non-white patients to be at higher risk of abuse, studies have found no evidence to support these assumptions. The paper calls for reducing reliance on opioids for chronic pain and improving clinician training on cultural competence and implicit biases.
Lesson 13 Policy Considerations for Special Populations Reading.docxSHIVA101531
Lesson 13: Policy Considerations for Special Populations
Readings
NOTE: The Cochran et al. (2003) article in the syllabus has been replaced with the Mustanski, Garofalo & Emerson (2010) article below.
McGuire, T., & Miranda, J. (2008). New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: Policy implications. Health Affairs 27(2): 393-403.
http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/27/2/393.abstract.
Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R. & Emerson, E. (2010). Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2426-2432. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978194/
Vogt, D. (2011). Mental health-related beliefs as a barrier to service use for military personnel and veterans: A review. Psychiatric Services, 62(2), 135-142.http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=102171
Summary This week’s lesson below focuses on the particular challenges facing certain groups who have specific challenges in accessing mental health services. These groups include, but are not limited to older adults, people living in rural areas and the homeless. Our readings address three other groups with significant challenges: the LGBTQ community, military personnel and veterans Much of the lesson focuses on the needs of Missourians but the issues are applicable to the rest of the nation as well. Older Adults
Approximately 20% of all adults aged 65 and older have been classified as having a mental disorder, including dementia (Karel, Gatz & Smyer, 2012). Issues related to aging can exacerbate mental health disorders when factors such as chronic illness, institutionalization, isolation, and grief are more likely to be present. Some mental problems, such as depression, also are associated with an increased risk for suicide. Data presented in Lesson 12 demonstrated that older adult white males have the highest suicide rate of any age/gender group in the state.
The majority of older adults receiving mental health care are treated by their primary care physicians (Administration on Aging (AA), 2001). While many primary care physicians provide excellent care, there are also many who confuse mental health problems with the debilities caused by chronic physical disease or may consider late onset mental illnesses to simply be a part of normal aging. When mental health treatment is attempted by these physicians, older adults commonly receive inappropriate prescription of psychotropic medications (AA, 2001). Despite these problems, both substance abuse and mental health problems in older adults are treatable and can often be prevented (Choi, N. G., & DiNitto, D., 2013). In addition to mental health treatment, activities geared toward preventing depression and suicide have proven to be effective. Specifically, both support groups and peer counseling have been shown to be effective for older adults at risk for depres ...
This critical analysis explores the impact of substance abuse in America at both a global and local level. Topics of societal stigma, personal bias and drug decriminalization are among the topics explored.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxglendar3
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxtodd581
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Hendricks, the use and abuse of prescription drug nfjca v3 n1 2014William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Clients Presentation Your client can make up whatever they want.WilheminaRossi174
Clients Presentation: Your client can make up whatever they want. They can be as dramatic as they want to be. Have fun with it!
Subjective Data (4 points): (Review History questions in power point and on page 534-535 of text.)
Objective Data (4 points):
Inspection: What is the shape and size of the abdomen? Any masses or pulsations upon inspection? Skin smooth? Striae, scars, lesions?
Auscultation: Bowel Sounds Present in all 4 quadrants? Hypoactive, Normoactive, etc. Any bruits upon auscultation?
Percussion: Tympany in all 4 quadrants?
Palpation: Abdomen soft, firm? Any enlarged organs? Masses? Tenderness?
Any other objective data you found important to document?
Describe 2 Actual/Potential Risk Factors (2 points):
CHAPTER 15
15.1 INTRODUCTION
Although in some cases behavioral and psychiatric/mental are grouped under the same broad
category, behavioral health problems are generally effectively treated on an outpatient basis with
combination psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (medications). Behavioral health professionals
are licensed by the state in which they reside to practice, and they collaborate on the management
of clients’ behavioral problems. These professionals include psychiatrists, psychologists,
psychiatric nurse practitioners, social workers, family counselors, and drug/alcohol and mental
health counselors (Parker, 2002). Such chronic problems as dementia and mental retardation are
considered psychiatric/mental problems rather than behavioral.
There is a distinct interconnectedness between mental health and health in general. The WHO
defines health as, “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity” (WHO, 2001b, p. 1). Mental health on the other hand is defined
as, “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the
normal stress of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his
or her community … it is determined by socioeconomic and environmental factors and it is linked
to behavior” (WHO, 2001a, p. 1; WHO 2010, p. 1). For example, people are generally resilient
enough ...
