Reconceptualizing morphology: The architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of grapevine leaves

1. Reconceptualizing morphology: The architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of grapevine leaves Dan Chitwood Donald Danforth Plant Science Center September 28, 2015

2. A giant single-celled alga & the implications for plant cell theory Latent genetic & developmental shapes in grapevine leaves The shape of climate change: Inter-annual variability in grapevine leaf shape

3. Independent origins of multicellularity

4. Independent origins of multicellularity Opisthokonts Streptophytes Viridiplantae Plantae Chlorophytes Rhodophytes Algae (polyphyletic) M Abedin & N King (2010) Trends in Cell Biology

7. Independent origins of multicellularity Opisthokonts Streptophytes Viridiplantae Plantae Chlorophytes Rhodophytes Algae (polyphyletic)

10. Macroscopic morphological complexity: plant architecture without multicellularity V Coneva & D Chitwood (2015) Front Plant Sci Adapted from Cocquyt et al. (2010) Mol Biol Evol

11. Macroscopic morphological complexity: plant architecture without multicellularity Hämmerling, 1930s www.science-projects.com

12. Macroscopic morphological complexity: plant architecture without multicellularity V Coneva & D Chitwood (2015) Front Plant Sci Adapted from Cocquyt et al. (2010) Mol Biol Evol

13. Macroscopic morphological complexity: plant architecture without multicellularity Ernst Haeckel, Wikipedia, Wikimedia commons

14. Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience

15. Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience Cilia and Jackson (2004) Curr Opin in Cell Biol

16. Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm 2) Phragmoplasts

17. Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm 2) Phragmoplasts 3) Cell lineage patterns

18. Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm 2) Phragmoplasts 3) Cell lineage patterns

19. Brukhin, Curtis, Grossniklaus (2005) Current Science Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm 2) Phragmoplasts 3) Cell lineage patterns 4) Coenocytic female gametophyte

20. Kaplan and Hagemann (1991) BioScience Cell vs. Organismal Theory: Plant development ≠ Animal development 1) Plasmodesmata, symplasm 2) Phragmoplasts 3) Cell lineage patterns 4) Coenocytic female gametophyte Conclusion: there is as much evidence to view morphologically complex plants as coenocytes as there is to consider them multicellular (at least in the same sense as animals)

21. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

22. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Why Caulerpa taxifolia? 1) Debatably world’s largest single- celled organism Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

23. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Why Caulerpa taxifolia? 1) Debatably world’s largest single- celled organism 2) Can regenerate from any fragment Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

24. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Why Caulerpa taxifolia? 1) Debatably world’s largest single- celled organism 2) Can regenerate from any fragment 3) “Killer algae”—invasive Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

25. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Why Caulerpa taxifolia? 1) Debatably world’s largest single- celled organism 2) Can regenerate from any fragment 3) “Killer algae”—invasive 4) Endosymbiotic bacteria Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

26. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Why Caulerpa taxifolia? 1) Debatably world’s largest single- celled organism 2) Can regenerate from any fragment 3) “Killer algae”—invasive 4) Endosymbiotic bacteria 5) Convergent morphology with land plants Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

27. An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

28. A “wave” of apical-basal gene expression Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

37. Intracellular patterns of gene expression coincide with pseudo- organs Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

38. Intracellular patterns of gene expression coincide with pseudo- organs Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

39. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Leliaert et al. (2012) Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.

40. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

41. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics ?? D Reinhardt

42. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics ?

43. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics

44. Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs? Ranjan et al. (2015) PLOS Genetics D Reinhardt

52. Species effects

53. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects

54. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects

55. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects Shoot base Shoot tip

56. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects L1 L2 L1 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf Number, different leaf types

57. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects S1S2S9S10 S3S4S5S6S7S8 L1 L2 L1 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Developmental Stage, unequal expansion Leaf Number, different leaf types Shoot base Shoot tip

58. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf number Developmental stage Unequal expansion Different leaf types

61. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf morphospace Species effects

62. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf morphospace Developmental stage Unequal expansion

63. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf morphospace Leaf number Different leaf types

64. Species identity can be predicted independently from development

65. Species identity can be predicted independently from development

66. Developmental stage can be predicted independently from species identity

67. Leaf number can be predicted independently from species identity

69. Landmarks sensitive to allometry

70. Blade expands faster than vein

74. Genetic & developmental shapes are independent

78. Discriminating leaves from different years: Same vines, same stages

82. Climate interannual variability: 2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

83. Climate interannual variability: 2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

84. Extant and geologic history: Leaf shape & size correlate with climate

85. Extant and geologic history: Leaf shape & size correlate with climate Paleomap, scotese.com

86. Thanks! Caulerpa Aashish Ranjan Brad Townsley Yasu Ichihashi Neelima Sinha Grapes Laura Klein Allison Miller Jason Londo Susan Rundell Quaneisha Woodford Darren Li Tommy Yu Jose Lopez Julie Kang Tomatoes/grafting Margaret Frank Viktoriya Coneva

87. The morphospace of wild & domesticated Vitis

88. The morphospace of wild & domesticated Vitis

89. Changes in developmental timing in domesticated grape

Reconceptualizing morphology: The architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of grapevine leaves

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Reconceptualizing morphology: The architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of grapevine leaves