This paper examines the relationship between socioeconomic factors and prescription drug abuse. It reviews 7 studies that found higher rates of opioid misuse among low-income populations, including Medicaid patients and those with mental health or substance abuse disorders. While doctors often perceive younger and non-white patients to be at higher risk of abuse, studies have found no evidence to support these assumptions. The paper calls for reducing reliance on opioids for chronic pain and improving clinician training on cultural competence and implicit biases.
Hendricks, the use and abuse of prescription drug nfjca v3 n1 2014William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxglendar3
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxtodd581
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Hendricks, the use and abuse of prescription drug nfjca v3 n1 2014William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxglendar3
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxtodd581
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Examination of Over-the-Counter Drug Misuse Among Youth1 Erin J. F.docxgitagrimston
Examination of Over-the-Counter Drug Misuse Among Youth1 Erin J. Farley and Daniel J. O’Connell
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Examination of Over-the-Counter Drug Misuse Among Youth by Erin J. Farley and Daniel J. O’Connell
Prepared by: Mary H. Maguire, California State University, Sacramento Article Kim Schnurbush, California State University,Sacramento
Examination of Over-the-Counter Drug Misuse Among Youth1 Erin J. Farley and Daniel J. O’Connell
Learning Outcomes
After reading this article, you will be able to:
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the prevalence of over- the-counter drug misuse by teens.
• Analyse the contribution of gender to over-the-counter drug misuse by teens.
• Discuss possible policy or practice efforts to decrease over- the-counter drug misuse by teens.
Introduction
Potential harm from the intentional misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines among youth has become an area of increased concern among medical practitioners and researchers (Bryner et al. 2006; Lessenger et al. 2008; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 2006). Although the likelihood of death from overdose is rare, research has revealed an increase in dextromethorphan (a key ingredient in numerous cough and cold medicines) abuse cases reported to poison control centers (Bryner et al. 2006). Equally important is the suspicion that OTC use may be a stepping stone to other forms of drug misuse and abuse.
While OTC misuse has garnered increased media coverage, it has not yet attracted an equivalent interest among research- ers. Further, it is possible that research to date has inappropri- ately specified the relationship between OTC and other drug misuse. Extant research has examined the relationship between OTC misuse and illicit drug use by utilizing a single construct, limiting the ability to completely flesh out the dimensions of this relationship between drug use. One area that needs further attention is if and how OTC misuse among youth is associated with other types of drug use. By combining all categories of
drugs under a single construct, the nuances of how particular drugs relate to OTC use is diminished. This paper examines the current state of knowledge on OTC misuse by examining the prevalence of OTC misuse and its relationship with other types of drug use among a specific cohort to expand the current understanding of the problem.
Prevalence of OTC Misuse
OTC cough and cold medicines (e.g., Coricidin and Nyquil) can be easily purchased from pharmacies and drug stores. Adolescents typically ingest OTC medicines for the ingredi- ent dextromethorphan (DXM). DXM is a synthetic drug related to opiates, which has the ability to produce effects similar to psychotropic drugs (Bobo et al. 2004; SAMHSA 2006). These effects include sensory enhancement, perceptual distortion, and hallucinations. DXM can be found in as many as 140 differ- ent cold and cough medications (Bobo et al. 2004; SAMHSA 2008). Misuse o ...
1Joseph Role of Opioid Education for the YouthEsther Joscargillfilberto
1
Joseph
Role of Opioid Education for the Youth
Esther Joseph
Miami Regional University ENC 2201— Report Writing and Research MethodsResearch Paper
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2020
Opioid Abuse by the Youth
Opioids are substances that act on the opioid receptors so as to produce a morphine like outcome. They are used for pain relief, including anesthesia. They are also used to suppress diarrhoea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, suppressing cough as well as for executions in the United States. Opioids apart from being used for medical purposes they are also frequently used for non-medical purposes. When induced they give a euphoric effect and can also be used to prevent withdrawal (Satterley & Anitescu, 2015). In the United States there have been a lot of youths who use opioids for their euphoric effects. Due to their addictive nature, they have seen a lot of youths addicted to the substances which many result to fatal and adverse effects on the substance abuser.
