Rebecca Sperry SundayApr 19 at 11:51am Manage Discussion Entry After reading the article, Freelancer.com’s Matt Barrie on how to Monetise 5 Billion People, (Nicholson, 2014), there could potentially be several opportunities for project managers to utilize the global workforce. When obtaining materials, opening bids to the global market would create more competition which could result in obtaining a product for a much lower cost. The same would be true for services. Depending on the type of project, services, equipment, or parts could be more easily accessed from a larger pool of suppliers. The challenge here is that, while the market would be flooded with all types of materials at potentially a lower price, the ability to establish a relationship with vendor and to gain trust may be a challenge. "Expanding competition, emerging technologies, and improved communications have altered most of the customers’ tolerance for less than full satisfaction with the products and services they receive"(Benton, 2014, p. 419). Resources Benton, W.C. Jr. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain management (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.redshelf.com Nicholson, D. (2014, April 2). Freelancer.com's Matt Barrie on how to monetise 5 billion people (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.). Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnicholson/2014/04/02/freelancer-coms-matt-barrie-on-how-to-monetise-5-billion-people/ Taly Hernandez MondayApr 20 at 1:49pm Manage Discussion Entry As with everything it touches, technology has also had its hand in developing the service sector. It has opened up the doors to a global word of services that companies and project managers can utilize using the Internet. Benton (2014) stated, "Over the past 60 years, the service sector has taken on an increasingly important role in the world economy. In the United States, jobs in the service sector have increased from just fewer than 50 percent of the total jobs in the U.S. economy to more than 85 percent of the total jobs. One-third of this growth has taken place in the last 20 years as organizations offering financial services, health care, communications, food, insurance, transportation, utilities, hospitality, entertainment, and virtually every other kind of service have proliferated" Procurement processes, and Communication forums can be two services a project manager can use globally without the need of local personnel." (P. 419) There are various benefits of procuring material for a project from a global supply base. Decreased in operational costs, expedited workflows, and opening up the doors for opportunities of employment to countries and people that have no other form of income. These global opportunities are providing economic growth and development to third world countries and a dream to those who inhabit them. Rural people are learning new technological trades and are being developed to participate in an ever-growing market that is the busines ...

1. Rebecca Sperry
SundayApr 19 at 11:51am
Manage Discussion Entry
After reading the article, Freelancer.com’s Matt Barrie on how
to Monetise 5 Billion People, (Nicholson, 2014), there could
potentially be several opportunities for project managers to
utilize the global workforce. When obtaining materials, opening
bids to the global market would create more competition which
could result in obtaining a product for a much lower cost. The
same would be true for services. Depending on the type of
project, services, equipment, or parts could be more easily
accessed from a larger pool of suppliers. The challenge here is
that, while the market would be flooded with all types of
materials at potentially a lower price, the ability to establish a
relationship with vendor and to gain trust may be a challenge.
"Expanding competition, emerging technologies, and improved
communications have altered most of the customers’ tolerance
for less than full satisfaction with the products and services
they receive"(Benton, 2014, p. 419).
Resources
Benton, W.C. Jr. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain
management (3rd ed.). Retrieved
from https://www.redshelf.com
Nicholson, D. (2014, April 2). Freelancer.com's Matt Barrie on
how to monetise 5 billion people (Links to an external
site.) (Links to an external site.). Forbes. Retrieved from
http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnicholson/2014/04/02/freelan
cer-coms-matt-barrie-on-how-to-monetise-5-billion-people/
Taly Hernandez
MondayApr 20 at 1:49pm
Manage Discussion Entry
As with everything it touches, technology has also had its hand

