Reconstructing the Glacial Ocean: Weak Atlantic Overturning and Iron Fertilization Maximize Carbon Storage
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1) The document summarizes research reconstructing ocean conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) around 21,000 years ago using models and sediment proxy data. 2) Model simulations suggest the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was weaker during the LGM, at 6-9 Sv, and that increased dust and iron solubility in the Southern Ocean was needed to explain nitrogen isotope data and increased carbon storage. 3) Both a weaker AMOC and increased Southern Ocean iron fertilization beyond standard estimates appear to have been important for the higher carbon storage observed in the ocean during the LGM.
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This document discusses various options for addressing climate change, including solar radiation management techniques like chemtrails and geoengineering. It notes the risks of these approaches, such as health effects from inhaling nanoparticles, as well as risks of disrupting global climate patterns. Alternative approaches discussed include increasing albedo through natural means like restoring forests, and moving to renewable energy like solar to avoid further emissions. Overall the document expresses concerns about unintended consequences of large-scale geoengineering and advocates lifestyle changes and policy solutions to mitigate climate change through reducing emissions.
LGM_Mixing.pdf
1) Tidal mixing was likely greater in the glacial ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) around 20,000 years ago compared to present day due to different ocean bathymetry from large ice sheets.
2) Increased tidal mixing in climate model simulations of the LGM leads to a stronger Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and more vigorous Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation.
3) The stronger AMOC and AABW in the model simulations with increased LGM tidal mixing improves agreement with sediment core data on carbon and oxygen isotopes.
Why Does CO2 Affect Our Climate?
Our atmosphere is 76% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 3% trace gases, which include the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Carbon dioxide has a large infrared absorption at 16 microns, the maximum of the blackbody radiation spectrum of our atmosphere. Carbon dioxide thus absorbs heat radiation and re-emits it back to the surface of our earth to keep it warm. Water vapor increases with temperature amplifying this greenhouse effect.
Non-condensing CO2 provides the stable temperature structure that sustains atmospheric water vapor and clouds (1). When the earth’s orbit and tilt triggered a cooling trend 110,000 years ago, CO2 decreased and water condensed and froze, plunging the earth into an ice age. About 18,000 years ago, orbital changes warmed the oceans which emitted dissolved CO2 gas. This greenhouse forcing warmed the earth and melted the ice.
Reference:
(1) Andrew A. Lacis, et. al. “Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature.” Science, 330, 356-359, 15 October 2010
Climppf1
The document discusses the topic of climate change, past, present, and future. It provides an overview of the factors that control climate, including land surface properties, oceans, greenhouse gases, and solar radiation. It describes how the climate has varied in the past due to natural factors like variations in Earth's orbit and composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses evidence that warming trends over the last few decades are likely due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. Models predict that future climate change may have significant impacts.
Complementary Constraints from Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes on the Glacial Oc...
Poster presentation given at the 12th International Conference on Paleoceanography Aug. 29, 2016, Utrecht, Netherlands.
The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
Outline
Part I: Generalities
Part II: CCS in Indiana
Part III: Future Work and Conclusions
Global climate change facts
1) The document discusses various causes of global climate change including changes in Earth's orbit and solar radiation, albedo effects, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.
2) Evidence of past climate changes is seen in temperature and carbon dioxide variations from ice cores, glacial activity, sea levels, and vegetation changes.
3) The author argues that climate change is a natural phenomenon and that the role of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions in current warming is limited and uncertain.
shweta singh4.pdf
Climate change is caused by a small 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in average global temperature over the past century. This minor change has had major environmental impacts like longer droughts and more intense hurricanes. The main cause is greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels which increased atmospheric CO2 levels. While volcanoes and natural processes emit some CO2, human outputs dwarf these natural contributions and are the primary driver of current climate change. Effects include worsening weather, sea level rise, and threats to water supplies. Solutions require transitioning to renewable energy and adapting to the changes already occurring.
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Effects on the Carbon Cycle and A...
1) Ice core data suggests that reductions in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are associated with increases in atmospheric CO2, as a weaker AMOC reduces the biological pump's ability to sequester carbon in the deep ocean.
2) Early modeling studies showed reductions in the AMOC decrease ocean and land carbon storage, leading to higher atmospheric CO2 levels.
3) More recent models simulate the millennial-scale changes in CO2 observed in ice cores by linking variations in the AMOC to changes in the preformed nutrient inventory and efficiency of the biological pump in sequestering carbon.
Rising Oceans
1) Global temperatures have risen over the past few decades and are projected to continue increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels from fossil fuel usage.
2) Warming effects will be greater at higher latitudes and polar regions, and land areas will warm more rapidly than oceans.
3) Melting glaciers are contributing significantly to rising sea levels, which are estimated to be rising at 1.5 to 2 millimeters per year.
