This document discusses the evolution of different types of systems from a natural perspective to service systems. It describes the emergence of atoms, molecules, and life in natural systems over billions of years. Cognitive systems emerged more rapidly through human intelligence and learning. Service systems established rights and responsibilities between individuals and institutions. Smart service systems then incorporated technologies to improve response times and reduce waste. The document proposes wise service systems, where cognitive mediators work with humans to provide precise recommendations addressing complex problems while upholding multi-generational human values.
Chaps29 the entirebookks2017 - The Mind MahineSyedVAhamed
In this chapter, we take bold step and propose the unthinkable: The genesis of a Customizable Mind Machine.
Thought that stems from the mind is deeply seated in a biological framework of neurons. The biological origin lies
in the marvel of evolution over the eons and refined ever so fast, faster than in the prior centuries. Three (a, b and
c), triadic objects are ceaselessly at work. At a personal level (a) Mind, knowledge and machines have been
intertwined like inspiration, words and language since the dawn of the human evolution and more recently (b)
technology, manufacturing and economics have formed a web for (c) wealth, global marketing and insatiable needs
of humans and civilization. These triadic cycles of nine essential objects of human existence are spinning quicker
and quicker every year. The Internet offers the mind no choice but to leap and soar over history and over the globe.
Alternatively, human mind can sink deeper and deeper into ignorance and oblivion. More recently, the Artificial
Intelligence at work in the Internet had challenged the natural intelligence at the cognizance level in the mind to find
its way to breakthroughs and innovations.
We integrate functions of the mind with the processing of knowledge in the hardware of machines by freely
traversing the neural, mental, physical, psychological, social, knowledge, and computational spaces. The laws of
neural biology and mind, laws of knowledge and social sciences and finally the laws of physics and mechanics, in
each of the spaces are unique and executed by distinctive processors for each space. Much as mind rules over
matter, the triad of mind, space and time creates a human-space that rules over the Relativistic-space of matter,
space and time.
Keywords—Mind, Knowledge, Machines, Technology, Human Needs, Knowledge Windows, Perceptual Spaces
This paper extends the notion that the profile of knowledge is
dynamic and oscillates continuously. It is derived/interpreted
ceaselessly from information, experience, social interactions,
Internet, etc. On an individual basis, the contours of
knowledge thus derived are altered in numerous dimensions
(as the user learns from the events in the society) thus altering
its geometry. The dynamically updated knowledge blends
onto concepts. The main theme of the paper includes time as
a dimension in the knowledge space wherein nature, humans,
and machines influence noun „objects‟. Further, in this paper,
we also introduce a virtual object „knowbula‟. This word is
derived as a merge of two words knowledge and Nebula.
Mathematically, knowbula is a 3-D envelope of the all
activities in any field of human endeavor, whatsoever. Such
an assertion has three prerequisites: (a) that human activity
deals with objects (real, abstract, virtual, or just about
anything(s)), that bear coordinates in an more encompassing
universal knowledge space, (b) objects relates to what they
do, how they do what they do, or how they are affected by the
actions of other objects, and (c) that there is time constraint
(i.e., begin, middle and end identifiers) associated with such
actions. Knowledge is thus contained in the knowbula and the
change in the contour/image of this knowbula during/after the
interval of activity: activity thus produces the incremental
change of knowledge. Thus knowbula starts to become a three
dimensional virtual object, with the (noun) objects (objective,
subjective, or virtual) along the X-first, axis, the correlated
(verb) functions or activity, (active, passive, or hypothetical)
along the Y-second, axis and time along the Z-third, axis.
From artificially intelligent systems towards real thinking tools and human s...Jorn Bettin
In an increasingly software and data-intensive human world, the objective of human-scale computing is to improve filtering, collaboration, thinking, and learning:
1. between humans,
2. between humans and software systems,
3. and between software systems.
This objective is another way of stating the goal of developing a 'language and interaction style' that is better than any formal or informal language reliant on linear syntax.