2. in developing the service sector. It has opened up the doors to a
global word of services that companies and project managers
can utilize using the Internet. Benton (2014) stated, "Over the
past 60 years, the service sector has taken on an increasingly
important role in the world economy. In the United States, jobs
in the service sector have increased from just fewer than 50
percent of the total jobs in the U.S. economy to more than 85
percent of the total jobs. One-third of this growth has taken
place in the last 20 years as organizations offering financial
services, health care, communications, food, insurance,
transportation, utilities, hospitality, entertainment, and virtually
every other kind of service have proliferated" Procurement
processes, and Communication forums can be two services a
project manager can use globally without the need of local
personnel." (P. 419)
There are various benefits of procuring material for a project
from a global supply base. Decreased in operational costs,
expedited workflows, and opening up the doors for
opportunities of employment to countries and people that have
no other form of income. These global opportunities are
providing economic growth and development to third world
countries and a dream to those who inhabit them. Rural people
are learning new technological trades and are being developed
to participate in an ever-growing market that is the business
world.
Benton, W.C. Jr. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain
management (3rd ed.). Retrieved
from https://www.redshelf.com:
Rebecca Sperry
SundayApr 19 at 12:19pm
Manage Discussion Entry
According to Benton (2014), “The critical path method (CPM)
is a robust logical system for panning and scheduling using bar
charts” (p. 429, para. 3). The CPM provides a graph that show
the relationships between tasks and shows the status of the

3. project at any given time (Benton, 2014). With the visual
representation, the project manager can easily monitor progress
and adjust as needed (Benton, 2014). The CPM sets the quantity
of work, the order the work is to be done, and how quickly each
task should be completed (Benton, 2014). The CPM uses a
network of arcs and nodes in which the arcs represent the tasks,
while the nodes represent the when the task begins and ends
(Benton, 2014). The diagram, which represents the “logical
relationship between the activities” serves to allow
mathematical manipulation (Benton, 2014, p. 430).
The CPM requires specific steps in the project planning. The
first step is to specify each activity in the project (Benton,
2014). The second step is to sequence the tasks within the
project (Benton, 2014). Next, the diagram can be drawn with the
nodes and arcs (Benton, 2014). Estimating the time to complete
each task is the next step in the process. After that, identifying
the critical path, which are tasks that cannot be delayed and
must remain on track (Benton, 2014). The next step is to
continually update the CPM diagram once a task has been
completed or updated (Benton, 2014). Lastly, CPM crashing is
the last step. This occurs when the project is sped up (Benton,
2014).
Of the many projects in which I have been involved, I have
never used the CPM diagram before. I have however, used Gantt
charts and other tracking methods to keep projects on track.
Having a visual representation of the tasks and a timeline in
which to complete them allows for the project to have a better
chance of staying on track. Understanding the dependencies of
how one task relates to another is key to understanding how
once a task gets off track, it can impact the rest of the project.
Also, for stakeholders, this type of diagram would easily show
the status of the project and identify upcoming steps in the
process.
Resource
Benton, W.C. Jr. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain
management (3rd ed.). Retrieved

4. from https://www.redshelf.com
Taly Hernandez
MondayApr 20 at 2:23pm
Manage Discussion Entry
The Critical Path Method is a new format for me, but it does
remind me of the DMAIC steps in Six Sigma. Each letter
represents a different step of the data-driven improvement cycle
and keeps the project clear and cohesive and all aspects
together. The CPM creates explicit instruction and a path that
assists in getting the set goals accomplished. It clearly states
the activities needed, sequences, scope of services, estimated
time of completion can all be found in the trajectory of a CPM.
I believe the CPM method is a useful methodology for me to use
in regards to projects that are across different campuses. These
campuses are all set in different locations, and all have
independent needs. As a Support Services team, we have tackled
the project of standardizing cleaning products, paper products,
and floor care. In this case, the CPM algorithm can be used to
independently track the campuses while including them in a
larger picture. The goal here is to eventually transition all
campuses to the same products but all on their own time
schedule. The CPM can help track and organize this project
while creating and enforcing a clear path to be followed. Benton
(2014) stated, "In general, the network diagram represents
logical relationships between the activities to complete the
project." (P. 430).
Benton, W.C. Jr. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain
management (3rd ed.). Retrieved
from https://www.redshelf.com:

5. DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative
Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
6. Examine how differentiating characteristics factor into
organizational behavior.
6.1 Summarize motivation in organizations.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 7, pp. 214–244
Reading Assignment
Chapter 7: Motivation Concepts, pp. 214–244
Unit Lesson
Introduction
Why do you do what you do? Whether we are talking about
getting a glass of water, reading a book, or doing

