Rationality and christianity
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This document discusses whether Christianity can be considered rational. It examines various criteria for rationality, such as consistency with evidence and lack of contradictions. The document analyzes several ways Christianity may fail these criteria, such as contradicting scientific evidence, containing contradictory theological concepts, and failures to deliver promised results. It also discusses the concept of bounded rationality, where beliefs are rational within a closed system of thinking but may not withstand outside scrutiny. The document concludes that while Christians can be boundedly rational, Christianity itself cannot be proven rational to those outside the faith.
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Christian identifications
Here's a Venn diagram I created to try to depict the differences and overlaps in various Christian identifications. We sometimes confuse terms or assume one identity excludes someone from another.
A few extra notes that aren’t in the slides:
1 - I did this in part because some people get justifiably frustrated when people assume their identification with one group excludes them from, or equates them with, another. We should listen more carefully and ask more questions before assuming someone's identification with x means they are (or aren’t) y.
2 - I make no claims to having drawn these in perfect proportion. That's beyond what I can accomplish here. Only trying to identify the potential overlaps.
3 - I don't know that we have a unanimous agreement about the definition of any of these groups. I think those I have supplied at least reach a level of consensus in theology world.
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Atheism
This document discusses atheism and provides examples of prominent atheists such as Noam Chomsky, Karl Marx, and Richard Dawkins. It argues that atheism is foolish because without God, there is no meaning, purpose, or morality. It claims atheism leads to hopelessness, like the myth of Sisyphus eternally rolling a stone up a hill. The document suggests atheism is to blame for mass shootings and that atheists borrow from Judeo-Christian traditions while rejecting God. It encourages seeking God while there is still time.
Atheism
Atheism is defined as the absence of belief in deities. Atheists claim that matter is all that exists and natural occurrences can explain events seen as supernatural. While atheism originated as a Greek term, some of the first individuals to identify as atheists lived in the 18th century during the Enlightenment. Today, estimates show 200-240 million atheists worldwide, with the non-religious comprising around 9.6% of the global population. Atheists hold a variety of ethical stances ranging from moral universalism to nihilism.
Atheism
Hume rejected belief in God for two key reasons:
1) The problem of evil - If God is all-powerful and benevolent, he would not allow evil to exist.
2) Lack of empirical evidence - Arguments for God's existence are neither empirically verifiable nor logically conclusive. Philosophical arguments fail to prove God's existence with certainty.
Therefore, according to Hume's philosophical arguments, belief in God's existence cannot be rationally justified and is non-cognitive.
Agnosticism
Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term "agnosticism" to describe his religious views. As an agnostic, he believed that through human reason alone we cannot know for certain anything about God. Huxley argued that we can never know the ultimate origin or nature of the universe, as such speculation lies outside the limits of philosophical inquiry. Agnosticism differs from atheism in that agnosticism is an intellectual position about our ability to know a deity, while atheism is a behavioral position about assumptions made without certainty of a deity's existence.
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Christian identifications
Here's a Venn diagram I created to try to depict the differences and overlaps in various Christian identifications. We sometimes confuse terms or assume one identity excludes someone from another.
A few extra notes that aren’t in the slides:
1 - I did this in part because some people get justifiably frustrated when people assume their identification with one group excludes them from, or equates them with, another. We should listen more carefully and ask more questions before assuming someone's identification with x means they are (or aren’t) y.
2 - I make no claims to having drawn these in perfect proportion. That's beyond what I can accomplish here. Only trying to identify the potential overlaps.
3 - I don't know that we have a unanimous agreement about the definition of any of these groups. I think those I have supplied at least reach a level of consensus in theology world.
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This document discusses atheism and examines its truth claims. It argues that atheism requires faith since it cannot be proven that God does not exist. Atheists counter that God's existence is improbable, but the document notes that improbable things exist, like humanity. It also argues that atheism cannot meet the evidentiary standards for its serious truth claims. While some atheists cite science as disproving God, the document contends that science points to a creator and that scientism has moral failures. Ultimately, the document concludes that atheism relies on faith just like other worldviews.
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The document discusses the complex relationship between science and religion throughout history. It begins by outlining different perspectives on whether they are in conflict or can cooperate. It then provides examples of key historical figures like Augustine, Kepler, and Newton who integrated their scientific and religious beliefs. The document also discusses more conflictual periods like those involving Bruno, Draper, and Huxley. Overall, it traces the evolving relationship between science and religion from the past to modern debates around evolution, quantum mechanics, and different theological perspectives.
