Reduced relative clauses 2022.pdf
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This presentation was made to explain how to reduce relative clauses. It 's for b1 + level students.
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Gerunds: as subjects and objects
Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns. Gerunds can serve as subjects and objects of verbs. As subjects, gerunds take third-person singular verbs, such as "Learning math is difficult." As objects, gerunds follow verbs like "enjoy" and "discuss." Gerunds can also be used after prepositions or in combinations of verbs and prepositions, such as "worried about" or "believe in."
Future in the past
An outline of the various tenses we use to express the future in the past. Also included a section for Italians on how to translate 'avrei fatto' etc.
Defining and non defining relative clauses
The document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. It provides examples of defining relative clauses used with subjects, objects, prepositions, time, place, and possession. It also discusses the characteristics of non-defining relative clauses and provides examples of joining sentences using defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Simple past
The document discusses the use of the simple past tense in English. It notes that the simple past is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of forming the past tense of regular verbs by adding "-ed" or "-d" and discusses irregular verbs. It also discusses the structure of affirmative and negative sentences and yes/no and information questions in the simple past tense. Special rules are provided for forming the past tense of the verb "to be".
Cleft sentences
This document discusses different ways to add emphasis in sentences by placing phrases at the beginning, including "what", "all", "the person who", "the place where", "the first/last time", "the reason why/that", and using a personal pronoun. Examples are provided for each type of emphasis.
past simple
This document discusses the past simple tense in English. It explains that the past simple is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the past simple tense using common past time expressions like "yesterday" and "last week." It also gives exercises for learners to practice forming sentences in the past simple tense in its different forms.
Past simple passive
The document discusses the past simple passive tense in English. It provides examples of singular and plural subjects and objects in the past simple passive form, including "the dynamite was invented by Alfred Novel" and "airplanes were invented by The Wright brothers". It also lists common past participles like "carried", "built", and "cut" and example sentences in the past simple passive tense such as "the box was carried by the woman".
The Simple Past Presentation
The document discusses the simple past tense in English. It provides the conjugations of to be and regular and irregular verbs in the simple past. It also describes how to form the past tense of regular verbs and gives examples of using the simple past to talk about completed past actions, actions that took place over a period of time in the past, and habitual or repeated past actions. It lists common time expressions used with the simple past and provides a matching exercise with explorers and their accomplishments.
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Gerunds: as subjects and objects
Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns. Gerunds can serve as subjects and objects of verbs. As subjects, gerunds take third-person singular verbs, such as "Learning math is difficult." As objects, gerunds follow verbs like "enjoy" and "discuss." Gerunds can also be used after prepositions or in combinations of verbs and prepositions, such as "worried about" or "believe in."
Future in the past
An outline of the various tenses we use to express the future in the past. Also included a section for Italians on how to translate 'avrei fatto' etc.
Defining and non defining relative clauses
The document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. It provides examples of defining relative clauses used with subjects, objects, prepositions, time, place, and possession. It also discusses the characteristics of non-defining relative clauses and provides examples of joining sentences using defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Simple past
The document discusses the use of the simple past tense in English. It notes that the simple past is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of forming the past tense of regular verbs by adding "-ed" or "-d" and discusses irregular verbs. It also discusses the structure of affirmative and negative sentences and yes/no and information questions in the simple past tense. Special rules are provided for forming the past tense of the verb "to be".
Cleft sentences
This document discusses different ways to add emphasis in sentences by placing phrases at the beginning, including "what", "all", "the person who", "the place where", "the first/last time", "the reason why/that", and using a personal pronoun. Examples are provided for each type of emphasis.
past simple
This document discusses the past simple tense in English. It explains that the past simple is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the past simple tense using common past time expressions like "yesterday" and "last week." It also gives exercises for learners to practice forming sentences in the past simple tense in its different forms.
Past simple passive
The document discusses the past simple passive tense in English. It provides examples of singular and plural subjects and objects in the past simple passive form, including "the dynamite was invented by Alfred Novel" and "airplanes were invented by The Wright brothers". It also lists common past participles like "carried", "built", and "cut" and example sentences in the past simple passive tense such as "the box was carried by the woman".