6. a task, we do it for a reason. Do you have any ideas what that
reason might be? It all stems from motivation.
In this unit we will define motivation, identify a number of
classical and contemporary theories relating to
motivation, and discuss the implications for managers.
Motivation Defined
Motivation can be defined as something that initiates, guides,
and aids us in maintaining goal-oriented
behaviors (Bateman & Snell, 2009; Delaney & Royal, 2017;
Robbins & Judge, 2019). In essence, motivation
is what drives each of us to exert effort to achieve a goal and to
take action. This can involve a combination of
social, biological, emotional, and cognitive forces that come
together to activate behavior. In other words,
motivation is the reason behind why we do anything and,
sometimes, nothing. Remember, doing nothing is
also an action that we take based on our motivation.
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
In knowing how to motivate our employees, we need to consider
designing jobs that motivate. People have
proposed many ways of thinking about motivation. One method
is dependent on whether we choose to focus
on motivation from within or outside of the individual. More
specifically, we are talking about intrinsic (inside)
or extrinsic (outside) motivation.
Intrinsic motivation occurs when someone is motivated to
perform a behavior because that individual finds the
behavior personally rewarding (Delaney & Royal, 2017). In
other words, the behavior is done for its own sake
simply because the individual enjoys doing so. Examples here
can include participating in a sport because

7. you find it exciting, gardening because you enjoy it whether
your plants grow or not, and researching your
family tree because you find the activity enjoyable. In each
example, the individual performs the activity for
the sheer enjoyment of it.
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Motivation and its Impact on
Organizational Behavior
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative
Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Extrinsic motivation occurs when someone is motivated to
perform a behavior to obtain a reward for doing so
or to avoid some sort of punishment (Delaney & Royal, 2017).
Examples of this type of motivation can include
studying to get a good grade, driving the speed limit to avoid a
ticket, or running a race in order to win an
award. In each example, the behavior is motivated by what the
individual is seeking to obtain or avoid.
What motivates you? What causes us to do the things we do and
to decide not to do the things we choose not

8. to? Why ask? Perhaps the beginning of this lesson is giving you
a reason to pause and reflect on your own
motivations.
Theories
To gain an even greater understanding of how we can motivate
others, let’s look at a few researched
theories. Despite just beginning to understand what motivates us
individually, we will examine what
researchers have investigated on the topic for many years. As
we review the information, there are several
different theories that help to explain much of what we see in
our workplaces. As you read on, you will be
challenged to reflect on how you have witnessed or experienced
each of these in your own life experiences.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
One of the earliest and most widely known theories regarding
motivation is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
According to Maslow, there are five needs that form a hierarchy
for everyone (Bateman & Snell, 2009;
Robbins & Judge, 2019). These five needs are, in order,
physiological, safety-security, social belongingness,
esteem, and self-actualization. As an individual fulfills the need
at the most basic level beginning with the
physiological needs, then he or she moves up to the next level
of need (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Some of our
physiological needs are things like eating, drinking, and not
being too hot or cold. The next level is safety-
security because once we have a way to satisfy the need for
food and drink, we will want someplace safe to
consume them. Once these needs are met, we move on to social
belongingness where we need or want to
interact with others. Continuing this trajectory, we then start to

9. build our esteem. Finally, providing all other
needs are being met, we reach self-actualization where we focus
on achieving our true potential.
Edwin Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
Edwin Locke conducted early research that has led to our
current understanding of motivation. His work led to
a goal-setting theory. This theory states that people are mindful
of goals that energize them, and they focus
their thoughts and behaviors towards the achievement of such
goals (Robbins & Judge, 2019). Locke’s
analysis revealed specific goals that were challenging—but not
too challenging—led to greater performance
than vague goals that were perceived as being simply too easy.
More specifically, as an example, a goal such
as trying to achieve an 80% of an exam was more motivating
and achieved higher results than simply telling
someone to do his or her best. Why is that? Well, he concluded
that it feels better to accomplish something
upon which you had to work hard in order to achieve.
Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike’s theory on Law of Effect appeared to be
rather straightforward. He purported that
behaviors followed by pleasant consequences were likely to be
repeated. Conversely, if a behavior was
followed by an unpleasant consequence, it was likely to be
stopped and not repeated (Bateman & Snell,
2009).
This is something that many people can relate to more often
than they realize. How many of you want to
continue to do something when you know there will be negative
consequences or some sort of a punishment

