The Rastafari movement began in Jamaica in the 1930s based on the teachings of Marcus Garvey who predicted a black king would be crowned in Africa. In 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name Haile Selassie. Rastafarians regarded Selassie as the messiah and divine king. The movement grew in Jamaica, adopting beliefs like Ital living, the use of marijuana, and wearing dreadlocks. Major figures and events include Selassie's 1966 visit to Jamaica and his overthrow in 1974.
Rastafarianism developed in 1920s-30s Jamaica as a response to poverty, racism, and oppression. It was founded on the teachings of Marcus Garvey who advocated black pride and a return to Africa. Rastafarians worship Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia, as God incarnate. They use marijuana sacramentally and follow traditions including dreadlocks, the colors red, gold, and green, and nyabinghi drumming ceremonies. The movement was established by Leonard Howell, Archibald Dunkley, and Joseph Hibbert in the hills of St. Thomas, Jamaica in the early 1930s.
Aqui dejo un powerpoint, un resumen del blog pero en inglés, así podemos aprender también a decir ciertas palabras en uno de los idiomas más hablados del mundo.
The Baha'i faith was founded in 19th century Iran by the Bab and Baha'u'llah. The Bab proclaimed himself as a prophet and interpreter of the Quran, which angered Iranian authorities and Shiite leaders, leading to his execution. Baha'u'llah spread the Bab's teachings, which formed the basis of the Baha'i faith. Baha'is believe in one God who is transcendent and unknowable, but is revealed through major prophets of world religions. Humans have both a spiritual and physical nature, and the purpose of life and prophets is to guide people towards spiritual development and away from animal instincts. The soul is the essence of identity and develops through
The document provides an overview of the Rastafari movement, including its origins in Jamaica in the 1920s-1930s, key figures like Marcus Garvey and Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, central beliefs such as Selassie's divinity, and practices including the ritual use of marijuana and wearing dreadlocks. It discusses Rastafari scriptures, concepts of Babylon and Zion, and the movement's history, beliefs, and practices in under 3 sentences.
The document provides background information on various groups, organizations, families and individuals that have significant economic and/or political influence globally or in certain regions/countries. It mentions industrial conglomerates, private financial groups, secret societies at Yale University, international organizations, think tanks, private clubs, and prominent families primarily based in Europe, Russia, Japan, and the United States. The header indicates the information is from an August 2003 CIA Factbook, and is intended as a high-level overview and guideline rather than definitive classifications of countries and legal systems.
This document provides an overview of Marcus Garvey's life and accomplishments. It discusses his childhood in Jamaica, his move to the United States where he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and his Back to Africa movement advocating for black empowerment and black nationalism. It also describes the Black Star Line shipping company he created to facilitate transportation for African Americans back to Africa, which ultimately went bankrupt contributing to his decline. The document concludes with some tributes given to Garvey for his work advocating for black rights and empowerment.
The Jewish culture originated in Israel and has a long history dating back to Abraham. Key aspects of Jewish culture include the Hebrew language, kosher dietary laws, observance of the Sabbath on Saturday, and celebrating holidays such as Passover and Hanukkah. Traditions such as bar and bat mitzvah, marriage rituals, dietary restrictions, medical practices, and funerary rites are important in Jewish culture and have religious significance. The Jewish population has faced significant hardships including exile and the Holocaust but has maintained a strong cultural identity while spreading around the world.
The Rastafari movement began in Jamaica in the 1930s based on the teachings of Marcus Garvey who predicted a black king would be crowned in Africa. In 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name Haile Selassie. Rastafarians regarded Selassie as the messiah and divine king. The movement grew in Jamaica, adopting beliefs like Ital living, the use of marijuana, and wearing dreadlocks. Major figures and events include Selassie's 1966 visit to Jamaica and his overthrow in 1974.
Rastafarianism developed in 1920s-30s Jamaica as a response to poverty, racism, and oppression. It was founded on the teachings of Marcus Garvey who advocated black pride and a return to Africa. Rastafarians worship Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia, as God incarnate. They use marijuana sacramentally and follow traditions including dreadlocks, the colors red, gold, and green, and nyabinghi drumming ceremonies. The movement was established by Leonard Howell, Archibald Dunkley, and Joseph Hibbert in the hills of St. Thomas, Jamaica in the early 1930s.
Aqui dejo un powerpoint, un resumen del blog pero en inglés, así podemos aprender también a decir ciertas palabras en uno de los idiomas más hablados del mundo.
