Reconstruction legacy
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The document provides background information on the U.S. Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. It describes that Homer Plessy, who was of mixed race, was arrested for refusing to leave a whites-only train car as required by a new Louisiana law mandating racial segregation on railroads. Plessy filed suit arguing the law violated the 13th and 14th Amendments. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled 7-1 against Plessy, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine that allowed racial segregation if facilities were equal in quality for both races.
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Washington, Du Bois, Garvey
The document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era.
Washington believed African Americans needed vocational job training and economic opportunities provided by whites. Du Bois argued civil and social rights were being denied and consistent advocacy was needed to fight for equal rights and opportunities. Garvey felt African Americans had no economic prospects and proposed the creation of black nations in Africa for self-determination.
The document examines the differing views on the problems facing African Americans and solutions proposed, including Washington prioritizing job skills and economic cooperation, Du Bois advocating for rights and civic participation, and
Hw#33 labor unions
Labor unions used collective bargaining and strikes to attempt to improve working conditions for workers. Through collective bargaining, unions would negotiate with employers to reach agreements on issues like wages, hours, and safety conditions. If negotiations failed, unions would call strikes as a tactic to put pressure on employers. However, early strikes were often met with violence from employers, police, and use of federal troops. Over time, unions continued to organize and use strikes to gain bargaining power and protections, such as the Wagner Act which legally protected the right to unionize.
Hw#31
Industrialization and urbanization in the United States had some negative impacts. Industrialization led to poor working conditions in factories and pollution from manufacturing. Urbanization resulted in overcrowded cities with inadequate housing, infrastructure, and public services for the large populations that migrated to urban areas for work in the late 19th century.
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The document discusses whether late 19th century American industrialists should be remembered as "robber barons" or "captains of industry". It provides context on trusts, monopolies, and laissez-faire economic policies that allowed businesses like Carnegie Steel, Standard Oil, and J.P. Morgan's companies to consolidate power with little government interference. While some viewed the industrialists' tactics critically and called them robber barons, others maintained they acted as captains of industry by increasing productivity and jobs.
Hw#4 principles of the constitution
The document outlines the six key principles of the US Constitution:
1. Separation of powers which divides government into three branches
2. Checks and balances where each branch limits the power of the others through veto powers and overrides
3. Popular sovereignty whereby the government derives its power from the people
4. Republicanism ensuring government is run by elected representatives of the people
5. Federalism dividing power between national and state governments
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Hw#4 principles of the constitution
The document outlines the six key principles of the US Constitution:
1. Separation of powers which divides the government into three branches.
2. Checks and balances where each branch limits the power of the others through veto powers, judicial oversight, and legislative overrides.
3. Popular sovereignty which establishes that the government's authority comes from the people.
Hw#4 mercantilism
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Hw#31 immigration
The document discusses three waves of immigration to the United States: Old immigrants from northern Europe between 1600-1850 who settled on farms in the Midwest; New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe between 1860-1920 who moved to cities in the Northeast and worked in factories and mines; and modern immigrants since 1965 from Latin America and Asia. It notes the reasons for immigration included economic opportunities, religious/political persecution, and the promise of freedoms in the US. New immigrants initially arrived at Ellis Island or Angel Island and faced inspections before entering the country. Their expectations of America contrasted with the difficult living conditions they encountered in urban tenements and sweatshops. The massive immigration during this period resulted in a population shift from rural to urban
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Washington, Du Bois, Garvey
The document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era.
Washington believed African Americans needed vocational job training and economic opportunities provided by whites. Du Bois argued civil and social rights were being denied and consistent advocacy was needed to fight for equal rights and opportunities. Garvey felt African Americans had no economic prospects and proposed the creation of black nations in Africa for self-determination.
The document examines the differing views on the problems facing African Americans and solutions proposed, including Washington prioritizing job skills and economic cooperation, Du Bois advocating for rights and civic participation, and
Hw#33 labor unions
Labor unions used collective bargaining and strikes to attempt to improve working conditions for workers. Through collective bargaining, unions would negotiate with employers to reach agreements on issues like wages, hours, and safety conditions. If negotiations failed, unions would call strikes as a tactic to put pressure on employers. However, early strikes were often met with violence from employers, police, and use of federal troops. Over time, unions continued to organize and use strikes to gain bargaining power and protections, such as the Wagner Act which legally protected the right to unionize.
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Industrialization and urbanization in the United States had some negative impacts. Industrialization led to poor working conditions in factories and pollution from manufacturing. Urbanization resulted in overcrowded cities with inadequate housing, infrastructure, and public services for the large populations that migrated to urban areas for work in the late 19th century.