GrayHarborWarmGrayHarborWar. GrayHarborWar .ppt
Global warming is occurring due to increasing greenhouse gases from human activities. Climate models predict further warming this century. For the Northwest, high-resolution models show declining snowpack and more winter rainfall. Earlier snowmelt exposes slopes to more solar heating. While annual precipitation trends are small, seasons may shift, with warmer fall temperatures and relatively cooler, cloudier springs due to stronger onshore flow. Local effects depend on terrain, but global warming risks are serious and reductions in emissions are needed to limit future impacts.
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This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
final dissertation report
- The document discusses how giant icebergs can influence marine productivity in the Southern Ocean by providing an important source of iron-rich terrigenous material to surrounding waters. Field studies have shown that iceberg-delivered iron leads to increased primary production and a more developed food chain ecosystem.
- Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentrations revealed a 92% likelihood of higher chlorophyll values, up to 3 times background levels, within 30 days and up to 860km from giant icebergs. This suggests icebergs fertilize large areas of ocean waters.
- The melting and dispersion of iron-rich debris from icebergs supports a rich pelagic ecosystem, with higher concentrations of phytoplankton,
global-warming-ppt.pptx
Global warming refers to the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising levels of greenhouse gases from human activity like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years according to the IPCC, and further warming is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Proposed mitigation efforts include reducing emissions through renewable energy and efficiency, carbon capture and storage, reforestation, and policy measures like carbon pricing.
global-warming-ppt.pptx
Global warming refers to the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising levels of greenhouse gases from human activity like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years according to the IPCC, and further warming is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Proposed mitigation efforts include reducing emissions through renewable energy and efficiency, carbon capture and storage, reforestation, and policy measures like carbon pricing.
global-warming-ppt.pptx
Global warming refers to the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising levels of greenhouse gases from human activity like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years according to the IPCC, and further warming is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Proposed mitigation efforts include reducing emissions through renewable energy and efficiency, carbon capture and storage, reforestation, and policy measures like carbon pricing.
global-warming-ppt.pptx
Global warming refers to the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising levels of greenhouse gases from human activity like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years according to the IPCC, and further warming is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Proposed mitigation efforts include reducing emissions through renewable energy and efficiency, carbon capture and storage, reforestation, and policy measures like carbon pricing.
Weak Overturning Circulation and Increased Iron Fertilizaton Maximize Carbon ...
This document summarizes research into factors that influenced ocean carbon storage during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) approximately 20,000 years ago. The researchers used a climate model to test how a weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and increased Southern Ocean iron fertilization during the LGM affected ocean carbon levels. Their model and comparisons to paleoclimate data suggest that a weaker AMOC combined with higher iron fluxes maximized the ocean's ability to store carbon during the glacial period by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Climate Change - Ranyl Rhydwen (Nov. 2009)
A hard-hitting lecture by Ranyl Rhydwen at the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales - really 3 lectures crammed into one - explaining how our climate works, what the current science is saying about climate change, and thoughts on what to do about it. A very good, and important talk to listen to. Recorded November 2009, a month before the COP-15 Climate Conference in Copenhagen. Please note this lecture is copyright Centre for Alternative Technology (http://www.cat.org.uk)
The climate system from a polar perspective
The document discusses the complex climate system from a polar perspective. It covers topics like the basic characteristics of the climate system including the atmosphere, ocean, and ice sheets. It also discusses stochastic climate models, the oceanic surface layer under sea ice, sea ice and ocean interaction, sea ice dynamics, the sea ice ecosystem, and findings from the IPCC climate report including decreasing snow and ice amounts.
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Complementary Constraints from Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes on the Glacial Oc...
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The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
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Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Effects on the Carbon Cycle and A...
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...
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Weak Overturning Circulation and Increased Iron Fertilizaton Maximize Carbon ...
Weak Overturning Circulation and Increased Iron Fertilizaton Maximize Carbon ...
More from Andreas Schmittner
Modeling Past and Future Climate
Slides from a presentation about modeling past and future climate as part of the "School of Ice" workshop for educators at Oregon State University on Aug. 2, 2021.
Climate Models
Slides from a presentation on climate models held on Aug. 2, 2021 as part of the SMILE teacher workshop at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Air-Sea Disequilibrium Enhances Glacial Ocean Carbon Storage
Poster presented at the 2018 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California, USA.
Understanding Glacial Ocean Carbon Storage
This study analyzed how changes in various processes affected the storage of carbon in the ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to pre-industrial conditions. The researchers found that 1) the biological pump was weaker and disequilibrium was stronger during the LGM, 2) cooler temperatures and reduced heat fluxes between the air and sea increased carbon storage by 20 ppm more than equilibrium solubility alone, and 3) temperature changes and increased iron availability in the Southern Ocean account for almost all of the difference in atmospheric CO2 between the LGM and pre-industrial state.