The Baha'i faith was founded in 19th century Iran by the Bab and Baha'u'llah. The Bab proclaimed himself as a prophet and interpreter of the Quran, which angered Iranian authorities and Shiite leaders, leading to his execution. Baha'u'llah spread the Bab's teachings, which formed the basis of the Baha'i faith. Baha'is believe in one God who is transcendent and unknowable, but is revealed through major prophets of world religions. Humans have both a spiritual and physical nature, and the purpose of life and prophets is to guide people towards spiritual development and away from animal instincts. The soul is the essence of identity and develops through
The document provides an overview of the Rastafari movement, including its origins in Jamaica in the 1920s-1930s, key figures like Marcus Garvey and Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, central beliefs such as Selassie's divinity, and practices including the ritual use of marijuana and wearing dreadlocks. It discusses Rastafari scriptures, concepts of Babylon and Zion, and the movement's history, beliefs, and practices in under 3 sentences.
The document provides background information on various groups, organizations, families and individuals that have significant economic and/or political influence globally or in certain regions/countries. It mentions industrial conglomerates, private financial groups, secret societies at Yale University, international organizations, think tanks, private clubs, and prominent families primarily based in Europe, Russia, Japan, and the United States. The header indicates the information is from an August 2003 CIA Factbook, and is intended as a high-level overview and guideline rather than definitive classifications of countries and legal systems.
This document provides an overview of Marcus Garvey's life and accomplishments. It discusses his childhood in Jamaica, his move to the United States where he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and his Back to Africa movement advocating for black empowerment and black nationalism. It also describes the Black Star Line shipping company he created to facilitate transportation for African Americans back to Africa, which ultimately went bankrupt contributing to his decline. The document concludes with some tributes given to Garvey for his work advocating for black rights and empowerment.
The Jewish culture originated in Israel and has a long history dating back to Abraham. Key aspects of Jewish culture include the Hebrew language, kosher dietary laws, observance of the Sabbath on Saturday, and celebrating holidays such as Passover and Hanukkah. Traditions such as bar and bat mitzvah, marriage rituals, dietary restrictions, medical practices, and funerary rites are important in Jewish culture and have religious significance. The Jewish population has faced significant hardships including exile and the Holocaust but has maintained a strong cultural identity while spreading around the world.
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by L.Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), starting in 1952, as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics
The document provides an introduction to some key concepts in Islam, including definitions, spiritual motivations, pillars of faith and worship. It defines Islam as submission to God and explains the meanings of Muslim. It outlines three spiritual motivations (love of God, desire for paradise, fear of punishment). It discusses the six pillars of faith (belief in God, angels, scriptures, prophets, Day of Judgment, God's decisions) and five pillars of worship (declaration of faith, prayer, fasting Ramadan, charity, pilgrimage to Mecca).
The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of Judaism. It discusses how the location of Israel contributed to trade but also made it a battleground. It outlines some of the key figures and events in early Judaism, including Abraham establishing the faith, Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt, receiving the Ten Commandments, and their conquest of Canaan under Joshua. The document also mentions important later figures like judges, prophets, and kings Saul, David, and Solomon who built the first temple.
Judaism originated in the Middle East approximately 3,500 years ago. To be considered Jewish, one must be born to a Jewish mother or undergo conversion. There are around 13 million Jewish followers worldwide who adhere to teachings from the Torah and other holy books. Some key beliefs include monotheism, following God's commandments, and bringing holiness to the world through one's actions. Important traditions include observing Shabbat and celebrating rites of passage like bar mitzvahs.
This document discusses the origins and symbols of Islam and their connections to Catholicism. It claims that Islam and Catholicism share some of the same occult symbols like the crescent moon and star, and that these symbols originated from earlier pagan religions worshipping figures like Baal and Isis. It suggests that an inner occult circle may have influenced the origins and practices of both religions, and that Rome was a historical seat of this occult knowledge before Islam existed. The document provides several pictures of religious symbols and structures to support these claims.
Zoroastrianism was a classical Persian belief system founded by Zoroaster, who preached a message of moral reform during an age of materialism. The religion's primary sacred text is the Avesta, which includes hymns and prayers written by Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism believes in monotheism and supremacy of the wise lord Ahura Mazda over all other gods. It also believes in dualism where the universe and human soul are a battlefield between Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit Angra Mainyu, and humans must choose which side they support. The religion influenced concepts in later faiths such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The document summarizes the creation stories and key figures from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It describes how all three Abrahamic religions share the same creation story of God creating the world over 7 days. It then discusses Adam and Eve living in the Garden of Eden until eating the forbidden fruit, Noah and the great flood, Jesus and his teachings and death, the spread of Christianity and conflicts with Rome and the Islamic world, and Martin Luther sparking the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 theses criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church.
The document provides background information on Christianity, including key beliefs, writings, worship practices, religious leaders, ceremonies, symbols, and festivals. It discusses that Christians believe in one God manifested in three forms - God the Father, Jesus Christ his son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is believed to have been born to Mary, performed miracles, and was crucified and resurrected, offering salvation. The Bible contains the Old and New Testaments and guides Christians. Worship occurs in churches and involves prayers, music, and communion. Important ceremonies include baptism, confirmation, weddings, and funerals.