Running head COMMUNITY LEVEL BARRIERS 1 COMMUNITY LEVEL B.docxsusanschei
Running head: COMMUNITY LEVEL BARRIERS
1
COMMUNITY LEVEL BARRIERS
5
Community Level Barriers
Joyce Walker
Ashford University
Community Level Barriers
Recap
The group which was chosen is those people are addicted to alcohol and also abuse drugs. Substance abuse has become so prevalent in some communities. The issues have become critical that it requires programs which can ensure that people affected can be assisted. Most people are involved in substance abuse for various different reasons. The government and the society are responsible for ensuring that substance abuse and alcohol use have been mitigated. When a society has been affected by substance abuse, its economic, social and political well-being is highly affected. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the problem has been reduced or it has been avoided to ensure that the society moves in the right direction of growth and development. The individuals who are affected by these issues are also expected to play their part in helping in the fight against substance abuse (Apthorp, 2003).
The youth have been identified as the group which is highly affected by alcohol and drug abuse. The young people are also at high risk of engaging in the act of abusing drugs. It is possible to control this issue through the right programs and measures. Poverty has also been identified as central to alcohol and substance abuse. In most poor communities, the level and rate of substance abuse are very high. The best program which has been identified as preventive measures. This means that people should be prevented from substance abuse. The ones who have already been involved should be taken through treatment and rehabilitation to help them recover from the effects of drug abuse.
Three Critical Barriers
There are various barriers which impact the well-being and the health of people who are alcohol addicts and abuse drugs. These barriers lead to the deterioration of the well-being of these people. To ensure that substance abuse has been effectively mitigated, necessary measures to overcome these barriers should be taken. One of the barriers is low-income levels of this group. This has been the main barrier affecting the well-being of these people. Most of the substance abusers are have low-income levels. This leads to poverty and stress (Monti, 2012). When people have low living standards and have financial problems, they turn to drugs for solace. This is, therefore, one of the main barriers to the well-being of people with alcohol drinking problems. The low-income factor is also a barrier since most of the rehabilitation centers are very expensive which makes the affected people unable to have access.
The second barrier is community and government based. It is very hard to have access to a rehabilitation sector and also it is very expensive. The government has been unable to build many rehabilitation centers which would ensure that drug addicts are able to find a place where they can access the ...
This document summarizes a study on barriers to diabetes care in the Appalachian region. 27 participants were interviewed across two counties in West Virginia. 4 major themes emerged from the interviews related to barriers: 1) Lack of access to healthcare resources and education, 2) High rates of obesity, 3) Socioeconomic challenges like low income and lack of insurance, 4) Geographic isolation. The identical themes between counties suggest similar barriers may exist throughout Appalachia. The study used Leininger's theory of cultural care to guide ethnographic interviews and identify culturally appropriate ways to address diabetes in the region.
Substance abuse negatively impacts society in several ways. It increases health risks like birth defects and accidents, burdening the healthcare system. While the drug trade benefits some local economies, it risks the health and safety of workers and family members. Substance abuse is also prevalent in the workplace, impacting productivity. Overall, widespread addiction inhibits a cohesive, productive society.
Rudolph Basson: Support or punish – reconsidered approaches to drug related h...SACAP
Harm Reduction acknowledges that drug use occurs and is potentially damaging, and attempts
to reduce and prevent these harms in ways, which are pragmatic and humanistic. Although the
harm reduction approach and specific harm reduction interventions (including needle and
syringe programmed and methadone programmed) have been implemented with resounding
success internationally (including in a number of African countries) for more than 20 years, the
South African approach to substance use and substance-related harms is still largely informed
by the doctrine and strategies of the "War on Drugs", and focuses almost exclusively on
prohibition and punishment. Because of the strong link between drug use and poverty, different
policy approaches to poverty and homelessness must also be considered. My talk will critically
examine these two approaches to drug use, poverty, and displacement (support or punish), as
they are being implemented in Cape Town. Opportunity for discussion will be provided.