Sticky Data and Superstitious Patterns: Visualization beyond CognitivismDietmar Offenhuber
Visualization is often exclusively treated as an affair between the eye and the mind, based on the idea that perceiving and thinking are forms of pattern recognition and computation. But patterns can be misleading, and visual languages play a much larger role in mediating our interactions, facilitating, and constraining our awareness of the systems we are embedded in. My work deals with the roles of visual representations for understanding and governing large urban systems. Using examples from remote sensing, waste systems, street lighting and others, I will discuss critical issues of working with data in the context of socio-technical systems.
Talk at the Data Visualization program at the New School, NY, Nov. 3, 2015
Information ecology includes a much richer set of tools than that employed to date by information engineers and architects. Information ecologists can mobilize not only architectural designs and IT but also information strategy, politics, behaviour, support staff, and work processes to produce better information environments. … They rely on the disciplines of biology, sociology, psychology, economics, political science, and business strategy – to frame their approach to information use.
Chaps29 the entirebookks2017 - The Mind MahineSyedVAhamed
In this chapter, we take bold step and propose the unthinkable: The genesis of a Customizable Mind Machine.
Thought that stems from the mind is deeply seated in a biological framework of neurons. The biological origin lies
in the marvel of evolution over the eons and refined ever so fast, faster than in the prior centuries. Three (a, b and
c), triadic objects are ceaselessly at work. At a personal level (a) Mind, knowledge and machines have been
intertwined like inspiration, words and language since the dawn of the human evolution and more recently (b)
technology, manufacturing and economics have formed a web for (c) wealth, global marketing and insatiable needs
of humans and civilization. These triadic cycles of nine essential objects of human existence are spinning quicker
and quicker every year. The Internet offers the mind no choice but to leap and soar over history and over the globe.
Alternatively, human mind can sink deeper and deeper into ignorance and oblivion. More recently, the Artificial
Intelligence at work in the Internet had challenged the natural intelligence at the cognizance level in the mind to find
its way to breakthroughs and innovations.
We integrate functions of the mind with the processing of knowledge in the hardware of machines by freely
traversing the neural, mental, physical, psychological, social, knowledge, and computational spaces. The laws of
neural biology and mind, laws of knowledge and social sciences and finally the laws of physics and mechanics, in
each of the spaces are unique and executed by distinctive processors for each space. Much as mind rules over
matter, the triad of mind, space and time creates a human-space that rules over the Relativistic-space of matter,
space and time.
Keywords—Mind, Knowledge, Machines, Technology, Human Needs, Knowledge Windows, Perceptual Spaces
This paper extends the notion that the profile of knowledge is
dynamic and oscillates continuously. It is derived/interpreted
ceaselessly from information, experience, social interactions,
Internet, etc. On an individual basis, the contours of
knowledge thus derived are altered in numerous dimensions
(as the user learns from the events in the society) thus altering
its geometry. The dynamically updated knowledge blends
onto concepts. The main theme of the paper includes time as
a dimension in the knowledge space wherein nature, humans,
and machines influence noun „objects‟. Further, in this paper,
we also introduce a virtual object „knowbula‟. This word is
derived as a merge of two words knowledge and Nebula.
Mathematically, knowbula is a 3-D envelope of the all
activities in any field of human endeavor, whatsoever. Such
an assertion has three prerequisites: (a) that human activity
deals with objects (real, abstract, virtual, or just about
anything(s)), that bear coordinates in an more encompassing
universal knowledge space, (b) objects relates to what they
do, how they do what they do, or how they are affected by the
actions of other objects, and (c) that there is time constraint
(i.e., begin, middle and end identifiers) associated with such
actions. Knowledge is thus contained in the knowbula and the
change in the contour/image of this knowbula during/after the
interval of activity: activity thus produces the incremental
change of knowledge. Thus knowbula starts to become a three
dimensional virtual object, with the (noun) objects (objective,
subjective, or virtual) along the X-first, axis, the correlated
(verb) functions or activity, (active, passive, or hypothetical)
along the Y-second, axis and time along the Z-third, axis.