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
2.21.23 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) promoted black nationalism and racial separatism beginning in the 1930s. Led by Elijah Muhammad, the NOI emphasized economic self-sufficiency, cultural pride, and moral propriety as keys to black liberation. It established businesses and temples that gave the NOI great influence in urban black communities. The NOI's message of racial pride and its focus on incarcerated black men made it appealing. Through the NOI, black nationalism became an important strategy within the broader black freedom struggle.
Judaism originated over 3,500 years ago with Abraham, who is considered the first Patriarch. The Jewish people trace their lineage to Abraham's grandson Jacob. Traditionally, one is considered Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they have undergone a conversion ceremony. Core beliefs of Judaism include monotheism and adherence to the commandments in the Torah and oral traditions. Some key symbols and sites of Judaism include the Star of David, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, and synagogues where people gather to pray and study.
Christianity began in Judea, which was controlled by the Roman Empire. Jesus Christ was born in Judea and taught a new form of Judaism emphasizing God's love. He had twelve apostles as disciples. Some Jews believed Jesus was the messiah, but Roman authorities had him crucified. Christians believe Jesus resurrected three days later and forgave sins, allowing people to reach heaven. The apostles spread Christianity despite persecution, and it grew until becoming the Roman Empire's official religion under Constantine. Christianity then diversified into branches like Catholicism and Protestantism.
The document discusses the origins and beliefs of Kabbalah and its influence on the Knights Templar. It claims that Kabbalah originated from ancient Egyptian pagan beliefs and philosophies that were introduced to the Israelites. Some key points:
- Kabbalah incorporated concepts like a pluralistic view of God and the divinity of humans that contradicted Jewish monotheism and were similar to Egyptian paganism.
- The Knights Templar came into contact with Kabbalah while in Jerusalem and may have adopted some of its mystical doctrines. This could explain their later apostasy from Christianity.
- The document suggests Kabbalah, the Templars, and later Freemasonry maintained the suprem
Taoism is a spiritual philosophy that began in China around the same time as Confucius. It focuses on living in harmony with nature and the Tao, the natural order of the universe. Taoists believe that when humans disrupt the natural balance of yin and yang, it can lead to unrest. The core Taoist text is the Tao Te Ching, which recommends bending to life's problems rather than causing further disruption through aggression or ambition.
According to historians, Judaism began when Abraham made a divine covenant with God, making him the father of the Semitic religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Throughout history, followers of Judaism have been called Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews. The document then provides details on the major texts of Judaism including the Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim, Talmud, Mishnah, and an overview of the major denominations and practices of Judaism such as dietary laws and kosher practices.
The document provides an overview of basic facts about Islam, including its history, beliefs, practices, and key figures. It states that Islam is the third largest monotheistic faith, with over 1.2 billion adherents worldwide and growing. The document outlines the origins of Islam in Arabia in the 7th century CE with the prophet Muhammad receiving revelations from God. It also summarizes some of the major beliefs, practices like prayer and fasting, and important sites like mosques.
Hinduism developed slowly over time without a single founder. It is based on teachings found in the Vedas and Upanishads and concepts like karma, reincarnation, and moksha. Hindus believe that souls are reborn into different forms based on their karma from past lives, with the goal of achieving moksha and escaping this cycle. Other key beliefs and practices include worshipping gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, following a vegetarian diet, and the historical caste system which restricted social roles based on birth.
Islam began in the 600s AD when the angel Gabriel revealed the Quran to Muhammad near Mecca. Muslims believe Allah put the words of the Quran into Muhammad's head. Muhammad began preaching in Mecca, causing tension as it was a polytheistic city, forcing him to leave. By 624 AD, Muhammad slowly built an army and conquered Mecca by 629 AD, destroying all religious idols. After Muhammad's death, a power struggle emerged between Abu Bakr and Ali Talib over who would lead the Muslim community, dividing Islam into the Sunni and Shia sects that still exist today with ongoing geo-political issues.
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in the 7th century AD. It has five main beliefs: one God called Allah, judgment day, acceptance of prophets including Moses and Jesus, Muhammad as the final prophet, and the Quran as the holy book. The religion spread rapidly from the 7th century onward through conquest and trade, reaching as far as Spain, India, and Russia. Islam split into the Sunni and Shia sects in the 7th century due to disputes over religious leadership. Both made major cultural and scientific contributions to fields like architecture, medicine, mathematics, and geography.