10. for your actions? This is one that not only applies in many work
environments, but it can be seen in one’s
personal life as well, in parenting for example. For instance,
children are familiar with this, and they do not
even know it.
Imagine this scenario: You are holding a young child, and he or
she sees a light bulb that is turned on.
Despite your repeated attempts telling the child not to touch the
bulb, the child, against the parents’ better
judgment, proceeds to touch the light bulb. Then, what happens?
He or she cries and screams because it
was hot. The pain was obviously more than the child
anticipated. Now, the next time you hold the same child
and pass by a light bulb with the light on, what happens? One
would suspect that the child would pull away
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative
Management 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
from the bulb without any hesitation, simply because the child
will recall the unpleasant feeling. Similar
examples can be seen when watching younger people who just
reached the legal age to consume alcohol. In
some cases, these individuals partake of way more than they
should because they enjoy having fun with their

11. friends of a similar age. Now, as people age, many are more
reluctant to continue spending the same
amounts of money for the same volume of alcohol they
consumed at a much younger age due to not wanting
to experience the hangover the following morning. Are you
recalling where this can be applied in your own life
experiences? For instance, how have consequences, or lack of
consequences, sometimes motivated our
actions?
Expectancy Theory
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory involves a person’s perceived
value of a possible outcome and how they modify
their behavior to respond one way over another based upon the
expected results (Robbins & Judge, 2019).
For instance, one may believe if they do something at work or
behave in a certain way at work that this may
lead to a raise or a certification. The phrase dress for success
comes into mind. If the individual values the
outcome, he or she is more likely to behave in a manner that
would lead to the anticipated outcome.
Additional Theories
There are many more theories relating to motivation than the
few introduced in this unit lesson. Other early
theories included in this unit’s assigned reading include
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and McClelland’s
Theory of Needs. As the evolution continues, more
contemporary theories are also introduced. These more
contemporary theories include the self-determination theory,
cognitive evaluation theory, self-concordance,
goal-setting theory, self-efficacy theory, social-learning theory,
and more. While each theory is unique in its
own right, they are all still somewhat related. With a focus on

12. motivation, they are not mutually exclusive.
Implications for Managers
So, why would managers want employees to be motivated?
There are several reasons. The importance of
this cannot be ignored. Managers must motivate people to join
an organization, remain employed within the
organization, come to work regularly, perform as expected,
meet or exceed customer satisfaction, and exhibit
good citizenship. When employees are motivated, the benefits
can be seen through increased productivity,
lower turnover, and greater overall performance.
Conclusion
Given the multitude of influences one’s motivation can have on
the world around them and the significant
benefits for the organizations that they work with, it is
imperative for all managers to be cognizant of many
theories around this subject that can be used to influence others
with whom he or she interacts within the
workplace. The benefits are too great to be ignored.
References
Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2009). Management: M start
here. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Delaney, M., & Royal, M. (2017). Breaking engagement apart:
The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in
engagement strategies. Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, 10(1), 127–140. Retrieved from

13. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://s
earch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=edo&AN=ejs41586287&site=eds-live&scope=site
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019). Organizational behavior
(18th ed.). New York: NY Pearson.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://s
earch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=ejs4
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1586287&site=eds-live&scope=site
DBA 7420, Organizational Behavior and Comparative
Management 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Learning Activities (Nongraded)
Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in
their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further
guidance and information.

14. When designing jobs that motivate, it is helpful to distinguish
between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic
motivation occurs when we do something that we want to do
simply because we enjoy that activity. We gain a
sense of personal satisfaction from doing it. As an example,
gardening is something that many people do for
the pure enjoyment of it. On the other hand, extrinsic
motivation leads us to do certain things or exhibit certain
behaviors because of an expectation of receiving some sort of
reward or avoiding some sort of punishment.
For instance, completing the assigned reading and all graded
activities each unit because you want to get a
good grade is an example of extrinsic motivation.
Make a list of three personal or professional goals. Next, write
one or two intrinsic or extrinsic motivations for
each of the goals you identified.