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The document discusses whether late 19th century American industrialists should be remembered as "robber barons" or "captains of industry". It provides context on trusts, monopolies, and laissez-faire economic policies that allowed businesses like Carnegie Steel, Standard Oil, and J.P. Morgan's companies to consolidate power with little government interference. While some viewed the industrialists' tactics critically and called them robber barons, others maintained they acted as captains of industry by increasing productivity and jobs.
Hw#4 principles of the constitution
The document outlines the six key principles of the US Constitution:
1. Separation of powers which divides government into three branches
2. Checks and balances where each branch limits the power of the others through veto powers and overrides
3. Popular sovereignty whereby the government derives its power from the people
4. Republicanism ensuring government is run by elected representatives of the people
5. Federalism dividing power between national and state governments
6. Supremacy of national laws and judicial review giving the national government authority over states and the Supreme Court power to invalidate laws.
Hw#4 principles of the constitution
The document outlines the six key principles of the US Constitution:
1. Separation of powers which divides the government into three branches.
2. Checks and balances where each branch limits the power of the others through veto powers, judicial oversight, and legislative overrides.
3. Popular sovereignty which establishes that the government's authority comes from the people.
Hw#4 mercantilism
Mercantilism was an economic system where countries aimed to export more than they imported in order to accumulate wealth. Under this system, colonies provided raw materials to their "mother country" since importing goods was discouraged. Great Britain passed laws like the Navigation Acts to enforce mercantilism and benefit themselves. However, they needed more labor from colonies to produce goods like wood and cotton. This led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade, as slaves provided a source of free labor that could meet the increasing demands of mercantilism.
Hw#31 immigration
The document discusses three waves of immigration to the United States: Old immigrants from northern Europe between 1600-1850 who settled on farms in the Midwest; New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe between 1860-1920 who moved to cities in the Northeast and worked in factories and mines; and modern immigrants since 1965 from Latin America and Asia. It notes the reasons for immigration included economic opportunities, religious/political persecution, and the promise of freedoms in the US. New immigrants initially arrived at Ellis Island or Angel Island and faced inspections before entering the country. Their expectations of America contrasted with the difficult living conditions they encountered in urban tenements and sweatshops. The massive immigration during this period resulted in a population shift from rural to urban
Washington-DuBois-Garvey
This document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era. Washington advocated for vocational training and cooperation between blacks and whites to achieve economic prosperity and social equality. Du Bois argued for consistent advocacy of civil and social rights to ensure equal opportunities and safety. Garvey promoted the creation of black nations in Africa as the only solution due to overcrowding in America threatening African Americans. Students are asked to determine which approach they feel would be most effective.
Reconstruction
This document discusses the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The key details are:
- In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring "equal but separate accommodations" for black and white races on railway trains.
- In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was of mixed race, refused to move to the segregated car for black passengers and was arrested.
- The case went to the Supreme Court to determine if the law violated the 13th and 14th Amendments.
- The Court ruled against Plessy, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine that allowed racial segregation if facilities were equal, which effectively upheld Jim Crow laws.
Lincoln's actions ppt
Lincoln tried to preserve the Union during the Civil War in several ways:
1) In his first inaugural address, he pledged there would be no war unless the South started it and that his goal was to preserve the Union and stop the spread of slavery, not necessarily end it.
2) He suspended habeas corpus in 1861 to arrest Confederate sympathizers and prevent rebellion.
3) He issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed all slaves in rebelling Confederate states and changed the purpose of the war to one of freeing slaves in addition to preserving the Union.
4) He called for a military draft in 1863 to bolster the Union army.
Slavery compromises
The document summarizes several compromises that were attempted in the United States in the 1800s to address the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories:
- The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state but banned slavery in territories above the 36°30' parallel, except Missouri.
- The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, organized Utah and New Mexico with popular sovereignty, and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 also organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska with popular sovereignty, fueling tensions and violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" over the slavery issue.
Sectionalism
The document discusses sectionalism in the United States brought about by the westward expansion and the issue of whether new territories should enter the union as slave or free states. It provides discussion questions and tasks for students, including having them read positions from Calhoun and Webster on the issue and respond with a mock tweet agreeing with one of them.