From artificially intelligent systems towards real thinking tools and human s...Jorn Bettin
In an increasingly software and data-intensive human world, the objective of human-scale computing is to improve filtering, collaboration, thinking, and learning:
1. between humans,
2. between humans and software systems,
3. and between software systems.
This objective is another way of stating the goal of developing a 'language and interaction style' that is better than any formal or informal language reliant on linear syntax.
Sticky Data and Superstitious Patterns: Visualization beyond CognitivismDietmar Offenhuber
Visualization is often exclusively treated as an affair between the eye and the mind, based on the idea that perceiving and thinking are forms of pattern recognition and computation. But patterns can be misleading, and visual languages play a much larger role in mediating our interactions, facilitating, and constraining our awareness of the systems we are embedded in. My work deals with the roles of visual representations for understanding and governing large urban systems. Using examples from remote sensing, waste systems, street lighting and others, I will discuss critical issues of working with data in the context of socio-technical systems.
Talk at the Data Visualization program at the New School, NY, Nov. 3, 2015
Information ecology includes a much richer set of tools than that employed to date by information engineers and architects. Information ecologists can mobilize not only architectural designs and IT but also information strategy, politics, behaviour, support staff, and work processes to produce better information environments. … They rely on the disciplines of biology, sociology, psychology, economics, political science, and business strategy – to frame their approach to information use.
(1) The building blocks are getting better for the next generation of makers
(2) T-shaped talent is what IBM looks for, and people with lots of ideas! - Whole New Engineer Related
(3) The AI building blocks are getting better too
(4) The next generation can build an amazing world
(5) However, they need to wrestle with ethical decisions - and Whole New Engineer topic, for sure
(6) Q&A
Service Science Textbooks: Opportunities of an Interdisciplinary ApproachDr. Ronny M. Schüritz
With the rise of service science, management and engineering as an independent and interdisciplinary research school, several courses and entire study programs emerged in several universities around the world. Several textbooks address teaching service science from the perspective of a specific discipline such as marketing, operations management or computer science. Therefore, so far teaching service science requires the preparation and combination of lecture material from different textbooks and other teaching material, since there was a lack of interdisciplinary and integrated textbooks for teaching service science. This paper reviews existing service textbooks for motivating the need for an integrated service science textbook. Furthermore, the outline of a new forthcoming interdisciplinary service science textbook is presented. This textbook integrates several disciplines, such as business and economics, quantitative sciences, and computer science. The textbook therefore provides an interdisciplinary map of the world of service science that conquers the challenges to explain service systems to students and practitioners. This enables lecturers to organize their courses along a comprehensive and integrated course concept which has been the result of teaching service science at universities for several years.
Teaching Statistics to People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics: Tips for Over...SAGE Publishing
In this presentation, bestselling author Neil J. Salkind discusses strategies that you can implement to reduce statistics anxiety in your students. Using his 30+ years of teaching experience, Neil covers some of the topics that students struggle with most, including correlation, understanding hypotheses, and significance (including z-scores and t-tests).
an introduction to service science that provides the basics of: service system thinking, service system dynamics, service system re-design examples, and tries to answer the "why questions" - end notes include the birth of service science, discussion of advanced manufacturing, outsourcing, sustainability, as well as ways to learn more about service science
Towards a Framework of Influence Factors for Value Co-Creation in Service Sys...Peter Hottum
Presented at the International Conference on Exploring Service Science 1.5 in Porto (Portugal), Feb 5th 2015.
According to modern service science theory, value is jointly generated by several partners forming a service system. In this work, we focus on a simple two-party system consisting of a service provider and its customer. The value created by this service system hinges on the contribution of both parties.
