اشکالزدايي يک مرحله مهم از چرخه توليد نرم افزار است و برنامه نويسان کسر زيادي از وقتشان را صرف اين مرحله مي کنند. هدف، ارايه راه کاري براي تعيين خودکار محدوده خطا هاي پنهان در متن برنامه ها مي-باشد. ميتوان محدوده علت خطا را براساس مقايسه و تحليل مسيرهاي اجرايي صحيح و غلط بدست آورد. براساس شباهت مسيرهاي اجرايي مي توان آنها را دسته بندي نمود. جهت بدست آوردن شباهت مسيرها، مدل هاي n-گرام اجراها را بدست آورده و سپس با استفاده از آنتروپي متقاطع شباهت بين اين مدل ها را محاسبه ميکنيم. براي بدست آوردن مدلهاي n-گرام که در دسته مدل هاي مارکوف قرار ميگيرند احتمالات MLE توسط شمارش کلمات يا به عبارتي n-گرام ها محاسبه ميشوند. سپس با تحليل هر دسته، به کمک آنتروپي متقاطع، يک سري مکان هاي مشکوک به خطا شناسايي ميشوند و در نهايت با استفاده از روش پيشنهادي براي رأي اکثريت بين دسته ها، مکان هاي مشکوک به خطا به صورت بخش هايي از يک زير مسير به برنامه نويس معرفي مي شود. راه کار ارائه شده در اين پايان نامه، با دقت بالا مکان خطا را نشان مي دهد و نتايج بدست آمده از اِعمال اين راه کار به مجموعه محک زيمنس، گوياي آن مي باشد.
اشکالزدايي يک مرحله مهم از چرخه توليد نرم افزار است و برنامه نويسان کسر زيادي از وقتشان را صرف اين مرحله مي کنند. هدف، ارايه راه کاري براي تعيين خودکار محدوده خطا هاي پنهان در متن برنامه ها مي-باشد. ميتوان محدوده علت خطا را براساس مقايسه و تحليل مسيرهاي اجرايي صحيح و غلط بدست آورد. براساس شباهت مسيرهاي اجرايي مي توان آنها را دسته بندي نمود. جهت بدست آوردن شباهت مسيرها، مدل هاي n-گرام اجراها را بدست آورده و سپس با استفاده از آنتروپي متقاطع شباهت بين اين مدل ها را محاسبه ميکنيم. براي بدست آوردن مدلهاي n-گرام که در دسته مدل هاي مارکوف قرار ميگيرند احتمالات MLE توسط شمارش کلمات يا به عبارتي n-گرام ها محاسبه ميشوند. سپس با تحليل هر دسته، به کمک آنتروپي متقاطع، يک سري مکان هاي مشکوک به خطا شناسايي ميشوند و در نهايت با استفاده از روش پيشنهادي براي رأي اکثريت بين دسته ها، مکان هاي مشکوک به خطا به صورت بخش هايي از يک زير مسير به برنامه نويس معرفي مي شود. راه کار ارائه شده در اين پايان نامه، با دقت بالا مکان خطا را نشان مي دهد و نتايج بدست آمده از اِعمال اين راه کار به مجموعه محک زيمنس، گوياي آن مي باشد.
This document consists of some important practice questions for ICSE Class X Exams from the section of find the output. It is also supplemented with past years question papers
This document consists of some important practice questions for ICSE Class X Exams from the section of find the output. It is also supplemented with past years question papers
PROGRAMS ON GRAPHICS BASED ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE C & CPP (C++) . DOC CONSIST 8 PRACTICALS .
EACH PRACTICAL CONSIST MIN OF 2 QUESTION ALONG WITH SOLUTION i.e CODES
EG: MOVING FISH , MOVING CAR, STAR, GENERATION OF STARS,HOUSE,FLAG,ICE CREAM CONE,SMILEY FACE GENERATION OF BUBBLES , CONCENTRIC CIRCLES,DDA LINE ALGORITHM ,Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm,MIDPOINT CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM,Bresenham’x circle drawing algorithm,TRANSLATE A POLYGON, REFLECT A POLYGON , TRANSLATE A CIRCLE , To scale a polygon about a reference point,ROTATE A POLYGON, Cohen sutherland line clipping algorithm,TEXT CLIPPING, Character Generation,FLYING KITE
We have selected to write a program to create a shop billing program which will allow user to input item details such as name, price, quantity, vat etc . And allow further entry of details by user to calculate the total cost. The Last Output will be shown as a bill. You Can see your previous purchases etc.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
8. if(board[1] * board[i+5] * board[i+7]==check_val)
{
if(board[3]==2)
return 3;
if(board[i+5]==2)
return i+5;
if(board[i+7]==2)
return i+7;
}
return 0;
}
i n t g o ( i n t n )
{
i f ( t u r n % 2 )
b o a r d [ n ] = 3 ;
e l s e
b o a r d [ n ] = 5 ;
t u r n + + ;
}
i n t p l a y e r _ f i r s t ( )
{
i n t p o s ;
c h e c k _ d r a w ( ) ;
d r a w _ b o a r d ( ) ;
g o t o x y ( 3 0 , 1 8 ) ;
p r i n t f ( " Yo u r Tu r n : > " ) ;
s c a n f ( " % d " , & p o s ) ;
9. i f ( b o a r d [ p o s ] ! = 2 )
p l a y e r _ f i r s t ( ) ;
i f ( p o s = = p o s s w i n ( p l a y e r ) )
{
g o ( p o s ) ;
d r a w _ b o a r d ( ) ;
g o t o x y ( 3 0 , 2 0 ) ;
p r i n t f ( " P l a y e r W i n s " ) ;
g e t c h ( ) ;
e x i t ( 0 ) ;
}
g o ( p o s ) ;
d r a w _ b o a r d ( ) ;
s t a r t _ g a m e ( ) ;
}
i n t s t a r t _ g a m e ( )
{
i f ( p o s s w i n ( c o m p ) )
{
g o ( p o s s w i n ( c o m p ) ) ;
f l a g = 1 ;
}
e l s e i f ( p o s s w i n ( p l a y e r ) )
g o ( p o s s w i n ( p l a y e r ) ) ;
e l s e i f ( m a k e 2 ( ) )
g o ( m a k e 2 ( ) ) ;
e l s e
g o ( m a k e 4 ( ) ) ;
d r a w _ b o a r d ( ) ;