Relationship Between Drugs and Health Workers - Sample Essaya1customwritings
A1CustomWritings.com are experienced in all academic levels of assignments and in any academic fields, the team of experts of our custom essay writing service have the ability to help you with any requirements of your essay. Our team takes pride in the quality of work provided to our customers and we pledge to do whatever it takes to ensure you receive a paper of only the highest quality.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at premiumessays.net and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Treatment Programs HARPS Program (Helping At-Risk Pregnant Women Succeed) - C...ErikaAGoyer
NATIONAL PERINATAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE 2014 - Treatment Programs HARPS Program (Helping At-Risk Pregnant Women Succeed)
- Chris Cooper, MSN, NNP-CB, APRN and Dawn Forbes, MD
Point counterpoint theodore joyce,editorperspectives on SAHIL781034
The document discusses the opioid epidemic in the United States. It argues that expanding access to medication-assisted treatment (MAT), such as methadone and buprenorphine, is needed to effectively combat the epidemic. While policies have aimed to increase treatment capacity, more funding is still required to engage the majority of people with opioid use disorder and improve retention in long-term treatment programs. The failure to widely implement evidence-based MAT has allowed demand for opioids to persist and contributed to the ongoing epidemic.
This document discusses substance abuse and polypharmacy among older adults. It begins by defining polypharmacy as the use of multiple medications concurrently. It then identifies several risk factors for substance abuse and polypharmacy in older adults, such as taking 5 or more medications, cognitive impairment, and lack of social support. The document outlines holistic interventions that can address issues like physical limitations, psychological well-being, social support and cultural practices. It concludes by stating that polypharmacy is a major quality-of-care concern for older adults and that early interventions can help older adults avoid health problems from misusing drugs or medications.
Opioid addiction is a growing problem that significantly impacts individuals and society. Social workers are on the front lines addressing this issue through clinical work, education, and intervention programs. Research shows there are many triggers that can lead to opioid use, including use of other drugs like tobacco, avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, exposure to peer groups that use drugs, and conditioning of the brain to see drugs as rewarding despite negative consequences. Understanding these triggers is important for social workers to help prevent and intervene in opioid addiction.
Similar to Reducing Opioid Abuse in the Appalachia Region (19)
The document summarizes Shauna Ayres' practicum at Counter Tools in Carrboro, NC during the summer of 2016. It outlines Counter Tools' mission to provide tools and assistance to public health practitioners and researchers working on policy interventions. It then describes the deliverables Ayres created, which included a youth empowerment curriculum and a political climate assessment tool. The youth empowerment curriculum consisted of 10 lesson plans that were 90 minutes each, focused on the community, and included a final project.
This study examined factors associated with Latinas being overdue for cervical cancer screening. The researchers surveyed 192 Latina women through community health organizations. Younger women under age 38 were more likely to be overdue for screening than older women. Women with poorer self-reported health status were also more likely to be overdue, and cited cost/lack of insurance as a top barrier more than those in better health. The results suggest age and health status should be considered when targeting interventions to increase cervical cancer screening rates among Latinas.
Lesson 1/10
Created for a non-profit organization to expand community presences and inspire youth to initiate positive change in their communities. Ten lesson plans were developed during a paid internship at the organization during Summer 2016.
Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using Social Cognitive Theory and Soci...Shauna Ayres, MPH, CHES
This document discusses reducing tobacco use among adolescents using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Network Theory (SNT). It summarizes key aspects of SCT, including its focus on personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence health behaviors. Studies discussed found targeting self-efficacy, normative beliefs, and intentions through programs and policies were effective in preventing or reducing tobacco use. The document suggests using a multi-strategy approach incorporating several SCT constructs is most effective for interventions.
A qualitative analysis on returning peace corp volunteers attending graduate school UNC-Chapel Hill. The presentation was given by UNC public health student for a qualitative analysis course in Spring 2016.
An methodological analysis of a physical activity and light rail system in Salt Lake City, Utah. The presentation was given by UNC public health students in Fall 2015 for a methods course.
A study design proposal for incorporating photos into just-in-time interventions for smoking cessation. The presentation was given for a health communication seminar course in Fall 2016.
A group project done by public health students at UNC-Chapel Hill assessing mobile health applications for anxiety reduction. Presentation was created in Spring 2016 for an mHealth course.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Reducing Opioid Abuse in the Appalachia Region
1. Introduction to Public Health (HBEH 700) Shauna Ayres-1
Paper: Individual and Population Approaches to Health
October 30, 2015
Reducing opioid abuse in the Appalachia region
Description of nonmedical use of prescription drugs and its public health significance.