That is, it also depends on the collaboration of the customer, which is a key characteristic of services in traditional definitions. Providers, however, lack knowledge on how to identify and measure the influence factors for value cocreation, such as customer contribution. Being aware of customer contribution, providers could design and manage value propositions purposefully. In this work, we provide a first version of a framework of influence factors for value co-creation in service systems, which may serve providers as a guideline for identifying different types of customer contribution.
Service science progress and directions 20100620ISSIP
Provides and overview of IBM University Programs, as well as an update on applying service science (an emerging discipline) to holistic service systems, like cities, universities, and resort hotels - that have to deal with transportation, water, food, energy, communications, buildings, retail, finance, health, education, and governance-security-development-rights
smart service systems, service systems, cognitive systems, cognitive assistants, Moore's-like Law of Service Innovation, T-shaped people, IBM Watson, Apple Siri, Microsoft Cortana, Amazon Echo, Google Now, service science
Do Intelligent Machines, Natural or Artificial, Really Need Emotions?Aaron Sloman
(Updated on 14 Jan 2014 -- with substantial revisions.)
Many people believe that emotions are required for intelligence. I argue that this is mostly based on (a) wishful thinking and (b) a failure adequately to analyse the variety of types of affective states and processes that can arise in different sorts of architectures produced by biological evolution or required for artificial systems. This work is a development of ideas presented by Herbert Simon in the 1960s in his 'Motivational and emotional controls of cognition'.
(1) The building blocks are getting better for the next generation of makers
(2) T-shaped talent is what IBM looks for, and people with lots of ideas! - Whole New Engineer Related
(3) The AI building blocks are getting better too
(4) The next generation can build an amazing world
(5) However, they need to wrestle with ethical decisions - and Whole New Engineer topic, for sure
(6) Q&A
Service Science Textbooks: Opportunities of an Interdisciplinary ApproachDr. Ronny M. Schüritz
With the rise of service science, management and engineering as an independent and interdisciplinary research school, several courses and entire study programs emerged in several universities around the world. Several textbooks address teaching service science from the perspective of a specific discipline such as marketing, operations management or computer science. Therefore, so far teaching service science requires the preparation and combination of lecture material from different textbooks and other teaching material, since there was a lack of interdisciplinary and integrated textbooks for teaching service science. This paper reviews existing service textbooks for motivating the need for an integrated service science textbook. Furthermore, the outline of a new forthcoming interdisciplinary service science textbook is presented. This textbook integrates several disciplines, such as business and economics, quantitative sciences, and computer science. The textbook therefore provides an interdisciplinary map of the world of service science that conquers the challenges to explain service systems to students and practitioners. This enables lecturers to organize their courses along a comprehensive and integrated course concept which has been the result of teaching service science at universities for several years.
Teaching Statistics to People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics: Tips for Over...SAGE Publishing
In this presentation, bestselling author Neil J. Salkind discusses strategies that you can implement to reduce statistics anxiety in your students. Using his 30+ years of teaching experience, Neil covers some of the topics that students struggle with most, including correlation, understanding hypotheses, and significance (including z-scores and t-tests).
an introduction to service science that provides the basics of: service system thinking, service system dynamics, service system re-design examples, and tries to answer the "why questions" - end notes include the birth of service science, discussion of advanced manufacturing, outsourcing, sustainability, as well as ways to learn more about service science
Towards a Framework of Influence Factors for Value Co-Creation in Service Sys...Peter Hottum
Presented at the International Conference on Exploring Service Science 1.5 in Porto (Portugal), Feb 5th 2015.
According to modern service science theory, value is jointly generated by several partners forming a service system. In this work, we focus on a simple two-party system consisting of a service provider and its customer. The value created by this service system hinges on the contribution of both parties.
That is, it also depends on the collaboration of the customer, which is a key characteristic of services in traditional definitions. Providers, however, lack knowledge on how to identify and measure the influence factors for value cocreation, such as customer contribution. Being aware of customer contribution, providers could design and manage value propositions purposefully. In this work, we provide a first version of a framework of influence factors for value co-creation in service systems, which may serve providers as a guideline for identifying different types of customer contribution.