Atheism
This document discusses atheism and provides examples of prominent atheists such as Noam Chomsky, Karl Marx, and Richard Dawkins. It argues that atheism is foolish because without God, there is no meaning, purpose, or morality. It claims atheism leads to hopelessness, like the myth of Sisyphus eternally rolling a stone up a hill. The document suggests atheism is to blame for mass shootings and that atheists borrow from Judeo-Christian traditions while rejecting God. It encourages seeking God while there is still time.
Atheism
Atheism is defined as the absence of belief in deities. Atheists claim that matter is all that exists and natural occurrences can explain events seen as supernatural. While atheism originated as a Greek term, some of the first individuals to identify as atheists lived in the 18th century during the Enlightenment. Today, estimates show 200-240 million atheists worldwide, with the non-religious comprising around 9.6% of the global population. Atheists hold a variety of ethical stances ranging from moral universalism to nihilism.
Atheism
Hume rejected belief in God for two key reasons:
1) The problem of evil - If God is all-powerful and benevolent, he would not allow evil to exist.
2) Lack of empirical evidence - Arguments for God's existence are neither empirically verifiable nor logically conclusive. Philosophical arguments fail to prove God's existence with certainty.
Therefore, according to Hume's philosophical arguments, belief in God's existence cannot be rationally justified and is non-cognitive.
Agnosticism
Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term "agnosticism" to describe his religious views. As an agnostic, he believed that through human reason alone we cannot know for certain anything about God. Huxley argued that we can never know the ultimate origin or nature of the universe, as such speculation lies outside the limits of philosophical inquiry. Agnosticism differs from atheism in that agnosticism is an intellectual position about our ability to know a deity, while atheism is a behavioral position about assumptions made without certainty of a deity's existence.
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The document discusses different worldviews and their perspectives on the purpose of life. It analyzes the Judeo-Christian, polytheistic/pantheistic, monotheistic/deistic, humanist/atheistic, and Christian biblical worldviews. It explores how each worldview defines purpose and meaning in life. The Christian biblical worldview is highlighted as providing the most coherent answers to life's essential questions by establishing purpose and meaning through God's unconditional love and assurance of an eternal future.
Religion and ScienceBy Albert Einstein(The following article b.docx
Religion and Science
By Albert Einstein
(The following article by Albert Einstein appeared in the New York Times Magazine on
November 9, 1930 pp 1-4. It has been reprinted in Ideas and Opinions, Crown
Publishers, Inc. 1954, pp 36 - 40. It also appears in Einstein's book The World as I See
It, Philosophical Library, New York, 1949, pp. 24 - 28.)
Everything that the human race has done and thought is concerned with the satisfaction
of deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to keep this constantly in
mind if one wishes to understand spiritual movements and their development. Feeling
and longing are the motive force behind all human endeavor and human creation, in
however exalted a guise the latter may present themselves to us. Now what are the
feelings and needs that have led men to religious thought and belief in the widest sense
of the words? A little consideration will suffice to show us that the most varying
emotions preside over the birth of religious thought and experience. With primitive man
it is above all fear that evokes religious notions - fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness,
death. Since at this stage of existence understanding of causal connections is usually
poorly developed, the human mind creates illusory beings more or less analogous to
itself on whose wills and actions these fearful happenings depend. Thus one tries to
secure the favor of these beings by carrying out actions and offering sacrifices which,
according to the tradition handed down from generation to generation, propitiate them or
make them well disposed toward a mortal. In this sense I am speaking of a religion of
fear. This, though not created, is in an important degree stabilized by the formation of a
special priestly caste which sets itself up as a mediator between the people and the
beings they fear, and erects a hegemony on this basis. In many cases a leader or ruler or
a privileged class whose position rests on other factors combines priestly functions with
its secular authority in order to make the latter more secure; or the political rulers and the
priestly caste make common cause in their own interests.
The social impulses are another source of the crystallization of religion. Fathers and
mothers and the leaders of larger human communities are mortal and fallible. The desire
for guidance, love, and support prompts men to form the social or moral conception of
God. This is the God of Providence, who protects, disposes, rewards, and punishes; the
God who, according to the limits of the believer's outlook, loves and cherishes the life of
the tribe or of the human race, or even or life itself; the comforter in sorrow and
unsatisfied longing; he who preserves the souls of the dead. This is the social or moral
conception of God.
The Jewish scriptures admirably illustrate the development from the religion of fear to
moral religion, a development continued in the New Testament. The religions of all
civilized peoples, especially the peoples of the ...
The trinity review, a the trinity manifest
The document discusses the rise of irrationalism in the 20th century and the response of The Trinity Foundation. It makes the following key points:
1. Secular philosophers and theologians have largely abandoned the idea that true knowledge is possible for humans, leading to a culture of radical skepticism.
