The document summarizes the geology, plants, and animals of Fallen Leaf Lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains. It describes the formation of the granite and metamorphic rocks in the area from tectonic activity over hundreds of millions of years. More recently, glaciers carved out the landscape, depositing terminal and lateral moraines. Native species like Jeffrey pine, golden-mantled ground squirrels, and ospreys are adapted to the local geological and climatic conditions.
Ichnology,classification & significance of trace fossilUjjavalPatel16
Ichnology, classification & significance of trace fossil
Most trace fossils are largely facies dependant.
No secondary displacement or transport.
Trace fossils are common in rocks that otherwise are unfossiliferous. (siliciclastics, shorelines)
Non-preservation of the causative organism.
Multiple architects may produce a single structure.
The same individual can produce different structures corresponding to different behavior.
The same individual may produce different structures corresponding with identical behavior but in different substrates.
Identical structures may be produced by the activity of systematically different organisms where behavior is similar.
Abundance - one animal, especially if mobile, can make many traces during its lifetime, whereas it may or may not have its body preserved in the fossil record.
Ichnology,classification & significance of trace fossilUjjavalPatel16
Ichnology, classification & significance of trace fossil
Most trace fossils are largely facies dependant.
No secondary displacement or transport.
Trace fossils are common in rocks that otherwise are unfossiliferous. (siliciclastics, shorelines)
Non-preservation of the causative organism.
Multiple architects may produce a single structure.
The same individual can produce different structures corresponding to different behavior.
The same individual may produce different structures corresponding with identical behavior but in different substrates.
Identical structures may be produced by the activity of systematically different organisms where behavior is similar.
Abundance - one animal, especially if mobile, can make many traces during its lifetime, whereas it may or may not have its body preserved in the fossil record.
Running head: DETAILED GEOLOGICAL TRIP REPORT
1
DETAILED GEOLOGICAL TRIP REPORT
2
Detailed Geological Trip Report
Name
Institution Affiliation
Detailed Trip Report: First Part
7:45 a.m. We departed from Campus.
We drove north on Highway 101. As we continued north through the Highway, we passed through Yachats, a town that is approximately 75 miles. Just on the left past the Adobe Motel was the turn-off to Smelt Sands Beach which was our first stop. ( that’s all copied)
Stop 1: Smelt Sands Beach.
Smooth and brown rocks are molded together by wet beach sand. The sand is, however, coarse with contents including, quartz, basalt, shell pieces, serpentine and agates. The rock forming the base rock formation is present in the sand signifying the rock is broken down by erosion.
Different rocks are also exposed and are believed to be from the Cenozoic Era. They are featured as part of the Yachats Basalt and are Late Eocene (36-40 million years) in age. These rocks were formed as a result of the cooling of magma from a series of eruptions ( this is all copied from that cheater essay.. not hard to tell see I told you… KEEP This I will alter (Alt and Hyndman 1978).
There is the existence of a Pleistocene terrace where the town of Yachats is built. The terrace was probably formed when the sea level was lower, and its deposit is 10,000 to 1.8 million years old. It cuts into the Yachats basalt sequence (Snavely, 1980). Its present level, which is above, the present sea level, is attributed to either the rise of land due to tectonic activity or dropping of the sea level. It is, however, difficult to know where the uplift of the land is possible in such an active coastline. The Smelt Sands Beach is located to the South of the start of Yaquina formation. A basalt flow is found at this spot. It lies beneath the Pleistocene terrace. This basalt is about 40 million years old. The Pleistocene, on the other hand, is about 1.8 years old. What happened between the formation of the basalt and the Pleistocene is not known yet. However, some researchers speculate that land movement could have occurred which led to dropping of the sea level or rising of the land. The whole town of Yachats has been built on this beach terrace.
Information about the town of Yachats indicates that much is of it occurs in a zone that prone to tsunami if another Cascadia subduction occurs. The part of the town, which is not, in the tsunami zone is found on the hillside. However, this part also risks destruction from the tsunami-causing earthquake. Studies carried out by researchers indicate 50m of beach would retreat in this region should a cascadia subduction occur (Snavely, 1980). This means that the biggest part of the Yachats town would be destroyed considering that most of the premises in the town, which include shops, hotels and residential houses are within a distance of 50m from the water. Plants found in this region include bog anemones and gold-eyed grasses..
This time the slide rock mainly contains what Huangshan has seen and heard, as well as the resolution of stone sampling and the final understanding of the law.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Geology
Paleozoic: Carbonate platform of
passive continental margin.