The document discusses several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. It provides an overview of some key beliefs for each religion. For Christianity, it mentions beliefs about God and Jesus. For Hinduism, it outlines beliefs in Brahman and its aspects, the caste system, reincarnation, and nirvana. For Islam, it notes beliefs in one God and previous prophets, the five pillars of Islam, and that Islamic law covers many aspects of life. For Judaism, it discusses beliefs in one divinity, reward and punishment after death, and the three branches of Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism.
The document discusses the origins and philosophies of Rastafarianism. It began in Jamaica in the 1930s after the crowning of Haile Selassie I as Emperor of Ethiopia. Rastafarians saw this as the fulfillment of biblical prophecies and viewed Haile Selassie as the returned messiah. Key beliefs include the spiritual and racial superiority of black people, the use of cannabis, and dreadlocked hair. There are different branches with varying beliefs, such as the pacifist Nyahbinghi order and the more conservative Bobo Ashanti.
The RBG Quest for Black Power Reader a The RBG Quest for Black Power Reader: ...RBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and introduction to essays on the history of Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism. It discusses how the compilation aims to encourage critical thinking about these topics through both written and oral traditions. The essays will examine Black Nationalist philosophies and ideologies from different time periods, covering influential figures like Marcus Garvey, Elijah Muhammad, and Malcolm X. They will also discuss the origins and key principles of Black Nationalism, including black unity, self-determination, and the importance of Africa to the movement.
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by L.Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), starting in 1952, as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics
The document provides an introduction to some key concepts in Islam, including definitions, spiritual motivations, pillars of faith and worship. It defines Islam as submission to God and explains the meanings of Muslim. It outlines three spiritual motivations (love of God, desire for paradise, fear of punishment). It discusses the six pillars of faith (belief in God, angels, scriptures, prophets, Day of Judgment, God's decisions) and five pillars of worship (declaration of faith, prayer, fasting Ramadan, charity, pilgrimage to Mecca).
The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of Judaism. It discusses how the location of Israel contributed to trade but also made it a battleground. It outlines some of the key figures and events in early Judaism, including Abraham establishing the faith, Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt, receiving the Ten Commandments, and their conquest of Canaan under Joshua. The document also mentions important later figures like judges, prophets, and kings Saul, David, and Solomon who built the first temple.
Judaism originated in the Middle East approximately 3,500 years ago. To be considered Jewish, one must be born to a Jewish mother or undergo conversion. There are around 13 million Jewish followers worldwide who adhere to teachings from the Torah and other holy books. Some key beliefs include monotheism, following God's commandments, and bringing holiness to the world through one's actions. Important traditions include observing Shabbat and celebrating rites of passage like bar mitzvahs.
This document discusses the origins and symbols of Islam and their connections to Catholicism. It claims that Islam and Catholicism share some of the same occult symbols like the crescent moon and star, and that these symbols originated from earlier pagan religions worshipping figures like Baal and Isis. It suggests that an inner occult circle may have influenced the origins and practices of both religions, and that Rome was a historical seat of this occult knowledge before Islam existed. The document provides several pictures of religious symbols and structures to support these claims.
Zoroastrianism was a classical Persian belief system founded by Zoroaster, who preached a message of moral reform during an age of materialism. The religion's primary sacred text is the Avesta, which includes hymns and prayers written by Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism believes in monotheism and supremacy of the wise lord Ahura Mazda over all other gods. It also believes in dualism where the universe and human soul are a battlefield between Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit Angra Mainyu, and humans must choose which side they support. The religion influenced concepts in later faiths such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The document summarizes the creation stories and key figures from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It describes how all three Abrahamic religions share the same creation story of God creating the world over 7 days. It then discusses Adam and Eve living in the Garden of Eden until eating the forbidden fruit, Noah and the great flood, Jesus and his teachings and death, the spread of Christianity and conflicts with Rome and the Islamic world, and Martin Luther sparking the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 theses criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church.
The document provides background information on Christianity, including key beliefs, writings, worship practices, religious leaders, ceremonies, symbols, and festivals. It discusses that Christians believe in one God manifested in three forms - God the Father, Jesus Christ his son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is believed to have been born to Mary, performed miracles, and was crucified and resurrected, offering salvation. The Bible contains the Old and New Testaments and guides Christians. Worship occurs in churches and involves prayers, music, and communion. Important ceremonies include baptism, confirmation, weddings, and funerals.
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
2.21.23 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) promoted black nationalism and racial separatism beginning in the 1930s. Led by Elijah Muhammad, the NOI emphasized economic self-sufficiency, cultural pride, and moral propriety as keys to black liberation. It established businesses and temples that gave the NOI great influence in urban black communities. The NOI's message of racial pride and its focus on incarcerated black men made it appealing. Through the NOI, black nationalism became an important strategy within the broader black freedom struggle.