2. If true knowledge is not possible, then Christianity's core claims of divine revelation cannot be substantiated and the faith becomes nonsensical.
3. The Trinity Foundation was created to teach Christianity as a rational, intellectually defensible system by presenting the clear doctrines of Scripture and opposing irrationalism in theology.
4. The Foundation believes the contemporary church has failed in its duty to teach correct doctrine
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Religion and ScienceBy Albert Einstein(The following article b.docx
Religion and ScienceBy Albert Einstein(The following article b.docx
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Phylogenetic_method_religion.pdf
Institutional religion is one social coordination solution among many that evolved in large-scale societies exceeding kin relations. The document discusses using phylogenetic inference rather than adaptationism to understand the evolution of religion. It defines religion as social institutions that bind ethnically diverse groups and examines the behavioral foundations of religion in human dominance hierarchies, empathy, and cultural transmission.
Mercier_and_Sperber.pdf
Mercier and Sperber's argumentative theory of reasoning proposes that:
1) Reasoning evolved primarily for argumentation, not for personal inference or belief formation. It allows humans to construct arguments to convince others and evaluate arguments from others.
2) Reasoning is thus best seen as a communication faculty rather than a truth-seeking process. It helps increase the sharing of information between individuals.
3) Predictions of this theory include that people are biased in their reasoning to find arguments that support their own views, and reasoning in groups tends to be more effective than alone.
Philosophical_Origins_of_Essentialism_talk.pdf
The document discusses the concept of essentialism in biology and its history. It argues that the commonly held view that pre-Darwinian biologists were essentialists is incorrect, and that essentialism has never actually played a significant role in biology. The rise of the idea that essentialism dominated pre-Darwinian thought is traced to certain scientists in the mid-20th century seeking to emphasize Darwin's revolutionary ideas on species and evolution. This established view has persisted despite arguments that essentialism was not actually present in biological thought historically.
Philosophical_Origins_of_Essentialism_talk.ppt
This document discusses the concept of essentialism in biology and its history. It argues that the idea that pre-Darwinian biologists held an essentialist view that prohibited biological change is incorrect. While the term "essentialism" has been used in various ways, essentialism per se was not prevalent in biology and did not constrain early evolutionary thought. The document traces how the idea of an "Essentialism Story" arose in the mid-20th century and became cemented in scientific thought despite a lack of evidence. It examines different forms of essentialism and argues that some modern formulations are not inherently at odds with evolutionary biology.
How_Would_Darwin_Classify.pdf
This document outlines different styles of systematics and taxonomy that Darwin may have used if he was alive today. It discusses counterfactual history approaches and describes three main styles: phylogenetic systematics which uses character identity and homology; numerical taxonomy which uses character similarity; and evolutionary systematics which uses both homology and adaptation. The document analyzes the logical approaches of each style and the types of diagrams they generate, such as cladograms, phenograms, and phylograms. It also discusses Linnaean taxonomy and George Gaylord Simpson's concept of "adaptive zones".
The Good species
A talk based on my chapter in _Species Problems and Beyond_ (CRC Press, 2022) in which I argue that some concepts are neither model-based as Nercessian argues, nor theory-derived, but come from the operative traditions as they develop out of folk concepts.
History of Nature 5b Deep Time.pdf
This document discusses different theories around deep time and catastrophism in geology. It covers Baron Georges Cuvier's theory that catastrophic events caused extinction and were followed by new creations. It also discusses theories of uniformitarianism and debates around vulcanism versus neptunism. Other topics covered include early views of an old earth, the development of ideas around deep time, the Alvarez hypothesis of an asteroid impact causing the K-T extinction event, evidence for this like the Chicxulub crater and tektites, and debates around the role of the Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions.
History of Nature 4a Engineered Landscapes.pdf
This document discusses the history of engineered landscapes and how humans have shaped the natural world through agriculture, settlements, fire use, water management structures, and designed spaces like gardens and parks. It provides examples of early villages and fields near resources, Roman aqueducts, Australian Aboriginal "fire-stick farming" and eel traps, Bali's intricate irrigation systems and temples, 18th century geometric gardens in France and the English landscape garden style. The role of botanical gardens in conservation is also mentioned.
History of Nature 3a Voyages of Discovery.pdf
The document discusses the history of voyages of discovery from the 15th to 19th centuries. It describes how these voyages led to the rise of global trade in spices, the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the Old World and New World, the development of colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade. Key figures discussed include Darwin, Wallace and Merian, whose voyages contributed to the development of biology, ecology and the theory of evolution through natural selection.