Mesozoic: Emplacement of
granitic plutons at depth with
contact metamorphism.
Cenozoic: elevation of the plutons
with tilt, creating steep East face,
sloping west face, and eroding off
up to 10 kilometers of surface
material.
South west corner of the lake lies
along the West Tahoe Dollar Point
fault zone, where the western side
rose by several thousand feet
relative to the east. (Konigsmark, 2011)
geosphere.gsapubs.org
Aboutlaketahoe.com
--------Fault line-------
4. 4 episodes of glaciation flowing
down Glen Alpine Creek route
from Desolation Wilderness.
Most Recent:
Tahoe: 150-74,000 BP
Tioga: 26-19,000 BP
Created:
U shaped valleys
Sharp peaks
Glacial striations
Lateral moraines
Terminal moraine
Recessional moraines
Laketahoequest.com
Laddish.net
Lateral moraine
Terminal moraine
5. Geosphere.gsapubs.org
Terminal moraine
Lateral moraine
Recessional moraines
Lateral moraine
Lidar: Light detection and
Ranging
Laser based technique for
visualizing ground structure
even through vegetation.
Multiple recessional moraines
are seen at the far end
Multiple lateral moraines are
seen on the sides.
Both of these are created as the
glacier recedes, then stops for a
period of time, depositing till.
(Valentine, 2014)
8. Evolution: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and pine
Carboniferous: Gymnosperms made the final jump to terrestrial
status by separating from the need for as much water: by pollen
fertilization, and by seed, which allowed wider dispersal. (Wiki Pinophyta)
Triassic: Gymnosperm dominance short lived, as angiosperms took
over because of adaptations like:
Animal Pollination Faster reproduction
Seed dispersal by animals (seed dropped in a pile of fertilizer)
Faster growth (tulane) Spread by Rhizomes
Better self fertilization by leaf breakdown (Berendse)
Soon, pines relegated to borderline ecological conditions
(cold, snow, dry or fire)
Became fire avoiders, fire tolerator, fire embracer, or fire refugee
strategy (Keeley, 2012)
9. Pines started in Mesozoic, spread across Laurasia.
Now pines are limited to the Boreal forests of the north, high
altitude, dry areas or fire prone areas.
Adaptations:
Thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
Stomata in row underneath needle, covered by surface cells
(sunken stomata) to limit water loss
Winter and snow: conical shape of tree, with down ward
bending branches to shed snow.
Hardening by changing biochemistry of leaves to prevent
freezing in winter.
Resin: helps fight fungus and insects
Dark color leaves for more light absorption.
(Wiki pine)
10. Osprey
Pandion halietus
Diurnal, fish eating Raptor
All continents except Antarctica
One species world wide
Nest re-used for years
Adaptations:
Talons rounded, not grooved.
Only Osprey and Owl can reverse
their outer toe so they have two in
front, two in back for grasping.
Backward scales on talon act to
help grasp fish.
Closable nostrils to keep out water
(Wiki Osprey)
theguardian.com
En.wikipedia.org
11. Enantiornithes
Rocek.gli.cas.cz
Evolution of Osprey
From Therapod Dinosaurs, clade Paraves
Reduction of anatomical parts for weight: tail size
Mesozoic:
Enantiornithes, clawed wings and teeth
Cretaceous:
Rigid ribcage, carina and shoulders for
flight, still had teeth
Asteroid at KT:
Neornithes survived, toothless birds
Three groups:
Paleognaths: flightless birds, like ostrich
Neognaths Galloanserae:Ducks and Fowl
Neognath Neoave: all other birds, like Osprey
(Wiki Evol Birds)
12. Summitpost/org
Chipmunk
Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel
Callospermophilus lateralis
Ground squirrel, western North
America
Wide variety of ranges, rocky to
meadow to sage.
Chipmunk-like stripes not on face
Bigger than chipmunk
(8” vs 9-12”, 2 oz. vs. 4-14 oz)
Hibernator
Cheek pouches to carry food back
to den at high speed
Shallow burrows up to 30 m in length
Food: Seeds, nuts, berries insects and
underground fungi.
Prey of: Hawks, Jays, weasel, bobcat,
coyote.
(Wiki GMGS)
En.wikipedia.org
13. Evolution of Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel
Rodentia:
Includes mice, rats, squirrels, prairie dog,
porcupine, beaver, guinea pig, hamster
and marmots but not rabbits.
Paleocene: in Laurasia
Spread all over except Antarctica, and was the
only placental mammal to reach Australia
Adaptations of rodents:
Front incisors keep growing, the softer dentine on the
back wears off, leaving the sharp front enamel
acting like a chisel.