Hw#26 abolition movement ppt
The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the conditions slaves faced, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion and the increased restrictions placed on slaves afterwards. Finally, it discusses influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for emancipation through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
Homestead & pacific railway acts copy
The United States encouraged settlement of the West through two key laws:
1. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave land to settlers who farmed the land for 5 years, aiming to encourage migration. However, many struggled to meet requirements or afford keeping the lands.
2. The Pacific Railway Act provided land grants and funding to railroad companies to build a transcontinental railroad, linking the East and West coasts and facilitating migration. This increased migration to the Western interior but also brought challenges.
Hw#24 the california gold rush of 1849
The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento. Word of the discovery quickly spread, with some 80,000 prospectors, called "forty-niners", traveling to California in 1849 hoping to strike it rich. The influx of miners and settlers transformed California, leading to its statehood in 1850. While some miners succeeded in finding gold, others faced harsh conditions and discrimination, especially Chinese immigrants. The Gold Rush spurred major economic and population growth in California and the western United States.
Hw#24 sectionalism
Westward expansion increased sectionalism in the United States by deepening economic and social differences between regions. As new lands opened in the West, the North focused on industry and opposed slavery's expansion, while the South wanted to protect its agricultural economy based on plantation slavery. Henry Clay believed sectionalism was harmful to the country by dividing loyalty to regions rather than the nation as a whole.
Hw#23 the california gold rush of 1849
The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill by James Marshall. News of the discovery spread quickly, attracting around 80,000 prospectors, known as "forty-niners", to California in 1849 hoping to strike it rich. The Gold Rush transformed California from a sparsely-populated territory into a major economic force, leading to its statehood in 1850. While some prospectors succeeded in finding gold, most failed and boom towns came and went as mining sites were depleted.
Manifest destiny ppt
1) Americans justified westward expansion through the belief in "Manifest Destiny", the idea that it was God's plan for America to control all of North America.
2) They expanded westward through various means such as treaties, purchases of territory like the Louisiana Purchase, and wars with Mexico which resulted in additional land acquisitions.
3) Between 1820 and 1850, 4 million Americans moved west, helping to populate and claim more of the western lands, furthering the cause of Manifest Destiny.
Mexican american war-causes (1)
The United States annexed Texas in 1845, which Mexico still claimed as its territory. This caused a border dispute between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers. Tensions escalated after U.S. troops occupied the Rio Grande, which Mexico saw as an invasion. In 1846, shots were fired between U.S. and Mexican soldiers, prompting President Polk to ask Congress to declare war on Mexico.
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President Andrew Jackson's signing of the Indian Removal Act and its impact on Native Americans is examined. Students are asked to choose whether they want to hear from President Jackson defending the Act or from Native Americans explaining how it affected them. A political cartoon portrays Jackson and the treatment of indigenous people, and students are prompted to discuss whether the Cherokees were uncivilized and if Jackson should remain on the $20 bill.
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Andrew Jackson advanced the cause of democracy in some ways but may have also inhibited it in others. He was described as a "common man" president who helped expand suffrage, but he also opposed the National Bank and centralized federal power in the presidency. Overall, the document discusses whether Jackson's presidency advanced or inhibited democracy in the United States.
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to negotiate treaties to move Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River. This led to the forced removal of the Cherokee nation from their lands in Georgia along the Trail of Tears, where over 4,000 Cherokee died as they were forced to march over 800 miles to Oklahoma at gunpoint. The name "Trail of Tears" comes from the Cherokee translation of the immense suffering they endured during the removal.
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Hw#17 voting rights
Voting rights in the US have expanded over time. Originally only white male landowners could vote. African Americans gained the right to vote with the 15th Amendment in 1870, but still faced barriers like literacy tests and poll taxes. The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes in 1964. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 reinforced protections. Women gained the right to vote in 1920 via the 19th Amendment. American Indians became citizens in 1924. The District of Columbia gained voting rights in 1961 under the 23rd Amendment. The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 in 1971.
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The document discusses the electoral college system for electing the U.S. president. It provides background on why the founders established the electoral college, as they lacked confidence in voters across the country having enough information to vote intelligently in a national election. It then has students consider whether this reason still applies today. Students are asked to list pros and cons of the electoral college in groups. Several pros (e.g. encourages two-party system, gives small states a voice) and cons (e.g. possibility of electing a minority president, faithless electors, may decrease voter turnout) are provided. Finally, students are asked to reflect on whether the electoral college is the best system or if another option would
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Transportation revolution
The document discusses the Transportation Revolution in the United States between 1789-1860, including developments in roads like the National Road, canals like the Erie Canal, and railroads. It summarizes that roads, canals, and railroads helped connect areas of the country, making transportation faster and trade more feasible. This is seen as fueling economic growth and development across the young nation.