In 2013, an estimated 6.5 million Americans engaged in nonmedical use of prescription drugs,
constituting more users than cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, and heroin combined. (SAMHSA,
2014) The recent increased use of nonmedical prescription drugs has been associated with an
increase in overall drug overdose deaths which have now surpassed deaths from motor vehicle
crashes (CDC, 2013; Paulozzi, 2011). In fact, prescription drugs accounted for approximately
60% of drug overdose deaths in 2010 (CDC, 2013). Pain relievers accounted for approximately
70% of nonmedical prescription drug use (SAMHSA, 2014) and increased deaths from and abuse
of prescription drugs is primarily attributed to the proliferation of opioid pain relievers (Paulozzi,
2011).
The economic cost of prescription drug abuse amounted to nearly $181 billion in 2002.
Furthermore, the total annual cost per patient for an opioid abuser was approximately $15,884 as
compared to $1,830 for a nonabuser (White, 2005). One study estimated that the total U.S.
societal costs of prescription opioid abuse alone cost $55.7 billion in 2007(up from an adjusted
$11.8 in 2001) (Birnbaum, 2004); however, indirect expenditures are difficult to measure and this
number is likely an underestimate. Other costs include the waste of healthcare resources due to
unnecessary or fraudulent doctors’ visits; loss of productivity and wages due to doctors’
appointments, incapacitation effects of prescription drugs, or death; surge in drug-related theft,
violence, and other criminal activity; and increases in law enforcement at the community and
administration levels (Manchikanti, 2006). As if that weren’t burdensome enough, prescription
drug use and abuse has immeasurably devastating emotional and psychological consequences
within families and communities.
The demographics of the opioid abuse problem in the U.S. is not entirely understood due to
the stigma and secrecy that is innate to any substance abuse disorder. More research is needed,
however the literature reveals some notable trends. According to the U.S. Drug Abuse Warning
Network, people who abuse prescription drugs tend to be white, younger, and female (ACPM,
2011). Yet more fatalities occur among whites, males, people aged 18-54, with a mean and
median age of 39 years old, and those who have divorced or never married (Hall, 2008).
Comorbidity of mental illness or physical pain also put people at greater risk for substance abuse
(John, 2010; SAMHSA, 2014). In addition, greater numbers of overdose deaths tend to occur in
areas with lower educational attainment and higher poverty (Hall, 2008) and recently, rural areas
have experienced an increase in prescription overdose deaths, most notably in the Appalachian
region (Cicero, 2007; Hall, 2008; The White House, 2015)
It is not difficult to see why the Appalachian region is suffering from a substance abuse
epidemic as well as a range of other health problems. Traditionally the region was known for
mining, manufacturing, textiles, and paper and wood products, but global competition and the
2008 recession have caused a decline in growth and employment (ARC, 2011). The Appalachian
region suffers from the greatest disparities in income, job rates, education, and health (ARC 2011,
Lane, 2012). In 2009 it had an average per capita personal income of $15,964 (68% of the national
average) and had an unemployment rate of 11.1 (19.6% higher than the national average) (ARC,
2011; BLS, 2015). In addition, 42.1% of Appalachian counties have lower than normal access to
health resources, higher Medicaid and Medicare recipients, and lower cost per capita on
healthcare when compared to the nation as a whole (Lane, 2012).
Description of a social determinant for nonmedical prescription drug abuse.
It is apparent that the Appalachian region has a plethora of risk factors for prescription drug
abuse including the primarily white population, high poverty, and poor education. However, the
overarching social determinant of the prescription drug problem is undoubtedly the access and
availability of healthcare resources. The Appalachian region lacks the entire array of healthcare
professionals including primary care physicians, non-primary care physicians, and dentists.
2. Shauna Ayres-2
(Lane, 2012) Simply due to the terrain and distance between towns and people, transportation
and exchange of goods and services is challenging (Lane, 2012). Despite transportation
improvements, many Appalachians are isolated because of the monetary expense of travel and/or
the time requirement to travel which may entail taking off work and missing wages. Additionally,
new healthcare professionals with large student loans avoid working in higher poverty areas
because of low base salary as well as inadequate Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement
(Jackson, 2003; Lane, 2012).
In the context of nonmedical prescription drug use, there are numerous plausible instances
which could easily lead to abuse. For example an average middle-aged mine worker struggling
to support his family of four severely injures his back and goes to the only doctor in his remote
community for relief. It’s noteworthy that this doctor is likely overworked and underpaid due to the
area’s high number of low income laborers and the percentage of them on Medicare and Medicaid
assistance programs. The doctor prescribes Vicodin, a cheap, common opioid pain reliever, and
the man begins taking the prescribed dose, however to continue doing the same job and ensure
a steady income he slowly increases his dosage of Vicodin over time.