Quantifying glacial ocean carbon cycling
1) Using constrained ocean models, the study quantitatively decomposed changes in ocean carbon storage between the pre-industrial control and Last Glacial Maximum.
2) Cooling (-2.5°C) and increased iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean accounted for most (77±10 ppm) of the ~90 ppm CO2 drawdown through increases in disequilibrium (Cdis) and organic (Corg) carbon.
3) Cdis increased dramatically (quadrupled) in the LGM due to enhanced biological sequestration (Cdis,bio) driven by cooling and iron, partly offset by reduced physical disequilibrium (Cdis,phy).
Centennial-scale Holocene climate variations amplified by Antarctic Ice Sheet...
1) Reconstructions of ice-berg rafted debris from the Antarctic coast reveal greater variability in Antarctic Ice Sheet discharge during the Holocene than previously assumed, particularly on multi-centennial timescales.
2) Ice sheet modeling shows that small subsurface ocean temperature changes, coupled with ice sheet dynamics, can produce substantial variations in ice discharge at multi-centennial frequencies.
3) Climate model simulations indicate that Antarctic Ice Sheet discharge variations induced changes in Southern Ocean temperatures and deep water formation that affected climate variability on multi-centennial timescales globally through atmospheric teleconnections.
Response of Ocean Biogeochemistry and Isotopes to Different Iron Fluxes and C...
This document summarizes simulations using a biogeochemistry model (MOBI) to study the effects of different iron fluxes and ocean circulations on marine biogeochemistry during pre-industrial (PI) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) periods. It presents results from 7 PI simulations and 5 LGM simulations that vary iron deposition from the atmosphere and sediments, as well as ocean circulation. The key findings are: 1) Surface iron fluxes have limited local impacts on phytoplankton; 2) There is uncertainty in atmospheric iron fluxes between the PI and LGM; 3) Primary productivity is lower in the LGM despite higher atmospheric iron due to cooler temperatures; 4) LGM atmospheric and sedimentary iron fluxes
Weather and Climate Change
Basic Science of Climate Change. Presentation given for a group of Road Scholars at the Adobe Resort in Yachats, Oregon.
Impacts of Climate Change
The document summarizes impacts of climate change including rising global temperatures, sea levels, and shifts in ecosystems. Continued carbon emissions are expected to lead to more warming, melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and sea level rise of several meters over centuries. This poses risks to coastal cities and islands. Certain tipping points such as thawing permafrost and collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet could have irreversible consequences if crossed. Urgent action is needed to reduce carbon emissions according to the IPCC.
Deep Ocean Circulation (with presenter notes)
This is the same as the "Deep Ocean Circulation: Present, Past, Future" presentation but it includes some presenter notes
Deep Ocean Circulation: Present, Past, and Future
A summary of our current scientific understanding of deep ocean circulation (a.k.a. meridional overturning or thermohaline circulation) including some of my own recent work.
Climate Models
Climate models are tools used in climate research that range in complexity from simple zero-dimensional energy balance models to complex three-dimensional general circulation models. They work by solving equations that conserve mass, momentum, energy and other quantities in grid boxes. Climate models are evaluated by comparing their results to observations. They are used for applications such as detecting and attributing causes of climate change, making projections of future climate change, and studying past climates.
Climate Models
Climate models are mathematical tools used in climate research. They range in complexity from simple zero-dimensional energy balance models to complex three-dimensional general circulation models that solve conservation equations on grids representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land. Climate models are evaluated by comparing their results to observational data and are used for applications like detecting the causes of observed climate change, making future climate projections, and studying past climates.
Schmittner ipods talk Aug. 27, 2016
Presentation on the ocean's carbon and nitrogen cycle during the last glacial maximum constrained by isotopes given at the IPODS workshop "The overturning circulation and carbon cycle" Aug. 27, 2016, in Utrecht, Netherlands.
Response of Ocean Biogeochemistry and Isotopes to Different Iron Fluxes and C...
Ocean and climate model simulations of the last glacial maximum. Poster presentation during the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting in New Orleans.
Human Influence on Global Climate
Scientific evidence for the human influence on current climate change, paleoclimate perspectives, and future projections.