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Washington-DuBois-Garvey
This document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era. Washington advocated for vocational training and cooperation between blacks and whites to achieve economic prosperity and social equality. Du Bois argued for consistent advocacy of civil and social rights to ensure equal opportunities and safety. Garvey promoted the creation of black nations in Africa as the only solution due to overcrowding in America threatening African Americans. Students are asked to determine which approach they feel would be most effective.
Reconstruction
This document discusses the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The key details are:
- In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring "equal but separate accommodations" for black and white races on railway trains.
- In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was of mixed race, refused to move to the segregated car for black passengers and was arrested.
- The case went to the Supreme Court to determine if the law violated the 13th and 14th Amendments.
- The Court ruled against Plessy, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine that allowed racial segregation if facilities were equal, which effectively upheld Jim Crow laws.
Lincoln's actions ppt
Lincoln tried to preserve the Union during the Civil War in several ways:
1) In his first inaugural address, he pledged there would be no war unless the South started it and that his goal was to preserve the Union and stop the spread of slavery, not necessarily end it.
2) He suspended habeas corpus in 1861 to arrest Confederate sympathizers and prevent rebellion.
3) He issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed all slaves in rebelling Confederate states and changed the purpose of the war to one of freeing slaves in addition to preserving the Union.
4) He called for a military draft in 1863 to bolster the Union army.
Slavery compromises
The document summarizes several compromises that were attempted in the United States in the 1800s to address the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories:
- The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state but banned slavery in territories above the 36°30' parallel, except Missouri.
- The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, organized Utah and New Mexico with popular sovereignty, and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 also organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska with popular sovereignty, fueling tensions and violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" over the slavery issue.
Sectionalism
The document discusses sectionalism in the United States brought about by the westward expansion and the issue of whether new territories should enter the union as slave or free states. It provides discussion questions and tasks for students, including having them read positions from Calhoun and Webster on the issue and respond with a mock tweet agreeing with one of them.
Hw#26 abolition movement ppt
The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the conditions slaves faced, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion and the increased restrictions placed on slaves afterwards. Finally, it discusses influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for emancipation through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
Homestead & pacific railway acts copy
The United States encouraged settlement of the West through two key laws:
1. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave land to settlers who farmed the land for 5 years, aiming to encourage migration. However, many struggled to meet requirements or afford keeping the lands.
2. The Pacific Railway Act provided land grants and funding to railroad companies to build a transcontinental railroad, linking the East and West coasts and facilitating migration. This increased migration to the Western interior but also brought challenges.
Hw#24 the california gold rush of 1849
The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento. Word of the discovery quickly spread, with some 80,000 prospectors, called "forty-niners", traveling to California in 1849 hoping to strike it rich. The influx of miners and settlers transformed California, leading to its statehood in 1850. While some miners succeeded in finding gold, others faced harsh conditions and discrimination, especially Chinese immigrants. The Gold Rush spurred major economic and population growth in California and the western United States.
Hw#24 sectionalism
Westward expansion increased sectionalism in the United States by deepening economic and social differences between regions. As new lands opened in the West, the North focused on industry and opposed slavery's expansion, while the South wanted to protect its agricultural economy based on plantation slavery. Henry Clay believed sectionalism was harmful to the country by dividing loyalty to regions rather than the nation as a whole.
Hw#23 the california gold rush of 1849
The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill by James Marshall. News of the discovery spread quickly, attracting around 80,000 prospectors, known as "forty-niners", to California in 1849 hoping to strike it rich. The Gold Rush transformed California from a sparsely-populated territory into a major economic force, leading to its statehood in 1850. While some prospectors succeeded in finding gold, most failed and boom towns came and went as mining sites were depleted.
Manifest destiny ppt
1) Americans justified westward expansion through the belief in "Manifest Destiny", the idea that it was God's plan for America to control all of North America.
2) They expanded westward through various means such as treaties, purchases of territory like the Louisiana Purchase, and wars with Mexico which resulted in additional land acquisitions.
3) Between 1820 and 1850, 4 million Americans moved west, helping to populate and claim more of the western lands, furthering the cause of Manifest Destiny.
Mexican american war-causes (1)
The United States annexed Texas in 1845, which Mexico still claimed as its territory. This caused a border dispute between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers. Tensions escalated after U.S. troops occupied the Rio Grande, which Mexico saw as an invasion. In 1846, shots were fired between U.S. and Mexican soldiers, prompting President Polk to ask Congress to declare war on Mexico.