Service science progress and directions 20100620ISSIP
Provides and overview of IBM University Programs, as well as an update on applying service science (an emerging discipline) to holistic service systems, like cities, universities, and resort hotels - that have to deal with transportation, water, food, energy, communications, buildings, retail, finance, health, education, and governance-security-development-rights
smart service systems, service systems, cognitive systems, cognitive assistants, Moore's-like Law of Service Innovation, T-shaped people, IBM Watson, Apple Siri, Microsoft Cortana, Amazon Echo, Google Now, service science
Do Intelligent Machines, Natural or Artificial, Really Need Emotions?Aaron Sloman
(Updated on 14 Jan 2014 -- with substantial revisions.)
Many people believe that emotions are required for intelligence. I argue that this is mostly based on (a) wishful thinking and (b) a failure adequately to analyse the variety of types of affective states and processes that can arise in different sorts of architectures produced by biological evolution or required for artificial systems. This work is a development of ideas presented by Herbert Simon in the 1960s in his 'Motivational and emotional controls of cognition'.
Talk presented at the conference on the Philosophy of Emerging Media, Boston University, October 26-27, 2013
If you try to find information about a gene or a molecule or a restaurant or a sports team or a politician on the web, it’s likely that some ontology will be involved in your search. An ontology is (briefly put) a semantically organized consensus representation of the types of entities in a given domain and of the relations between these entities – it is something like a large graph of the way some part of the world is structured. So important have ontologies become to organizations such as the BBC or the New York Times, that there is a running joke in the Semantic Web community to the effect that the Columbia School of Journalism is about to be renamed the Columbia School of Journalism and Ontology. I will attempt to draw conclusions from these phenomena concerning the ways in which social interactions are being influenced, and to some degree also transformed, by digital media.
"What got us here, wont get us there!" Pirelli july 2014 Mebs Loghdey
I have developed and delivered two fresh and interesting sessions for Hyper Island, Unilever, Mercer and Pirelli. These sessions were developed as a response the Innovation and Sustainability imperatives faced by most managers.
Entitled "What got us here won't get us there!", this sessions teach managers about
1. Language, metaphor and reframing
2. Q-storming - designing powerful questions
3. Systems thinking
Managers leave these sessions better equipped to engage a future that is at once digital, mobile, social, green and data rich.
EarthCube Stakeholder Alignment Survey Introduction to the Data by Joel Cutch...EarthCube
Introduction to the Stakeholder Alignment Survey being conducted for EarthCube by lead institution University of Illinois, Champaign Urbana as presented by PI Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld
Complex Social Systems - Lecture 5 in Introduction to Computational Social Sc...Lauri Eloranta
Fifth lecture of the course CSS01: Introduction to Computational Social Science at the University of Helsinki, Spring 2015.(http://blogs.helsinki.fi/computationalsocialscience/).
Lecturer: Lauri Eloranta
Questions & Comments: https://twitter.com/laurieloranta
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Rebuilding Evolution: A Service Science Perspective
1. Rebuilding evolution:
A service science perspective
Spohrer J, Siddike MAK, Kohda Y (2017) Rebuilding evolution: a service science perspective. HICSS-50,
Hawaii, USA. January 6, 2017
http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/rebuilding-evolution-20170106-v4
2. Rewinding
Evolution
• Spohrer J, Giuiusa A,
Demirkan H, Ing D (2013)
Service science:
reframing progress with
universities. Systems
Research and Behavioral
Science. 30(5):561-569.
4. Why rebuilding evolution? Better Education
• If there be an order in which
the human race has mastered
its various kinds of
knowledge, there will arise in
every child an aptitude to
acquire these kinds of
knowledge in the same
order.... Education is a
repetition of civilization in
little.[28]
• — Herbert Spencer
http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/spohrer-icer-20150810-v1
5. Presentation Outline
• Background of Evolution
• Natural Systems
• Cognitive Systems
• Service systems
• Smart service systems
• Wise service systems
• Re-building evolution
7. Evolution: Natural to service system (1)
• Does evolution have a speed limit?