Opioids are responsible for 1.7 deaths in 10, 000 people. Most of these people are young adults between 18 years to 25 years. Due to the rise in the use of this substances there have been introduction of educating the youths about the drugs. This is to create awareness as well as educate the youth on what to expect if they get themselves mixed up with the practice. In this paper we pose the question, what is the role of opioid education to the youth? We will talk about the impact that the program will have on the youths, be it positive or negative (Knaggs, 2019).
Opioids act by binding to opioid receptors, these are found principally in the peripheral and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract. These receptors mediate both the somatic as well as the psychoactive effects that opioids cause. Opioid drugs include antagonists like naloxegol which are used for opioid induced constipation and partial agonists like the anti diarrhoea drug loperamide (McDONOUGH, 2016). Due to opioids nature of being addictive and might result in fatal overdose, most of them are controlled substances. In the year 2013, between 28 and 38 million people were using opioids illicitly. That is 0.6% to 0.8% of the global population between the ages 15 and 65. In the year 2011, it was estimated that 4 million people in the United States used opioids recreationally and were dependent on them. As of 2015, increased numbers of recreational use and addiction were attributed to over prescription of the medication and inexpensive illicit heroin.
Literature review
The National Institutes of Health has a healing initiative for over 50 million Americans who suffer from chronic pain. Opioids medications are the most common for treating pain although effective and safe non opioid options for pain management are lacking. The used of opioids to treat acute and chronic pain has contributed to approximately 10.3 million people aged 12 years and older in the united states in 2018 who abus ...
The pharmaceutical industry has made it very difficult to know what the clinical trial evidence is regarding psychotropics. As a consequence, primary care physicians and other front-line practitioners are at a disadvantage when attempting to adhere to the ethical and scientific mandates of evidence-based prescriptive practice. BARRY DUNCAN and DAVID ANTONUCCIO call for a higher standard of prescriptive care derived from a risk/benefit analysis of clinical trial evidence. The authors assert that current prescribing practices are often empirically unsound and unduly influenced by pharmaceutical company interests, resulting in unnecessary risks to patients. In the spirit of evidenced-based medicine’s inclusion of patient values as well as the movement toward health home and integrated care, a patient bill of rights for psychotropic prescription is presented. Guidelines are offered to raise the bar of care equal to the available science for all prescribers of psychiatric medications. This is a Psychotherapy in Australia reprint of an earlier article.
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Click here for a pdf of the slides: http://heartandsoulofchange.com/content/resources/viewer.php?resource=handout&id=127
Dr. Tom Frieden, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, keynote presentation at the National Rx Drug Abuse & Heroin Summit on March 30, 2016.
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1. Running Head: RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 1
An Examination of the Socioeconomic Risk Factors
Associated with Prescription Drug Abuse
Kevin Tebrugge, D.O.
Florida A&M University
Author Note
Kevin Tebrugge, D.O., Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University.
Correspondence concerning this paper can be addressed to Kevin Tebrugge, D.O., 7103
Towner Trace, Tallahassee, FL 32312 kevin1.tebrugge@famu.edu
2. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 2
Abstract
This paper examines seven published articles that report the relationship between the
socioeconomic status of patients and both perceived and actual misuse of prescription drugs.
Emphasis is placed on narcotic misuse. Research on this topic is currently limited. It is suggested
that further investigation be performed. Narcotic misuse is of considerable concern, especially in
the case of utilization for chronic non-malignant pain (CNMP).
3. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 3
An Examination of the Socioeconomic Risk Factors Associated with Prescription Drug Abuse
Introduction
Drug abuse is now estimated to be one of the most costly health problems in the United
States. The overall cost of drug abuse in 2002 was estimated at $ 180.9 billion in 2002,
increasing annually by 5.3% between 1992 and 2002 (Office of National Drug Control Policy,
2004). These costs include increases in criminal justice activity, loss of productivity, and costs
associated health care services (ONDCP, 2004). Factors such as impact on quality of life of the
individual and their family members were not considered in this data. By comparison, and based
on data from the 1990’s, drug abuse ($24.9 billion in 1995), can be compared to heart disease ($
183.1 billion in 1999), cancer ($96.1 billion in 1990) and diabetes 98.2 billion in 1997)
(ONDCP, 2004).