Eventually, his back no longer hurts, but he still takes the medication because he suffers
withdraw symptoms and can’t function without it. He realizes he has become dependent on his
medication, but doesn’t really perceive it as a problem because most of his coworkers are also
using pain medication regularly too. Even if he did want to get substance abuse help, he can’t
afford to take an unpaid absence from work to go the nearest substance abuse treatment center
80 miles away which is uncovered by his insurance anyway. In fact, he can hardly make
arrangements to see his own physician every six months to get his prescription renewed and will
occasionally use some of his wife’s pain medication that she got after dental surgery last year,
but never used or buy some pills from a friend at work.
Sadly, one morning the man’s wife finds him unresponsive and the medics pronounce him
dead on the scene due to opioid overdose. Now his family is left with no father, husband, or
income. Although not all prescription drug abuse is as dramatic and innocent, this illustrates how
the social determinate of inadequate availability and access of resources can significantly impact
a person’s life beyond his control.
Justification for a population approach.
Rose states in The Strategy of Preventive Medicine that the strong attraction to the high-risk
preventive strategy is that the intervention matches the needs of the individual (Rose, 1992).
While it seems logical to target and treat only individuals at-risk or suffering from prescription
opioid abuse in the Appalachian region, due to the lack of resources for advice and long-term
care, one of Roses policy guidelines for screening to assess risk, it is unrealistic to expect
meaningful change using such a strategy. Some of the appealing strengths of the high-risk
approach for the Appalachian region include how the intervention could be tailored for each
individual and would avoid introducing the concept of prescription opioid abuse to people who are
at low risk.
However the weaknesses of the high-risk approach for this region are overbearing. The
primary concern is that the strategy is “palliative and temporary” and will not address the
substance abuse issues for future generations. In addition, it is contingent on predictive testing
and could potentially overlooking individuals who are considered low risk, but later develop
problems (Rose, 1992). It is likely that the longer Appalachian residents live in their current living
conditions with current social constructs that they will develop poor health behaviors, including
prescription drug abuse, in response to physical, social, or emotional stressors (Barr, 2008).
Lastly the contribution to overall control of the issue would likely be small due to the number of
individuals who would be treated compared to the vastness of the region (Rose, 1992). Thus, the
expenditures, including funding, travel, time, and manpower, versus the overall long-term impact
discourages a high-risk approach.
3. Shauna Ayres-3
A powerful line in Rose’s The Strategy of Preventive Medicine is “the ‘normal’ majority defines
what is ‘abnormal’” (Rose, 1992). This applies well to the Appalachian region due to the high
prevalence of prescription opioid abuse. The norm maybe be shifting in favor of using more
medication to treat more injuries and illnesses which puts more people at risk for abuse and
addiction. Although Rose names monetary cost as a limitation to successfully utilizing the
population approach, I think a more comprehensive approach in the Appalachian region that
targets communities, established social networks, and social norms would be less expensive, or
at least more cost effective than a high-risk approach. This also contrasts with a weakness of the
high-risk approach concerning overlooking individuals currently at low-risk because it would
include the entire population in an intervention or program.
The feasibility of either a population or high-risk approach to changing any health issue in this
region is difficult because of the geography, limited resources, and vast health disparities.
Because either approach will be difficult, I feel the population approach to addressing opioid drug
abuse in the Appalachian region is the logical method due to its ability to promote lasting change
for the entire area. A population approach is also supported by the Theory of Fundamental Causes
in that finding ways to break the correlation between low socioeconomic status and lack of access
to health resources has the most profound effects on a range of health disparities, this would
include reducing opioid abuse in low resource areas like Appalachia (Phelan, 2010).
Description of a relevant intervention that reflects the selected approach.
In 1974, Physician Shortage Area Program (PSAP), was established at Jefferson Medical
College (JMC) located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was established to assist in the
recruitment and retention of physicians in rural areas. The PSAP recruits and selectively admits
medical school applicants who are from rural areas and show interest in practicing family medicine
in rural and underserved areas, particularly in Pennsylvania. About 15 PSAP students per year
service their third-year family medicine clerkship in a rural location, take their senior outpatient
internship in family medicine (typically at a rural preceptorship), and receive some financial aid.