The Simple Past Presentation
The document discusses the simple past tense in English. It provides the conjugations of to be and regular and irregular verbs in the simple past. It also describes how to form the past tense of regular verbs and gives examples of using the simple past to talk about completed past actions, actions that took place over a period of time in the past, and habitual or repeated past actions. It lists common time expressions used with the simple past and provides a matching exercise with explorers and their accomplishments.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used when the subject and object are the same. Each personal pronoun like I, you, she, etc. has a corresponding reflexive form like myself, yourself, herself. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same, as the object of a preposition referring to the subject, or to emphasize that the subject performed the action. Examples are given of using reflexive pronouns in sentences.
Have something done
The document discusses the causative form, which is used to indicate that someone paid for something to be done for them. Some examples of using the causative form include "They had their house painted blue" meaning professional painters did the work, and "Jackie had her car stolen" meaning something unpleasant happened. The causative form uses "have" or "get" followed by an object and past participle. Common verbs used with the causative form include cut, plant, repair, build, paint, and clean.
Present perfect ppt
The document summarizes the present perfect tense in English. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to talk about completed past actions at unspecified times (reason 1) or actions that began in the past and continue to the present when used with words like "for" or "since" (reason 2). It provides examples like "I've read that book before" and "I've studied at this school since last June." The document also discusses using the present perfect tense with words like "already," "yet," "for," and "since" along with examples.
Using wish / If Only
This document discusses the use of the expressions "wish" and "if only" to express wishes or desires. It provides examples of different structures used with "wish" and "if only" to convey different meanings: wishing to change the present, expressing regret about the past, making polite requests, and showing desire for ability. The structures are wish/if only + past simple/continuous, wish/if only + past perfect, wish/if only + would, and wish/if only + could. The document concludes by providing an exercise to write a 250-word composition using these different wish structures.
Past perfect simple vs simple past
Presentation on the use and form of the past perfect versus the simple past. It includes examples and explanations.
Something, anything, nothing
Something refers to a specific person, thing or place, while anything can refer to any person, thing or place without being specific. Nothing is used with a negative verb to indicate that nothing was done or nothing exists, and it is incorrect to say "I didn't do nothing." Anything and nothing are also used in short answers or sentences with a positive verb but a negative meaning.
The passive
The document discusses the passive voice in verbs. It defines the passive voice as when the subject of the sentence is acted upon rather than performing the action. It notes that the passive voice is used when the focus is on the action itself rather than who or what is performing it, or when the active subject is unknown. Examples are provided to illustrate converting sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject and using forms of "to be" plus the past participle. Forms of the present and past progressive passive voices are also shown.
Already – still yet
This document provides information on the meanings and usage of the adverbs "already", "still", and "yet". It states that "still" is used to refer to something continuing longer than expected, usually placed before the verb in a sentence. "Yet" is mostly used in questions and negatives, placed at the end of a sentence or question to indicate expectation. "Already" refers to things that have happened earlier than expected, usually placed before or after the verb.
First Conditional
The document discusses the first conditional, which is used to talk about possible situations in the present or future. The first conditional uses an "if" clause with a simple present verb and a main clause with "will" plus a verb. Some examples are provided to illustrate possible situations, such as "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park" and "If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes." The document also provides exercises for readers to practice forming first conditional sentences on their own.
Past Simple
This document provides information about forming and using the past simple tense in English. It discusses two types of verbs - regular and irregular. For regular verbs, the simple past is formed by adding "-ed" to the base verb. Irregular verbs have unique past forms that must be memorized. The document provides examples of forming affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in the past simple tense. It also lists five common uses of the past simple tense, such as describing completed past actions and past habits.
May Might Could
This document discusses the uses of could, may, and might in the English language. Could is used to talk about ability in the past or possibility. May suggests something will happen in the future or is used to make polite requests. Might suggests smaller possibility and is more common than may when uncertainty is involved. It can also be used as the past tense of may for requests or conditional form. The key difference between can and may is that can is used for ability while may requires permission.
Personal Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns!
This document discusses personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns. It provides examples of how to use each, including common personal pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, we and they. Possessive adjectives show ownership, like my and your. Possessive pronouns also show ownership and include mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, and ours. The document concludes with thanks for watching.
Conditionals Types 0, 1, 2 and 3 ppt
The document discusses the four main types of conditional sentences in English:
- Type 0 (present simple) - factual statements that are always true
- Type 1 (present/future) - possible outcomes if a present or future condition is met
- Type 2 (past) - hypothetical outcomes if a past condition was met
- Type 3 (past perfect) - hypothetical outcomes if a past condition had been met
Examples are provided for each type of conditional sentence.