Judaism originated over 3,500 years ago with Abraham, who is considered the first Patriarch. The Jewish people trace their lineage to Abraham's grandson Jacob. Traditionally, one is considered Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they have undergone a conversion ceremony. Core beliefs of Judaism include monotheism and adherence to the commandments in the Torah and oral traditions. Some key symbols and sites of Judaism include the Star of David, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, and synagogues where people gather to pray and study.
Christianity began in Judea, which was controlled by the Roman Empire. Jesus Christ was born in Judea and taught a new form of Judaism emphasizing God's love. He had twelve apostles as disciples. Some Jews believed Jesus was the messiah, but Roman authorities had him crucified. Christians believe Jesus resurrected three days later and forgave sins, allowing people to reach heaven. The apostles spread Christianity despite persecution, and it grew until becoming the Roman Empire's official religion under Constantine. Christianity then diversified into branches like Catholicism and Protestantism.
The document discusses the origins and beliefs of Kabbalah and its influence on the Knights Templar. It claims that Kabbalah originated from ancient Egyptian pagan beliefs and philosophies that were introduced to the Israelites. Some key points:
- Kabbalah incorporated concepts like a pluralistic view of God and the divinity of humans that contradicted Jewish monotheism and were similar to Egyptian paganism.
- The Knights Templar came into contact with Kabbalah while in Jerusalem and may have adopted some of its mystical doctrines. This could explain their later apostasy from Christianity.
- The document suggests Kabbalah, the Templars, and later Freemasonry maintained the suprem
Taoism is a spiritual philosophy that began in China around the same time as Confucius. It focuses on living in harmony with nature and the Tao, the natural order of the universe. Taoists believe that when humans disrupt the natural balance of yin and yang, it can lead to unrest. The core Taoist text is the Tao Te Ching, which recommends bending to life's problems rather than causing further disruption through aggression or ambition.
According to historians, Judaism began when Abraham made a divine covenant with God, making him the father of the Semitic religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Throughout history, followers of Judaism have been called Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews. The document then provides details on the major texts of Judaism including the Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim, Talmud, Mishnah, and an overview of the major denominations and practices of Judaism such as dietary laws and kosher practices.
The document provides an overview of basic facts about Islam, including its history, beliefs, practices, and key figures. It states that Islam is the third largest monotheistic faith, with over 1.2 billion adherents worldwide and growing. The document outlines the origins of Islam in Arabia in the 7th century CE with the prophet Muhammad receiving revelations from God. It also summarizes some of the major beliefs, practices like prayer and fasting, and important sites like mosques.
Hinduism developed slowly over time without a single founder. It is based on teachings found in the Vedas and Upanishads and concepts like karma, reincarnation, and moksha. Hindus believe that souls are reborn into different forms based on their karma from past lives, with the goal of achieving moksha and escaping this cycle. Other key beliefs and practices include worshipping gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, following a vegetarian diet, and the historical caste system which restricted social roles based on birth.
Islam began in the 600s AD when the angel Gabriel revealed the Quran to Muhammad near Mecca. Muslims believe Allah put the words of the Quran into Muhammad's head. Muhammad began preaching in Mecca, causing tension as it was a polytheistic city, forcing him to leave. By 624 AD, Muhammad slowly built an army and conquered Mecca by 629 AD, destroying all religious idols. After Muhammad's death, a power struggle emerged between Abu Bakr and Ali Talib over who would lead the Muslim community, dividing Islam into the Sunni and Shia sects that still exist today with ongoing geo-political issues.
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in the 7th century AD. It has five main beliefs: one God called Allah, judgment day, acceptance of prophets including Moses and Jesus, Muhammad as the final prophet, and the Quran as the holy book. The religion spread rapidly from the 7th century onward through conquest and trade, reaching as far as Spain, India, and Russia. Islam split into the Sunni and Shia sects in the 7th century due to disputes over religious leadership. Both made major cultural and scientific contributions to fields like architecture, medicine, mathematics, and geography.
The document discusses several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. It provides an overview of some key beliefs for each religion. For Christianity, it mentions beliefs about God and Jesus. For Hinduism, it outlines beliefs in Brahman and its aspects, the caste system, reincarnation, and nirvana. For Islam, it notes beliefs in one God and previous prophets, the five pillars of Islam, and that Islamic law covers many aspects of life. For Judaism, it discusses beliefs in one divinity, reward and punishment after death, and the three branches of Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism.
The document discusses the origins and philosophies of Rastafarianism. It began in Jamaica in the 1930s after the crowning of Haile Selassie I as Emperor of Ethiopia. Rastafarians saw this as the fulfillment of biblical prophecies and viewed Haile Selassie as the returned messiah. Key beliefs include the spiritual and racial superiority of black people, the use of cannabis, and dreadlocked hair. There are different branches with varying beliefs, such as the pacifist Nyahbinghi order and the more conservative Bobo Ashanti.