History of Nature 9b Anthropocene.pdf
The document discusses the Anthropocene epoch from geological and environmental perspectives. It notes that the term "Anthropocene" has two uses: a general one among social scientists referring to human impacts on the planet, and a specific geological meaning referring to evidence of human activity that will be visible to future geologists. It explores potential dates for the beginning of the Anthropocene, from the extinction of megafauna to the Industrial Revolution. Evidence cited includes rising extinction rates, climate change, plastic pollution, and isotopes from nuclear testing preserved in sediments. The growth of plastic waste polluting oceans is highlighted as a defining feature of the Anthropocene.
History of Nature 10a Repairing Nature.pdf
This document discusses various topics related to repairing nature through restoration ecology, rewilding, and de-extinction. It explores definitions of key concepts like invasive species, examines debates around restoration goals and time periods, and questions whether resurrecting extinct species can truly restore ecological roles and functions. The document also raises issues regarding the ethics of large-scale technological interventions in nature through geoengineering and questions about balancing human and environmental rights when repairing ecosystems.
History of Nature 5a Measuring the World.pdf
This document discusses the history and development of natural history and related scientific disciplines around 1800. It focuses on the increasing emphasis on precision, quantification, and measurement in natural history during this time period. Key figures discussed include Alexander von Humboldt, who developed the idea of conducting portable laboratory science on explorations and made extensive measurements throughout his travels. The document also describes Humboldt's influence in developing techniques like using isolines on maps to relate different measurements and his role in inventing the modern concept of a unitary nature.
History of Nature 8b Human Nature.pdf
The document discusses several key issues around defining and understanding human nature from an evolutionary perspective:
- Evolutionary explanations of human behavior must avoid observer bias and projecting cultural norms as biological facts.
- It is important to distinguish whether explanations are addressing proximate mechanisms, ontogeny, phylogeny, or adaptive function using Tinbergen's framework.
- Not all traits are directly adaptive - some may be non-adaptive byproducts.
- Understanding human nature requires comparing humans to our nearest relatives like chimpanzees to identify universal ape traits versus uniquely human characteristics.
History of Nature 6a Darwinian Revn.pdf
This document provides an overview of Darwin and Wallace's seven main theories of evolution: 1) Evolution itself, 2) Common descent, 3) Struggle for existence, 4) Natural selection, 5) Sexual selection, 6) Biogeography, and 7) Pangenesis. It summarizes each theory concisely, highlighting Darwin and Wallace's key ideas about transmutation, shared ancestry, competition for survival, heritable advantageous variations, mate choice influences, regional distribution of species, and Darwin's failed theory of inheritance. The document traces the development of evolutionary thought leading up to and following Darwin's seminal work.
History of Nature 7a Invention Environmentalism2.pdf
This document provides an overview of the history of environmentalism and key related concepts. It discusses how the concept of wilderness evolved in Europe and was defined from a Eurocentric perspective. It also outlines the development of ecology as a field in the late 19th century with contributions from thinkers like Haeckel, Warming, and Elton. The document then discusses the state of the environment in the 19th century due to industrialization, as well as the establishment of the first national parks in the US to protect wilderness areas like Yosemite and Yellowstone. Influential figures like John Muir who advocated for conservation are also mentioned.
History of Nature 8a Human Nature 2.pdf
The document discusses theories of human nature from an evolutionary perspective. It covers topics like human evolution, nature versus nurture, morality, cooperation and competition, and theories of human origins. Regarding morality, it discusses perspectives that see morality as either imposed by an external force like God or society, or as having evolved through natural selection as a way to regulate cooperation within social groups. It also summarizes ideas from thinkers like Darwin, Kropotkin, and Trivers about how sympathy, mutual aid, and reciprocal altruism could have evolved and helped humans to survive and thrive through cooperation.
History of Nature 21 2b Sacred Nature.pdf
This document discusses various examples of sacred nature throughout history. It mentions sacred groves and trees from ancient Greece and Hindu traditions. It also describes the Norse concept of the world tree Yggdrasil. Several passages provide perspectives on the importance of preserving forests, including quotes from John Muir advocating to stop the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley. The document concludes by describing modern church forests in Ethiopia that have been preserved for religious and cultural significance.
History of Nature 10b Houston we have a problem.pdf
This document discusses various approaches to addressing climate change, including geoengineering techniques that aim to control the climate but face many risks and problems. It notes that rising carbon dioxide levels have led to an uncontrolled experiment with the Earth's climate. While a low-carbon future could help mitigate global warming, current trajectories suggest business as usual. The document raises whether a large-scale coordinated effort like the post-WWII Marshall Plan could help finance solutions to environmental problems globally.