After graduation PSAP students are expected to complete a residency in family practice, and to
practice family medicine in a rural and underserved area, but compliance is not enforced
(Rabinowitz, 1999).
A retrospective cohort study of 206 PSAP graduates from the classes between 1978 to 1991
were examined to understand rural physician shortages and find effective ways to increase the
number of physicians in rural Pennsylvania. Reports concluded that PSAP graduates accounted
for 1% of graduates from one of the state’s seven medical schools, but 21% of family physicians
practicing in rural Pennsylvania. Overall, PSAP graduates were much more likely than their non-
PSAP classmates at JMC to practice in a rural area of the US (34% vs 11%), to practice in an
underserved area (30% vs 9%), to practice family medicine (52% vs 13%), and to practice family
medicine in a rural area (21% vs 2%). Retention was high with 87% of PSAP graduates were
currently practicing rural family medicine and had been doing so for longer than five years and
similarly 94% in underserved areas (Rabinowitz, 1999).
The study concluded that PSAP had a substantial impact on increasing the number of rural
physicians in Pennsylvania. Authors stressed that policymakers and medical schools must
collaborate to further ameliorate the physician shortages by recruiting individuals from rural areas
to attend medical school, providing students with more attractive funding packages, and including
specialist exposure and training in rural communities into medical school curriculum (Rabinowitz,
1999). It is important to recognize that PSAP is not only addressing the physician shortages, but
taking a population approach to improving the overall rural healthcare system and consequently
reducing many health disparities in this population.
Critique of selected approach.
In the context of prescription opioid abuse, PSAP would not be helpful if it just increased the
number of doctors prescribing medication. The essential components in this program are PSAP
graduates are native to these areas and take greater ownership of improving their clients’ well-
4. Shauna Ayres-4
being, they understand the social context of the region, and they are specially trained in rural
medicine. Thus, PSAP graduates would need to be acutely aware of the prescription opioid abuse
problems in rural areas, be cognizant of their own prescribing habits, understand the risks, signs,
and symptoms of abuse, and be able to adequately counsel individuals with problems. This
resembles a more of a high-risk approach however, when examining it more broadly, by changing
medical school curriculum to address these issues before placing graduates in rural
environments, it is actually a larger population approach. Changing school curriculum is not
simple and it may be unproductive to add more rural focused curriculum to a medical student’s
course load when he/she is not interested in working with this demographic.
Likewise, simply increasing the number of rural physicians may not change Appalachian
culture or norms around healthcare and prescription opioid use. Thus residents may not prioritize
seeing a doctor regularly or may not value the advice of a more educated “outsider.” However,
this may be mitigated if a doctor is originally from the area and returning to practice because the
community will likely be more responsive to a native resident as compared to someone from an
urban or higher socioeconomic background.
Individuals living in rural areas often have a demanding lifestyle marked by high poverty and
low education. They may not have adequate health insurance through their employer or may be
unemployed and therefore, going to the doctor may be financially unviable. In addition to
increasing the number of physicians in rural Appalachia, it would be important to ensure that
affordable services are being offered. Although the Affordable Healthcare Act is attempting to
solve this issue, gaps still persist. Therefore part of this population approach would have to include
providing subsidizes for residents or adequate reimbursement for doctors to provide the needed
care for disadvantaged residents in the Appalachia region. Redistribution of monetary funding in
the government is never easy and takes considerable amounts of persistence, time, and
resources.
On the same note, recruiting medical students to practice in rural area of Appalachia is an
obstacle. With the recent increased cost of higher education and decreased financial assistance
provided by schools and state and federal governments, funding programs like PSAP is more
challenging. Potential medical students coming from rural backgrounds would likely need full-ride
scholarships to attend any higher education not just medical school. This means that a student
would need funding for school and cost of living for at least 11 years (four years of undergraduate,
four years of medical school, and three years of residency). This is a weighty and risky investment.
Loan repayment programs are also a possibility and are contingent on completion of service in
rural areas, however the worry is that this will not increase retention rates for continued practice
in rural areas and is not a long-term solution. Other incentive programs such as receiving yearly
awards based on continued service in rural areas are another option, however the monetary value
for current programs is inadequate. Debt-ridden graduating physicians will undoubtedly opt to
practice where they are best compensated and the same issues of lack of resources for funding
arise, like with scholarships. Until medical schools and the government place a higher demand
on reducing physician shortages and addressing rural health disparities, the funding for programs
like PSAP will be not be sufficient and we will continue to see a shortage of physicians in rural
communities in the Appalachian region (Jackson, 2003; Lane, 2012; Rabinowitz, 1999).