• In biology, Darwin’s theory of evolution proposed the mechanism of
natural selection to explain the way that essentially random processes
could give rise to the diversity and complexity of species.
• Kaufman proposed autocatalysis as an additional mechanism to
explain the chemical foundations of certain biological processes in
networks that underlie the complexity and diversity of biological
species.
8. Evolution: Natural to service system (2)
• Beyond biology and chemistry, what about others types of systems that
evolve – are there different speed limits?
• Boulding, in a short essay entitled ‘General Systems Theory—The Skeleton
of Science’, suggests two possible approaches to organize general systems
theory…….at least two roads each of which is worth exploring.
• The first is to identify general phenomena, such as population, individual,
growth and information and communications, which might be called an
ecological approach.
• The second is to arrange… a hierarchy of complexity of organization, such
as statics, dynamics, control, self-maintenance, genetic-societal,
teleological, symbolic-communication.
9. Evolution: Natural to service system (3)
• People and their ideas are an interesting physical-symbol system, since
both biological and non-biological processes are at work, driving change in
the system.
• Human evolution is driven by adaptation of people to their environment,
and that environment includes both physical and symbolic resources.
• Simon [7] further developed the notion of hierarchical complexity in his
work on ‘sciences of the artificial’.
• Arthur [8] more recently developed a further theory of the nature of
technology as ever more complex recombination of prior technologies, and
Auerswald [9] talks about ‘production recipes’ in economics as
recombination of prior recipes including both technologies and rules, as
ingredients that can be combined to form new, more complex technologies
and rules.
10. Evolution: Natural to service system (4)
• However, perhaps the most profound elaboration of combined
ecological and evolutionary approaches can be found in Deacon [10],
a work which carefully builds from thermodynamics to life to
consciousness to societal systems, step by step with all the rigour of a
philosopher’s logical toolkit.
• Spohrer et al. [2] provide a far less rigorous but nevertheless useful
broad brush perspective of the same territory by using a combined
ecological and evolutionary view of physical systems, chemical
systems, biological systems and service systems.
11. Motivation of the paper
• Darwinian evolution alone is too slow (to explain the world) and
Kauffman evolution, while faster is perhaps still too slow to explain
the rate of change in complex, dynamic, evolving systems.
• Is it possible to say more about the speed limits of change and
evolution in different types of systems?
• Discuss the evolution of multiple types of systems from a service
science perspective, looking for clues about the nature of speed limits
in evolving systems with populations of entities and interactions.
13. Natural Systems (1)
• Almost 14 billion years ago, our universe started with a ‘big bang’.
• And through a process known as fusion, stars turned populations of
lighter atoms.
• Eventually, after about five billion years, a very important star formed
- our Sun.
• From large quantities of iron, nickel, and other atoms the Earth
formed about 4.3 Billion years ago.
• In less than a billion years, the early Earth evolved a remarkable
ecology of complex molecules, including amino acids, and after less
than a billion years, an ecology of bacteria took hold on early Earth.
14. Natural Systems (2)
• The ecology of single cell bacteria flourished and after another million
years of interactions between the bacteria, the first multi cellular
organisms formed, and soon the ecology of sponges and other multi-
cellular entities began to spread out across the earth.
• Then after nearly two billion years, a type of division of labor
between the cells in multi cellular organism lead to entities with cells
acting as neurons in the first clams, and these neurons allowed the
clams to open and close at the right time.
15. Natural Systems (3)
• After only 200 million years, trilobites appeared the first organisms
with dense neural structures that could be called brains appeared.
• Then after about 300 million years, multi-cellular organisms as
complex as bees appeared, and these were social insects, with
division of labor among individuals in population, with queens,
drones, worker bees.
• So 200 million years ago, over 14.5 billion years after the big bang,
the ecology of living entities is well established on planet Earth,
including social entities with brain and division of labor between
individuals in a population.