History of Nature 9a Anthropocene.pdf
The document discusses the concept of nature and the environment from several perspectives:
1) It explores the history of conservation biology and key thinkers like Aldo Leopold.
2) It examines concepts like ecosystems, novel ecosystems, and urban landscapes in the context of increasing human intervention in nature.
3) It outlines philosophies of nature like deep ecology and their focus on intrinsic value versus human interests.
4) It references the emerging idea of the Anthropocene epoch and the significant impact that human activity now has on the planet.
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This document discusses the metaphor of the Earth as a spaceship and how thinkers throughout history have used this metaphor. It mentions that the idea of spaceship Earth was discussed as early as 1879 by Henry George in his book Progress and Poverty. Later thinkers like George Orwell and Adlai Stevenson also invoked the metaphor. The document then discusses how systems theory views the Earth's ecosystems, economies, and human systems as interconnected complex networks and emphasizes the need to understand them as such in order to ensure the sustainability and resilience of the whole system.
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Rationality and christianity
- 1. Is Christianity Rational?Is Christianity Rational? from a philosophical standpoint John S. Wilkins
- 2. What does it mean to beWhat does it mean to be rational?rational? Doesn’t mean correct – a rational decision can be false if one starts from the wrong premises Doesn’t mean agrees with anyone, such as scientists Doesn’t mean considers all the evidence, for then nobody would be rational It means, roughly, to make the right choice with the best available evidence in a reasonable amount of time
- 3. How could Christianity beHow could Christianity be rational?rational? If it was consistent with all the evidence we have If it had no contradictions in its basic tenets If it provided a way to continue that consistently worked out In a limited, or bounded, sense, if it is the best epistemic bet one can make given one’s environment and resources
- 4. EvidenceEvidence Lack of evidence for Christianity (failed prophecies, obvious interpolations in sacred texts, etc.) Contradicts evidence we do have (e.g., literalism and science) Is question begging about evidence (finds awareness of sinfulness in societies where it really didn’t exist) Often uses false “evidence” (e.g., McDowell, archeology)
- 5. ContradictionsContradictions Is God one or three? Is God good or powerful? Epicurus’ objection Is God visible or not? Is God moved to anger or not? Why do we need to believe, if God has done the sacrificial work? Soteriology in particular seems self contradictory - saved by God from God himself?
- 6. Success Failure of miracles (why no regrown limbs?) Failure of self-help (mentally disabled) Failure, for a substantial proportion, of belief states Failure of exorcisms Failure of providence (the flowers in the field fallacy) Failure of Christian society (Albigensians to Fred Phelps)
- 7. Bounded rationalityBounded rationality One has to make a decision before the leopard leaps One never has perfect information So we follow rules (heuristics) like “Imitate the best” This means we emulate our peers and authorities (because they are not dead yet, and we don’t want to be) Is this a pathway to truth?
- 8. Bounded rationalityBounded rationality No, it’s not. At best it’s a pathway to what works well enough in a given context (like suburban Western democratic society in peacetime) When we have to make a choice, it pays to be sure we are exposed to the right conditions Science education, for example… So while Christians can be boundedly rational, that doesn’t make Christianity a rational religion
- 9. The hermeneutic circleThe hermeneutic circle It is often true that a religion appears rational to its adherents when it looks irrational to those outside This is because adherents hold ideas that force the religion to be rational to them (e.g., taking the scriptures as God’s word) which do not seem so to nonbelievers This is the hermeneutic circle – a kind of rational bubble that when pricked, cannot be reconstituted
- 10. Hence...Hence... “When two principles really do meet which cannot be reconciled, then each man calls the other a fool and a heretic” – Ludwig Wittgenstein, On Certainty §611 But that doesn’t put every worldview on an equal footing (consider a schizophrenic worldview) What we basically must do is have evidence, or else we are just making up stories
- 11. Do I want Christians toDo I want Christians to apostasise?apostasise? No I don’t. But don’t think what you find compelling is going to compel anyone else, and especially do not make it something everyone must agree to [The Secular Imperative] And when religion and science conflict, so much the worse for religion – belief must give way to knowledge, not vice versa [Knowledge cannot be undercut by faith]
- 14. EPICURUS’s old questions are yet unanswered. Is he willing to prevent evil, but not able? then is he impotent. Is he able, but not willing? then is he malevolent. Is he both able and willing? whence then is evil? David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, §10 Back