Diastema: gap behind incisors, so can close off mouth
and throat to wood chips, etc.
Sciuridae: Squirrels, stand upright for long periods.
(Wiki Ground Squirrel)
Ecologyedu.com
(Wiki rodentia)
14. South West Corner
of Fallen Leaf Lake
Pale Blue:
Sandstone and siltstone
Green:
Metavolcanic
Pink
Echo lakes granodiorite
F West Tahoe Fault Zone
L Lateral Moraine
T Terminal Moraine
R Recessional moraines
(Loomis, 1983)
L
L
R
T
F
F
15. Nps.gov
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Large, interlocking, visible crystals:
Igneous Intrusive rock
Dark crystals of amphibole or biotite.
Whitish crystals of Na Feldspar
Pinkish crystals of K feldspar.
Between Granite and Diorite in composition.
Specifically called Echo Lake granodiorite
(Loomis, 1983)
Granite: Intrusive, phaneretic ,
Felsic with composition like rhyolite
Quartz, muscovite, biotite and K feldspar.
Diorite: Intrusive, phaneretic,
Intermediate with composition
like andesite.
Amphibole, biotite, Na feldspar.
Granite
Geology.about.com
Diorite
17. Siltstone
Siltstone
Mud rock in the region of Glen Alpine
Falls
Characteristics:
Non interlocking, Lithified fragments,
small, uniform clasts, well sorted,
rounded, far distance from shore. Some
oxidized. Detrital, Layered, Fissile.
Typically deep ocean or lake bottom
Deposited in passive continental margin
during Paleozoic. Uplift of Plutons,
erosion, tilted.
Locally, thinly bedded sandstone and
siltstone. (Loomis, 1983)
Siltstone
19. Scienceforkids.kidiepede.com
Quartz
Milky white, irregular surface, some
suggestion of crystal structure.
Found as part of Glacial till.
Non ferromagnesian silicate, SiO2
In a three dimensional network.
Deposited in hydrothermal regions
which penetrate cracks to
form veins, which then cool and
solidify.
20. Banded hornfels from
contact metamorphism
Banded hornfel
Characteristics:
Non- fissile.
Fine grained. no foliation.
Layers of light alternate with dark.
Parent rock: Mudrock
Metamorphic, low grade.
Layered sandstone and shale
metamorphosed by intruding
granite pluton.
Layers of dark biotite hornfel
alternating with
calcite silicate hornfel
with lighter color from limestone.
(Wiki Hornfels)
Allaboutgenstones.com
21. Yosemite.ca.us
Glacial Till
No sorting by particle size.
Angular clasts of varying sizes.
No stratification.
Deposited by glacier in a ridge,
in this case a lateral moraine.
22. References
Berendse, F. & Scheffer, M. (2009). The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin’s “abominable mystery”.
Ecological Letter 12(9): 865-872. Retrieved from ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777257/ on May 24, 2015
Fraley, J. (2013). Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel. Retrieved from
http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/portraits/gmgroundsquirrel.htm on May 23, 2015.
Keeley, J.E. (2012) Ecology and evolution of pine life histories. Retrieved from
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/ProductDetails.aspx?ID=4756 on May 23, 2015.
Konigsmark, T. (2011). Geologic Trips Sierra Nevada. Mendocino, CA:Geo Press.
Loomis, A.A. (1983). Geology of Fallen leaf lake 15’ quadrangle, El Dorado county, CA. Retrieved from
http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_370.htm on May 24, 2015.
NHPTV. (2015). Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel. Retrieved from http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/goldensquirrel.htm on May 23, 2015.
Pines. (2015). Pines, General characteristics, evolution and classification. Retrieved from http://science.jrank.org/pages/5241/Pines.html
on May 23, 2015.
Tulane. (no date). Lab 9, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Retrieved from
http://www.tulane.edu/~bfleury/diversity/labguide/gymangio.html on May 23, 2015.
23. References (continued)
Wiki Evolution. (2015). Evolution of Birds. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_birds on May 23, 2015.
Wiki Ground Squirrel. (2015). Ground Squirrel. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_squirrel on May 25, 2015.
Wiki Hornfels. (2015). Hornfels. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels on May 25, 2015.
Wiki Jeffrey. (2015). Jeffrey Pine. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_pine on May 23, 2015.
Wiki Osprey. (2015). Osprey. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey on May 23, 2015.
Wiki Pinophyta. (2015). Pinophyta. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta on May 23, 2015.