16. Cognitive Systems (1)
• Cognitive computing will ultimately be able to interpret images,
numbers, voices, and sensory information.
• It will participate dialogue with human beings aimed at navigating
vast quantities of information to solve extremely complicated yet
common problems.
• In the era of cognitive systems, humans and machine will collaborate
to produce better results, each bring their own superior skills to the
partnership.
• The machine will be more rational and analytic—and, of course,
possess encyclopedic memories and tremendous computational
abilities.
17. Cognitive Systems (2)
• People will provide expertise, judgement,
intuition, empathy, a moral compass, and
human creativity.
• In this era of cognitive systems, humans
and machine will become more
interconnected.
• Furthermore, cognitive systems can
provide customers with high-quality
recommendations and help customers to
make better data-driven decisions.
18. Service Systems
• Progress can be thought of in terms of the rights
and responsibilities of entities (individuals and
institutions).
• Spohrer et al. imagined four ‘parallel time
streams’ associated with (1) phenomena (sources
of information); (2) research (knowledge
creation); (3) education (knowledge transfer); and
(4) practice (knowledge application).
• Practice could be further broken down into
commercial practice (e.g. technology) and
governance practice (e.g. rules).
• As a symbolic species, humans create new
symbols at particular points in time, and these
symbols are part of scientific theories that
provide insights into the origins of abstract
entities, interaction and outcome universals.
19. Smart Service Systems
• According to National Science Foundation, a smart
service system is a system capable of learning, dynamic
adaptation, and decision making based upon data
received, transmitted, and/or processed to improve its
response to a future situation.
• The system does so through self-detection, self-
diagnosing, self-correcting, self-monitoring, self-
organizing, self-replicating, or self-controlled functions.
• These capabilities are the result of the incorporation of
technologies for sensing, actuation, coordination,
communication, control, etc.
• The system may exhibit a sequence of features such as
detection, classification, and localization that lead to an
outcome occurring within a reasonable time.
• The resulting system requires an understanding of human
interaction with technology and a human-centered
design to assure the desirability and the effectiveness of
the proposed service system” (p. 5).
20. Wise Service Systems (1)
• Wise service system as socio-technical systems in which the cognitive
mediators interact with people to augment human capabilities
through providing precise recommendations by actuating the context
and situation that help them to take right decisions to solve complex
problems more efficiently and perfectly.
• In the wise service system, cognitive mediators provide
recommendations to human and human use the recommendations
based on their experiences, knowledge and skills to solve complex
problems. Through this way, human and machine will collaborate
harmoniously and generate win-win value co-creation for the human.
25. Emergent Properties in Multiple Service
Systems
Types of systems Emergent ecologies of entities
Natural systems Emergence of atoms (stars), molecules (planets), life (biosphere/ecology)
Cognitive systems Emergence of intelligence, tacit knowledge (rapid learning) in people
Service systems Emergence of rights and responsibilities (institutions)
Smart service systems
Emergence of smart technologies and better rules/governance to avoid
waste
Wise service systems Emergence of multi-generational human values (smart across generations)
26. Conclusion
• We have only scratched the surface in this paper, but our explorations
suggest this is an important research question and direction, especially as
we enter the cognitive era of smart and wise service systems.
• Service science is the study of the evolving ecology of service system
entities, complex socio-technical systems with rights and responsibilities –
such as people, businesses, and nations.
• As the building blocks get better, we are able to imagine (re)building things
that would have taken nations in earlier years to accomplish (putting a
satellite in orbit) as a high school science project for a small team of
students.
• Or machine learning algorithms and data sets that allow simulated
cognitive entities to learn simple languages and social interactions skills in
a fraction of the time required for these skills in human evolution.
27. Future Research Directions
• A future research direction is to begin to make the rough ideas
sketched in this paper more quantitative.
• For example, people provide an existence proof for the amount time,
data, and processing to learn language.
• How can we begin to reframe the idea of rebuilding evolution in a
more quantitative manner?