Indian removal
President Andrew Jackson's signing of the Indian Removal Act and its impact on Native Americans is examined. Students are asked to choose whether they want to hear from President Jackson defending the Act or from Native Americans explaining how it affected them. A political cartoon portrays Jackson and the treatment of indigenous people, and students are prompted to discuss whether the Cherokees were uncivilized and if Jackson should remain on the $20 bill.
Andrew jackson
Andrew Jackson advanced the cause of democracy in some ways but may have also inhibited it in others. He was described as a "common man" president who helped expand suffrage, but he also opposed the National Bank and centralized federal power in the presidency. Overall, the document discusses whether Jackson's presidency advanced or inhibited democracy in the United States.
Hw#21 ppt
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to negotiate treaties to move Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River. This led to the forced removal of the Cherokee nation from their lands in Georgia along the Trail of Tears, where over 4,000 Cherokee died as they were forced to march over 800 miles to Oklahoma at gunpoint. The name "Trail of Tears" comes from the Cherokee translation of the immense suffering they endured during the removal.
Voting rights
The document discusses how voting rights in the United States have changed over time. It notes that while the Constitution did not originally specify who had the right to vote, leaving it up to states, voting rights have been a source of controversy as groups like women, minorities, the poor, and youth have had to fight to gain this basic right. It describes an activity where students are assigned groups to research significant events that both limited and increased voting rights for that group over time.
Hw#17 voting rights
Voting rights in the US have expanded over time. Originally only white male landowners could vote. African Americans gained the right to vote with the 15th Amendment in 1870, but still faced barriers like literacy tests and poll taxes. The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes in 1964. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 reinforced protections. Women gained the right to vote in 1920 via the 19th Amendment. American Indians became citizens in 1924. The District of Columbia gained voting rights in 1961 under the 23rd Amendment. The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 in 1971.
3.electoral college ppt
The document discusses the electoral college system for electing the U.S. president. It provides background on why the founders established the electoral college, as they lacked confidence in voters across the country having enough information to vote intelligently in a national election. It then has students consider whether this reason still applies today. Students are asked to list pros and cons of the electoral college in groups. Several pros (e.g. encourages two-party system, gives small states a voice) and cons (e.g. possibility of electing a minority president, faithless electors, may decrease voter turnout) are provided. Finally, students are asked to reflect on whether the electoral college is the best system or if another option would
Erie canal 2
DeWitt Clinton was the 6th governor of New York looking to make the state the most prosperous in the nation. Currently, New Orleans was the top commercial center in the US. To transform New York, Clinton proposed and oversaw the construction of the Erie Canal, which opened in 1825. The Erie Canal connected the Hudson River and Great Lakes, allowing for easier transport of goods between the Midwest and East Coast markets through New York. This made New York City the new commercial hub and center of trade, increasing New York's prosperity greatly.
Transportation revolution
The document discusses the Transportation Revolution in the United States between 1789-1860, including developments in roads like the National Road, canals like the Erie Canal, and railroads. It summarizes that roads, canals, and railroads helped connect areas of the country, making transportation faster and trade more feasible. This is seen as fueling economic growth and development across the young nation.
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Reconstruction legacy
- 3. A system of agriculture where a landowner rents his land to a poor farmer (sharecropper) who uses the land to grow crops and then has to give the landowner a share of the crops yielded. Sharecropping
- 5. One word to describe the Reconstruction period is….
- 6. Does Treating People Equally mean Treating the Same? Can you think of a time when to treat people equally, you must not treat them the same?
- 7. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • In 1890, the state of Louisiana passed a law called the "Separate Car Act", which stated "that all railway companies shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races" • The penalty for sitting in the wrong railway car was a fine of $25 or 20 days in jail. • On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy, who was of Creole and African descent, bought a first-class ticket to Covington, a small Louisiana town. • When a train conductor asked him to move to the back of the train, Plessy refused. • Plessy was forcibly removed and taken to jail to await trial on charges of violating the Louisiana law.
- 9. Task: Read the decision of the Supreme Court and…. 1. Who won the case; Plessy or Ferguson? 2. Summarize the court’s decision in your own words by completing
- 10. • Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that established “separate but equal” (segregation= Jim Crow Laws)
- 11. Black codes- laws passed by state government of the South that denied equality to freedmen. Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public places Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregation
- 13. Where does the name Jim Crow come from???
- 14. Closure