Since 2009, drug poisoning became the leading cause of injury death in the United States,
over- taking motor vehicle accidents (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [MMWR, 2010]).
In attempting to understand the dramatic increase in poisoning fatalities, the CDC analyzed death
certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics and found that the majority listed
drugs, both legal and illegal, as the cause of death. (Paulozzi, Budnitz, and Xi, 2006). Among the
classes of prescription drugs abused, opioids, which are taken for pain relief, were the most
widely misused, far outweighing other classes of other prescription [United States Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010].
According to The International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is defined as “An
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage”
4. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 4
[International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 1994]. Chronic nonmalignant pain
(CNMP) is pain unconnected to cancer that continues longer than the usual course of disease or
injury. It may or may not be associated with a pathologic process (Argoff, 2007).
In recent years, particularly in Florida, special attention has been paid to prescription opioid
use for CNMP. In 2010, Florida led the nation in diverted prescription drugs, resulting in seven
Floridians dying every day (Florida’s Prescription Drug Diversion and Abuse Roadmap 2012-
2015). Diversion occurs when a prescription is shared with others or used in a way not intended
by the prescriber.
Major Misuse Behaviors
In some cases, drugs are diverted when the medication is taken by someone other than the
intended patient. The patient can contribute to this form of diversion by sharing their unused pain
medication with family members, for example. Other instances occur when the opioids are stolen
from another person, pharmacy, hospital, or clinic. Medications may also be obtained in
exchange for sex, or purchased from the patient directly [National Institute of Drug Abuse
(NIDA), 2014].
Diversion can also occur when an individual takes medication in a greater quantity or in
manners other than stated by the directions. Usually, opioids are prescribed for oral use.
However, abusers may crush the tablets then snort or inject the powder, or smoke the powder in
order to facilitate entry of the opioid onto the bloodstream and therefore the brain. This tends to
amplify the effect (NIDA, 2014).
Opioids as a class can produce euphoric effects at higher doses, so taking them for the
purpose of getting high is one of the main reasons they are abused (NIDA, 2014).
5. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 5
The association between opioid misuses based on socioeconomic status has not been well
established. The purpose of this paper is to review current literature in an attempt to investigate
such a relationship.
Literary Review
One study that attempted to investigate such a correlation was “Trends in Use of Opioids for
Non-Cancer Pain 2000-2005 Among Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders” (TROUP,
2008). This study compared opioid use among a commercially-insured population, and
Medicaid enrollees between the years 2000-2005. The investigators found a higher rate of
opioid use for (CNMP) in the Medicaid group. These results were more pronounced in the
Medicaid enrollees who were prescribed opioids for CNMP and were dual diagnosed with
mental health or substance abuse disorders (Edlund, et al 2010). Spiller and colleagues also
found a consistent association between poverty rate, unemployment rate, and prescription opioid
rates, with prescription opioid drug use increasing as poverty and unemployment rates increased
(Spiller, Lorenz, Bailey& Dart, 2009). Niazi and colleagues evaluated data from 1994-2006 on
narcotic use in Pakistan, and concluded that the main cause of drug abuse was unemployment,
illiteracy, income inequality, and poverty (Niazi, Zaman, & Ikram, 2009).
Race, Age, and Socioeconomics
Primary care providers (PCPs) are commonly required to treat patients with CNMP. There
has been a rise in opioid prescriptions written by PCPs for the treatment of CNMP (Edlund et
al, 2010). This has resulted in an increase in opioid analgesic misuse, with an estimated
prevalence ranging from 9% - 41% in patients treated with opioids for CNMP (Edlund et al,
2010). One patient population often treated by PCPs that have been found to have a higher
6. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 6
prevalence of chronic pain (prevalence 40-60%) as well as mental health and substance abuse
disorders are those with HIV/AIDS (Hewitt, McDonald, Portenoy, 1997).
This population is important to study because mental health and substance abuse disorders
have been found to be significant risk factors for opioid analgesic misuse (Ives, Chelminki, &
Hammett-Stabler, 2006), Also, because they are HIV infected, they are risk for under treatment
of pain (Brietbart, Passik, & McDonald, 1998). In this population, physicians are more likely to
view non-Caucasian patients as having a higher risk of prescription opioid abuse (Burgess and
Crowley 2008). No evidence has been shown to verify this higher risk of misuse (Ives et al,
2006).