The RBG Quest for Black Power Reader a The RBG Quest for Black Power Reader: ...RBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and introduction to essays on the history of Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism. It discusses how the compilation aims to encourage critical thinking about these topics through both written and oral traditions. The essays will examine Black Nationalist philosophies and ideologies from different time periods, covering influential figures like Marcus Garvey, Elijah Muhammad, and Malcolm X. They will also discuss the origins and key principles of Black Nationalism, including black unity, self-determination, and the importance of Africa to the movement.
The Rastafari religion developed in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1920s and 30s. In an environment of great poverty, depression, racism and class discrimination, the Rasta message of black pride, freedom from oppression, and the hope of return to the African homeland was gratefully received. Rastafari belief is has been heavily influenced by African tradition and culture as well as the Bible.
Rastafarianism is a social and religious movement that originated in Jamaica in the 1930s. It combines elements of Christianity with the idea that Haile Selassie I, the former Emperor of Ethiopia, is the messiah. Central beliefs include the idea that blacks will inherit the earth, Selassie is the living God, and white society is corrupt. Rastafarians wear dreadlocks and consume ital foods as part of their rituals and symbols include the colors red, black and green. Rastafarianism impacted the world through reggae music spreading its messages of social change and confronting racial prejudice, and helped people reflect on the importance of African heritage.
This document provides an overview of African traditional religions, including:
- They originated as early as 200,000 BCE and evolved orally over millennia, with many diverse beliefs among Africa's ethnic groups.
- Core beliefs include the existence of a Supreme Being, lesser deities, spirits of nature and ancestors, and divination. Myths explain cosmogony and cosmology.
- They have been influenced by the spread of Islam and Christianity over centuries, though elements of traditional beliefs remain integrated in African culture today.
The Rastafari movement originated in Jamaica in the 1930s in response to oppression faced by lower-class black people. It was influenced by Marcus Garvey's teachings of black nationalism and pan-Africanism. Rastafarians believe that Haile Selassie I, the former Emperor of Ethiopia, is the messiah that will lead people of African descent to freedom in Ethiopia, which they call Zion. They follow doctrines such as Afrocentrism, repatriation to Africa, and the spiritual use of cannabis. Rastafari has grown into a global movement spreading messages of pan-Africanism, anti-racism, and spiritual lifestyles through reggae music, dialects,
The document discusses West African religion and how it relates to rituals and music. Art and music in West Africa are related to religion as art symbolizes ancestors and spirits and is used in rituals. Music is also connected to religion through the use of instruments to create rhythms for dancing in religious ceremonies. The document contrasts Christianity, Islam, and indigenous religions in West Africa, explaining how Christianity and Islam arrived and were adopted in the region.
There are four major strains of thought in the universe of Black Nationalism. Those strains are Cultural Black Nationalism., Religious Black Nationalism, Political Black Nationalism, and Economic Black Nationalism. We will explore what has been described as the three periods of Black Nationalism. The first period was pre-classical African Nationalism or what has been called Pan-Negro Nationalism.
After the Revolutionary War the second period occurred which was characterized by a critical mass of Africans brought to New England and Pennsylvania by the European Colonizers. This period witnessed the development of the Free African Society, African Masonic Lodges and Black Churches. These institutions were founded and developed by individuals such as Prince Hall and Richard Allen. The Post-Reconstruction Era marked the third period of Black Nationalism which was associated with the flowering of a variety of African American clergy circles. This period ushered in what has been described as modern-day Black Nationalism. Indeed, the term “Black Nationalism” has been used in American History to describe a body of social thought, attitudes, and actions ranging from the simplest expressions of ethnocentrism and racial solidarity to the comprehensive and sophisticated ideologies of Pan-Negroism to Pan-Africanism.” We will trace the development of Black Nationalism through the thinking of people such as Richard Allen, Marcus Garvey, George Padmore, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad, Reverend Albert Cleage and the phenomenon know as Black Power.
Islam unified the tribes of Northern Africa and led to civilizations, society, power, science, and technology. For centuries, there were many schools and libraries across North Africa where advances in learning occurred. Islam then slowly began to spread to Central and Southern Africa. Today, religion in Africa has been a major influence, with most followers being Christian, Muslim, or practitioners of tribal religions and animism, though religious beliefs are sometimes blended with traditional practices.
The document discusses key concepts in Pan-Africanism and Rastafari. It explains that in Rastafari tradition, "Zion" refers to Africa as the Promised Land, while "Babylon" refers to the West, similar to how Israelites viewed the lands during the Exodus and Babylonian Exile. It provides background on the Pan-African movement and important figures like Marcus Garvey. It outlines core beliefs and terminology of Rastafari, including viewing Haile Selassie as the returned Jesus.