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Air-Sea Disequilibrium Enhances Glacial Ocean Carbon Storage
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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Reconstructing the Glacial Ocean: Weak Atlantic Overturning and Iron Fertilization Maximize Carbon Storage
- 1. Reconstructing the Glacial Ocean: Weak Atlantic Overturning and Iron Fertilization Maximize Carbon Storage Juan Muglia, Andreas Schmittner College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Kiel, Feb. 23, 2017
- 2. The Last Glacial Maximum • ~21,000 years ago • Surface temperatures ~ 4°C colder • Large Ice Sheets on Northern Hemisphere Continents • Increased sea ice cover • Atmospheric CO2 = 180 ppm vs 280 ppm during the pre-industrial late Holocene • Dustier
- 3. Where was the missing carbon and why? • Global mean δ13C: it was in the ocean. But why? • Circulation was weaker: Evidence: older radiocarbon ages (Sarnthein et al., 2016) • Sea ice reduced air-sea gas exchange (Stephens & Keeling, 2000) • More dust caused to increased iron fertilization (Martin, 1990)
- 4. Address Problem by Combining Models and Sediment Data (Isotopes) • Radiocarbon: is most direct proxy for circulation rate (evidence: LGM ocean was 500-600 years older in radiocarbon years), but also impacted by air-sea gas exchange • δ13C used to infer water masses, directly impacted by respired carbon, but also by air-sea gas exchange • δ15N used to infer nutrient utilization in Southern Ocean, but also impacted by other processes
- 5. UVic/MOBI • Coarse resolution ocean GCM (1.8x3.6 deg, 19 levels) • 1-layer Energy-Moisture Balance Atmosphere (prescribed winds and clouds; transports by advection + diffusion) • Dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice • Model of Ocean Biogeochemistry and Isotopes (MOBI)
- 6. Detritus DIC PO4 NO3 O2 Photosynthesis Fast Recycling 13C Water Column Denitrification Sinking 15N 15N 13C Grazing Mortality Remineralization Excretion CO2O2 13C N-Fixation N2δ15NN2=0 Benthic Denitrification DFe εBD ! −4‰ εWCD ! −25‰ εP ! −5‰ εP εP εE = −6‰ εAS CaCO3 δ 13 C ! 2‰ 13C δ 13 CDIC ! 2‰ Phytoplankton 15N 13C δ 13 C ! −20‰ Diazotrophs 15N 13C δ 13 C ! −12‰ δ 13 C ! −20‰ Zooplankton 15N 13C δ 13 C ! −20‰ 14C Decay δ 13 CCO2 ! −6.5‰ δ 13 CDIC ! 0.5‰ DOM 15N 13C δ 13 C ! −20‰ εP ! −20‰ εNF ! −1‰ δ 15 NNO3 ! 9‰ δ 15 NNO3 ! 5.5‰ δ 15 N ! −1‰ δ 15 N ! 4‰ δ 15 N ! 7‰ δ 15 N ! 5‰ δ 15 N ! 6‰ εG εG MOBI Dust
- 7. • used the same model but without interactive iron • explored idealized effects of “iron fertilization” through global changes in maximum growth rates • did not explore circulation changes • here we want to 1. use a fully interactive iron cycle (based on Nickelsen et al., 2015) to consider iron fertilization more realistically and 2. explore circulation changes 2016
- 8. PI LGM LGM_SO Sediment Fluxes Atmos- pheric Fluxes LGMPI Lower sediment fluxes due to sea level drop compensates for increased dust fluxes. Resulting effect small. LGM_SO experiments (10x) explore higher iron solubility in LGM dust. Muglia et al., in review with Paleoceanogr. Lambert et al., 2015
- 9. Circulation changes caused by modifying moisture diffusivities in southern hemisphere Decreasing diffusivities leads to reduced meridional moisture flux and increased salinities of AABW This also reduces the AMOC.
- 10. Test: Can we reconstruct AMOC with sparse proxy data? Yes, we can! Pre-industrial runs with different moisture diffusivities. Best fitting model consistent with independent observations (RAPID, yellow lines)
- 12. obs with and without outliers PI LGM _13 LGM _8 LGM _0 N=174 Data compilation from Luke Skinner
- 14. C14-age δ13C LGM LGM_SOFe Both independent datasets suggest weak AMOC (6-9 Sv)
- 15. N=105 δ15N favor clearly increased SO Fe fertilization (beyond the standard Fe model + dust)
- 17. Impact on DIC SOFe LGM Circulation ~ 400 Pg Iron ~ 500 Pg
- 18. Conclusions • Best fitting models have weak (6-9 Sv) and shallow AMOC (based on c14 and c13 constraints) • Increase in dust and/or iron solubility in Southern Ocean beyond standard estimates needed to explain n15 and to affect carbon storage • Both, circulation and iron fertilization similarly important for increased carbon storage
- 19. Implications • If AMOC was really that weak then • all PMIP model simulations are wrong. • why was it that weak? • More measurements needed to test iron solubility hypothesis
- 20. Future Work • Include sediment model to quantify impacts on whole ocean alkalinity changes and atmospheric CO2 • Proper carbon cycle diagnostics • Simulating early deglaciation (19-15 ka)
- 21. Vielen Dank !