Recently, a study was conducted to evaluate PCP’s judgment on opioid abuse in HIV-
infected indigent adults (Vijayaraghavan, Penko, & Guzman, 2010). The authors purposely
selected patients who were indigent and living in poor, urban neighborhoods to reflect a group of
patients who might be thought to be at high risk for abuse. The researchers found that PCPs were
likely to overestimate abuse in young and African -American patients, despite the fact that
neither of these populations in the study were actually found to be at increased risk for misuse
(Vijayaraghavan, 2010).
Conclusions
Drug poisoning is the leading cause of injury death in the United States, and recent studies
have found that prescription opioids are most often the cause (ONDCP, 2004). Much attention
has recently been directed at the treatment of CNMP with opioids. The prevalence of opioid
misuse ranges between 9% - 41% in patients treated for CNMP. The use has increased
disproportionately in those living in poverty and with a history of mental health and substance
7. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 7
abuse disorders (Paulozzi, 2006). Physicians are more likely to perceive younger and non-
Caucasian patients as being at higher risk for opioid abuse; however, this conclusion has not
been supported by the medical literature (Vijayaraghavan, 2010).
Recommendations
This review suggests that clinicians may be relying upon racially based clinical stereotypes
when formulating conclusions about opioid diversion. Efforts need to be focused on recognizing
pain as a public health problem. New models of care are needed that address the root cause of
pain, which do not rely so heavily on the use of opioids.
Additionally, future efforts are needed to train health care providers about stereotypical
attitudes they may possess. This can be accomplished by focusing educational efforts on cultural
competence such that health care professionals can evaluate and communicate effectively with
diverse populations.
8. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 8
References
Argoff C. Tailoring chronic pain treatment to the patient: long-acting, short-acting and rapid-
onset opioids. Medscape Neurology & Neurosurgery. March 26, 2007
Breitbart W, Passik S, McDonald MV (1998). Patient-related barriers to pain management in
ambulatory AIDS patients. Pain. 1998; 76 (1-2).
Burgess DJ, Crowley Matoka M. Patient race and physicians’ decision to prescribe opioids for
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The Economic Cost of Drug abuse in the United States, 1992-2002, Executive Office of
National Drug Control Policy; December, 2004
Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Fan M, Braden JB, Devries A, Sullivan M. An analysis of heavy utilizers
of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in the TROUP Study. J Pain Symptom Manage.
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Florida’s Prescription Drug Diversion and Abuse Roadmap 2012-2015, issued by the Florida
Office of the Attorney General
Hewitt DJ, McDonald M, Portenoy RK. Pain syndromes and etiologies in ambulatory AIDS
patients. Pain. 1997;7 (2-3):117-23
Ives TJ, Chelminski PR, Hammett-Stabler CA. Predictors of opioid misuse in patients with
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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 (2010):957
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Spiller H1
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doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.027
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10. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE 9
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 (2010):957
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Prescription Drugs & Cold Medicines Retrieved from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/prescription-drugs-cold-medicines on April 24,
2011
Paulozzi LJ, . Budnitz D, and Y. Xi, “ Increasing Death from Opioid Analgesics in the United
States,” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15 (2006): 618-627
Spiller H1
, Lorenz DJ, Bailey EJ, Dart RC. Epidemiological trends in abuse and misuse of
prescription opioids. J Addict Dis. 2009; 28(2): 130-6
Sullivan, M. D., Edlund, M. J., Fan, M.-Y., DeVries, A., Braden, J. B., & Martin, B. C. (2008).
Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000-2005 in commercial and
Medicaid insurance plans: The TROUP Study. Pain, 138(2), 440–449.
doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.027
Vijayaraghavan M, Penko J, Guzman D. Primary care providers’ judgment of opioid analgesic
misuse in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults. J. Gen. Inter. Med.
2011 Apr, 26 (4) 412-418
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. National
Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010. ICPSR32722-v5. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university
Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2014-06-26.
http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR32722.v5