Rastafarianism developed in 1920s-30s Jamaica as a response to poverty, racism, and oppression. It was founded on the teachings of Marcus Garvey who advocated black pride and a return to Africa. Rastafarians worship Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia, as God incarnate. They use marijuana sacramentally and follow traditions including dreadlocks, the colors red, gold, and green, and nyabinghi drumming ceremonies. The movement was established by Leonard Howell, Archibald Dunkley, and Joseph Hibbert in the hills of St. Thomas, Jamaica in the early 1930s.