Although current funding, support, and awareness is lacking in reducing physician shortages
in rural areas and the resulting health disparities like prescription opioid abuse, it is encouraging
to see more political attention on the issue. In fact, President Barack Obama recently gave a
speech in West Virginia about the opioid and heroin epidemic and released a his own
comprehensive plan to mitigate this issue (The White House, 2015). In conclusion, to fully
understand and reduce prescription opioid abuse in the Appalachia, health professionals must
take a population approach and do more research, demand additional funding, and advocate for
policy change at the local, state, and national levels.
5. Shauna Ayres-5
References
American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM). (Copyright 2011). Use, abuse, misuse &
disposal of prescription pain medication clinical reference.
http://www.acpm.org/?UseAbuseRxClinRef
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). (2011). Economic overview of Appalachia- 2011
Barr, D. (2008). Race/Ethnicity, socioeconomic status and health: Which is more important in
affecting health status? Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity,
and health (1st ed., pp. 134-168). Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.
Birnbaum, H. (2004). Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in
the United States. Pain Medicine, 12(4)
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2015). Data tools: Databases, tables & calculators by subject:
Unemployment rate No. LNS14000000. United States Department of Labor.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Addressing prescription drug abuse
in the united states: Current activities and future opportunities. US Department of Health
and Human Services,
Cicero, T. (04). Multiple determinants of specific modes of prescription opioid diversion. Journal
of Drug Issues, 41(2), 283; 283-304; 304.
Hall, A., Logan, J., Toblin, R., et al. (2008). Patterns of abuse among unintentional
pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. Jama, 300(22), 2613-2620.
Jackson, J., Shannon, C., Pathman, D., Mason, E., & Nemitz, J. (2003). A comparative
assessment of west virginia's financial incentive programs for rural physicians. The Journal
of Rural Health : Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National
Rural Health Care Association, 19 Suppl, 329-339.
John, M., Trout, R., Nicholson, B., Cunningham, M., Williams, C., & Davis, E. (2010). Cocaine
abuse among patients: A study at the Charleston area medical center. West Virginia
Medical Journal, 106(4), 82-85.
Lane, N., Lutz, A., Baker, K., Konrad, T., Ricketts, T., Randolph, R., et al. (2012). Chapter 3:
Appalachian health disparities. PDA, Inc. & The Cecil B. Sheps Center for Health Services
Research University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Health care costs and access
disparities in Appalachia (pp. 19-52)
Lane, N., Lutz, A., Baker, K., Konrad, T., Ricketts, T., Randolph, R., et al. (2012). Chapter 5:
Policy issues for ARC. PDA, Inc. & The Cecil B. Sheps Center for Health Services
Research University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Health care costs and access
disparities in Appalachia (pp. 63-80)
Manchikanti, L. (2006). Prescription drug abuse: What is being done to address this new drug
epidemic? Testimony before the subcommittee on criminal justice, drug policy and human
resources. Pain Physician, 9(4), 287-321.
Paulozzi, L., Jones, C., Mack, K., Rudd, R., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). (2011). Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid analgesics—United states,
1999-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 60(43), 1487- 1492.
Phelan, J., Link, B., & Tehranifar, P. (2010). Social conditions as fundamental causes of health
inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior, 51 Suppl, S28-40.
Rabinowitz, H., Diamond, J., Markham, F., & Hazelwood, C. (1999). A program to increase the
number of family physicians in rural and underserved areas: Impact after 22
years. JAMA, 281(3), 255-260.
Rose, G. (1992). The strategy of preventive medicine. New York, New York: Oxford University
Press.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014). Substance
use and mental health estimates from the 2013 national survey on drug use and health:
Overview of findings. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.
6. Shauna Ayres-6
The White House. (October 21, 2005). FACT SHEET: Obama administration announces public
and private sector efforts to address prescription drug abuse and heroin use, from Office of
the press secretary. https://www-whitehouse-gov.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/the-press-
office/2015/10/21/fact-sheet-obama-administration-announces-public-and-private-sector
White, A., Birnbaum, H., Mareva, M., & et al. (2005). Direct costs of opioid abuse in an insured
population in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm, 11(6), 469-479.