A presentation retracing the steps our ancestors took to discover all corners of the globe and reflecting on the consequences of the European 'age of discovery'
This document provides information about Portugal in 3 sections:
1. It outlines key facts and figures about Portugal such as its size, population, capital, government, GDP, economy, currency, and religion.
2. It summarizes Portugal's early history from pre-Roman times through independence from Spain in 1139 and acquiring its current borders in 1249 under King Henry the Navigator who spearheaded the Age of Discovery.
3. It describes Portugal's role in global exploration from the 15th century onwards, with explorers like Vasco da Gama reaching India by sea and establishing trading posts, and the Portuguese discoveries and colonies in Brazil, Africa, India, East Asia, and the effects of the Treaty of
The document provides background information on Malta and its history. It discusses how Stone Age farmers first arrived on Malta over 7,000 years ago and began constructing megalithic structures around 3,600 BC. It then outlines key periods of Maltese history, including rule by the Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, Normans, and the Knights of St. John, who were granted Malta by the king of Spain in 1530. The document also describes some of Malta's mysterious archaeological sites from the megalithic period, like the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, and unexplained phenomena found there like elongated skulls.
The document provides an overview of Jordan, including its history, government, and tourism industry. It discusses Jordan's location and borders. It then summarizes Jordan's history from prehistoric times through the Ottoman era to modern Jordan. It profiles the Hashemite royal family and their historical role. It also describes Jordan's tourism industry, highlighting popular destinations like Petra, Wadi Rum, and Aqaba. It provides background on the ancient Nabatean civilization that built Petra and their significance in the region.
The document provides an overview of marketing essentials for promoting and selling tourism destinations. It discusses key concepts in marketing including defining marketing, the AIDA curve of connecting products to consumers, marketing mix elements, and the importance of marketing messages and techniques. The document then focuses specifically on tourism destination marketing, outlining activities for awareness creation like advertising, publicity, and promotional materials as well as market creation through trade partnerships and familiarization trips. It stresses the importance of research, planning, implementation, and expected results of marketing activities in increasing destination awareness, interest, desire and ultimately action among target consumers.
This document appears to be a website for the Grand Lucayan resort in the Bahamas. It summarizes the room amenities including island, marina, or ocean view rooms; ocean view suites; and ocean front lanai suites. It notes the resort will have 198 spacious rooms, 7 dining options, and free WiFi when it opens in early 2016. It promotes the resort as a perfect destination for relaxing vacations and as a twin center location between the US/Canada and Nassau. It provides information on easy flights to the resort from the UK and US/Canada.
This document summarizes several luxury resort properties on Nassau and Paradise Island in the Bahamas. It provides information on the Sandals resort, including its 404 rooms across different categories, pools, restaurants and amenities. It also describes the Melia Nassau Beach resort with its 694 rooms and facilities, as well as several other high-end properties including the Atlantis resort with over 3,700 rooms and extensive amenities, and the exclusive One&Only Ocean Club resort. The document aims to promote these Bahamian resorts to potential visitors.
This document provides an overview of careers in the travel, hospitality, and tourism industries. It begins by defining the travel, hospitality, and tourism industries. It then discusses the history and growth of tourism globally. The document outlines the various industry fields and career possibilities within travel, hospitality, and tourism. It discusses desired qualifications and recognized learning institutions. Traits for success are also highlighted, along with some ups and downs of careers in this industry. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to pursuing careers within the large and growing travel, hospitality, and tourism sectors.
Calabash Cove Resort and Spa is a boutique resort located on a gently sloping beach on the northwest coast of St. Lucia. It has only 26 guest suites and is tucked away in its own secluded cove, offering spectacular sunsets. The resort is minutes away from Castries and Rodney Bay Village, and about 1 hour and 20 minutes from the airport by road or 20 minutes by helicopter transfer. It features 13 luxury oceanview suites, 4 contemporary luxury suites with in-room jacuzzis, and 9 Balinese-style cottages with plunge pools and jacuzzis, all ranging between 620 to 1,000 square feet. The resort also includes a spa and infinity edge
This document provides an overview of tourism in Brunei Darussalam. In 3 sentences:
Brunei aims to establish itself as a desirable Southeast Asian destination known for its pristine nature, authentic Malay culture and royal heritage. Current initiatives include marketing representation offices abroad and a strategic planning study to attract over 500,000 tourists annually by 2020 and contribute meaningfully to the economy. Challenges include limited tourism products and infrastructure as well as the need for improved human resources and greater global awareness of Brunei as a tourist destination.