The Simple Future: will
The document defines the future tense and discusses how it is formed in English using helping verbs like "will" and "going to". It notes that English does not have inflected future verb forms like other languages. The key uses of "will" are outlined as predicting the future, making quick decisions, and making promises. The future tense of "will" is also described. Examples are provided to illustrate the differences between using "will" and "going to" for predictions and planned events.
Used to
The document discusses the use of "used to" to talk about past habits or situations that no longer exist. It states that "used to" is followed by the base form of the verb. It provides examples of affirmative, negative, and question forms using "used to", and clarifies that "used to" should not be confused with "be used to" or "get used to", which take the -ing form after the verb.
Present simple Tense
The document discusses the present simple tense in English grammar. It is used to talk about habits, permanent situations, and general truths. The affirmative forms for "he/she/it" take -s and all other pronouns are unchanged. The negative forms use "doesn't" for third person singular and "don't" for other pronouns. Questions are formed using "does" for third person singular and "do" for other pronouns. Rules are provided for making "he/she/it" forms with different verb endings.
Present Perfect
The document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It provides examples of its use for recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions. It contrasts the present perfect with the past simple tense and provides examples of using already, yet, ever, and never with the present perfect. Key uses of the present perfect discussed are to describe recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions that began in the past and continue in the present.
Possessive 's saxon genitive ppt
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Object pronouns
This document discusses subject and object pronouns in English. It explains that subject pronouns like I, you, he, etc. come before verbs, while object pronouns like me, you, him, etc. come after verbs or prepositions. Some examples are provided to illustrate the difference. The document also includes practice exercises for readers to identify subject and object pronouns in sentences. Readers are encouraged to do more practice in the class blog.
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects
The document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. It explains that direct objects can only follow action verbs and answer the question "what?" It also notes that indirect objects require a direct object and answer "to whom" or "for whom." Examples are provided of identifying direct objects and indirect objects in sentences and ensuring they do not appear in prepositional phrases. Key terms like direct object, indirect object, and action verbs are highlighted and defined.
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Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used when the subject and object are the same. Each personal pronoun like I, you, she, etc. has a corresponding reflexive form like myself, yourself, herself. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same, as the object of a preposition referring to the subject, or to emphasize that the subject performed the action. Examples are given of using reflexive pronouns in sentences.
Have something done
The document discusses the causative form, which is used to indicate that someone paid for something to be done for them. Some examples of using the causative form include "They had their house painted blue" meaning professional painters did the work, and "Jackie had her car stolen" meaning something unpleasant happened. The causative form uses "have" or "get" followed by an object and past participle. Common verbs used with the causative form include cut, plant, repair, build, paint, and clean.
Present perfect ppt
The document summarizes the present perfect tense in English. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to talk about completed past actions at unspecified times (reason 1) or actions that began in the past and continue to the present when used with words like "for" or "since" (reason 2). It provides examples like "I've read that book before" and "I've studied at this school since last June." The document also discusses using the present perfect tense with words like "already," "yet," "for," and "since" along with examples.
Using wish / If Only
This document discusses the use of the expressions "wish" and "if only" to express wishes or desires. It provides examples of different structures used with "wish" and "if only" to convey different meanings: wishing to change the present, expressing regret about the past, making polite requests, and showing desire for ability. The structures are wish/if only + past simple/continuous, wish/if only + past perfect, wish/if only + would, and wish/if only + could. The document concludes by providing an exercise to write a 250-word composition using these different wish structures.
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Presentation on the use and form of the past perfect versus the simple past. It includes examples and explanations.
Something, anything, nothing
Something refers to a specific person, thing or place, while anything can refer to any person, thing or place without being specific. Nothing is used with a negative verb to indicate that nothing was done or nothing exists, and it is incorrect to say "I didn't do nothing." Anything and nothing are also used in short answers or sentences with a positive verb but a negative meaning.
The passive
The document discusses the passive voice in verbs. It defines the passive voice as when the subject of the sentence is acted upon rather than performing the action. It notes that the passive voice is used when the focus is on the action itself rather than who or what is performing it, or when the active subject is unknown. Examples are provided to illustrate converting sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject and using forms of "to be" plus the past participle. Forms of the present and past progressive passive voices are also shown.
Already – still yet
This document provides information on the meanings and usage of the adverbs "already", "still", and "yet". It states that "still" is used to refer to something continuing longer than expected, usually placed before the verb in a sentence. "Yet" is mostly used in questions and negatives, placed at the end of a sentence or question to indicate expectation. "Already" refers to things that have happened earlier than expected, usually placed before or after the verb.
First Conditional
The document discusses the first conditional, which is used to talk about possible situations in the present or future. The first conditional uses an "if" clause with a simple present verb and a main clause with "will" plus a verb. Some examples are provided to illustrate possible situations, such as "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park" and "If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes." The document also provides exercises for readers to practice forming first conditional sentences on their own.
Past Simple
This document provides information about forming and using the past simple tense in English. It discusses two types of verbs - regular and irregular. For regular verbs, the simple past is formed by adding "-ed" to the base verb. Irregular verbs have unique past forms that must be memorized. The document provides examples of forming affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in the past simple tense. It also lists five common uses of the past simple tense, such as describing completed past actions and past habits.
May Might Could
This document discusses the uses of could, may, and might in the English language. Could is used to talk about ability in the past or possibility. May suggests something will happen in the future or is used to make polite requests. Might suggests smaller possibility and is more common than may when uncertainty is involved. It can also be used as the past tense of may for requests or conditional form. The key difference between can and may is that can is used for ability while may requires permission.
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This document discusses personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns. It provides examples of how to use each, including common personal pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, we and they. Possessive adjectives show ownership, like my and your. Possessive pronouns also show ownership and include mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, and ours. The document concludes with thanks for watching.
Conditionals Types 0, 1, 2 and 3 ppt
The document discusses the four main types of conditional sentences in English:
- Type 0 (present simple) - factual statements that are always true
- Type 1 (present/future) - possible outcomes if a present or future condition is met
- Type 2 (past) - hypothetical outcomes if a past condition was met
- Type 3 (past perfect) - hypothetical outcomes if a past condition had been met
Examples are provided for each type of conditional sentence.
The Simple Future: will
The document defines the future tense and discusses how it is formed in English using helping verbs like "will" and "going to". It notes that English does not have inflected future verb forms like other languages. The key uses of "will" are outlined as predicting the future, making quick decisions, and making promises. The future tense of "will" is also described. Examples are provided to illustrate the differences between using "will" and "going to" for predictions and planned events.
Used to
The document discusses the use of "used to" to talk about past habits or situations that no longer exist. It states that "used to" is followed by the base form of the verb. It provides examples of affirmative, negative, and question forms using "used to", and clarifies that "used to" should not be confused with "be used to" or "get used to", which take the -ing form after the verb.
Present simple Tense
The document discusses the present simple tense in English grammar. It is used to talk about habits, permanent situations, and general truths. The affirmative forms for "he/she/it" take -s and all other pronouns are unchanged. The negative forms use "doesn't" for third person singular and "don't" for other pronouns. Questions are formed using "does" for third person singular and "do" for other pronouns. Rules are provided for making "he/she/it" forms with different verb endings.
Present Perfect
The document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It provides examples of its use for recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions. It contrasts the present perfect with the past simple tense and provides examples of using already, yet, ever, and never with the present perfect. Key uses of the present perfect discussed are to describe recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions that began in the past and continue in the present.
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This document discusses subject and object pronouns in English. It explains that subject pronouns like I, you, he, etc. come before verbs, while object pronouns like me, you, him, etc. come after verbs or prepositions. Some examples are provided to illustrate the difference. The document also includes practice exercises for readers to identify subject and object pronouns in sentences. Readers are encouraged to do more practice in the class blog.
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects
The document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. It explains that direct objects can only follow action verbs and answer the question "what?" It also notes that indirect objects require a direct object and answer "to whom" or "for whom." Examples are provided of identifying direct objects and indirect objects in sentences and ensuring they do not appear in prepositional phrases. Key terms like direct object, indirect object, and action verbs are highlighted and defined.
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 2. Reduced Relative Clauses Reduced Relative Clauses Students who study at this school usually get good grades. Students studying at this school usually get good grades. Mrs Frank is a teacher who is loved by all her students. Mrs Frank is a teacher loved by all her students. Reduced Relative Clauses (RRC) refer to the shortening of a relative clause. In other words, we can remove a relative clause and add a present (-ing) or a past (-ed) participle instead. Examples:
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- 4. w h o a r e o r g a n i s i n g The people who are organising the concert are very excited. Relative pronoun verb RelativeClause The people organising the concert are very excited. Reduced Relative Clauses Reduced Relative Clauses We can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun is the subject, NOT the object of the verb in the relative clause.
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