Bellevue Plantation House is an 8-room colonial house located on a private 3-acre estate in Waterford, Barbados. It is surrounded by woods, lawns, and gardens and is ideal for weddings and events. The property is 20 minutes from the airport and 10 minutes from the beach, and offers a secluded yet convenient location for gatherings near local attractions.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
2. What is Rastafari? • A young world religion, seen by some as
just a new religious or social movement,
a cult or a sect with counterculture
elements
• Followers and practitioners see Rastafari
more as a way of life or philosophy than
as a formal religion
3. What is
Rastafari?
• Rastafari is an Afrocentric, monotheistic Abrahamic faith originating and evolving
in Jamaica from the 1930s onwards
• It is based on the Judeo – Christian belief in the god of Abraham, called Jah by
Rastas, and in the belief of the divine nature of Emperor Haile Selassie I of
Ethiopia
• It places importance on Old Testament prophecies and in the contents of the
Book of Revelations, with most practitioners following Jewish biblical laws and
prohibitions
4. What is
Rastafari?
• Rastafari is heavily influenced by African religious traditions, the politics of
Africanism and the struggles against colonialism, oppression and the injustices
that are a legacy of the slave trade and centuries of slavery
• Rastafari has emerged as well as a cultural phenomenon that resonates around
the world beyond its Jamaican and religious aspects
• It is estimated that there are around 1 million Rastafari practitioners around the
world, the majority in the Caribbean, but there may be many more who follow
some of the spiritual or way of life aspects of the philosophy
5. Rastafari
origins
• Originates in the 1930s among the disenfranchised poor of the slums of Kingston, Jamaica’s capital
• The nascent movement draws inspiration from preachers and thinkers with ‘back to Africa’ and Black
pride messages that resonate well with those who still live in great poverty and are oppressed and
exploited by lighter skinned Jamaican and colonial elites a century after the abolition of slavery
• One such influential thinker whose teachings provided the ideological foundation for the Rastafari
philosophy and movement was Jamaica born Pan-Africanist Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr, a prominent
Black activist in both the Caribbean and USA
• According to Rastafari lore, Marcus Garvey in his anti-colonial and pro-Africa speeches often
mentioned to ‘Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king’
• This was interpreted as prophecy by later Rastas, who consider Garvey as a second John the Baptist,
though Garvey himself never identified as a Rasta or had much to do with the movement
6. Rastafari
origins
• When in 1930 Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned
in Ethiopia as Emperor Haile Selassie I with the
titles ‘His Imperial Majesty the King of Kings of
Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah,
Elect of God’, this was seen by many in Jamaica
as fulfilment of Marcus Garvey’s ‘prophecy’ and of
what was foretold in the Book of Revelations and
other biblical passages
• The movement, further developed by preachers
such as Leonard Percival Howell who promoted
an Africanist inspired political spiritualism distinct
from European Christianity and who saw Haile
Selassie I as Jah incarnate and a messiah who will
liberate all Black people and bring them back to
Ethiopia, seen as Zion and Paradise of Earth,
slowly grew in numbers despite antagonism by
Jamaican elites and colonial authorities
• Crystallizing around the personality of Leonard
Howell, the movement adopted the pre-
coronation name of the Emperor, Ras Tafari
(loosely meaning ‘the Prince who is respected)
and started developing the philosophy, spiritual
tenets and way of life that will characterize
Rastafari, with many early practitioners following
Howell to his Pinnacle commune in Jamaica’s
countryside
7. Rasta
symbols
The Rastafari movement has adopted a number of symbols, most borrowed from Judeo-Christian and
Afro-Ethiopian traditions, that thanks to reggae’s and Bob Marley’s popularity, are recognizable the world
over by the public at large, having been commercialized
Rasta colours are adopted from the Ethiopian flag and that of Marcus Garvey’s Africanist organization. Green
represents nature and the vegetation of Africa and Jamaica, as well as hope for the eradication of oppression. Gold
represents the rich natural resources of Africa. Red represents the blood of the martyrs who died for the Rastafari
cause and in the fight against black oppression. Black represents the colour of the skin of Africans, the original humans
from whom we all descend
The Lion of Judah represents H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I as well as being a symbol of strength, kingship, pride and
African sovereignty
The Star of David indicates the lineage of Haile Selassie, believed to be a direct descendant of David through
Solomon’s and the Queen of Sheba’s son Menelik, Ethiopia’s first historical Emperor
The inverted triangle, or Seal of Solomon hand sign, often seen in photos of the Emperor,
supposedly represents the Trinity, but has many interpretations, some esoteric
8. Rasta talk
Rastas feel that they have been robbed of their native speech during the slave trade and consider English
as an imposed colonial language. In reaction, they have created an organic dialect of Jamaican patois
called Iyaric, Dread-talk, Livalect or I-talk that reflects their world view and rejects English words with
negative connotations or sounds, replacing them with more positive and uplifting words, as well as
creating a lexicon particular to the philosophy that has seen some words adopted beyond the Rasta
community, often due to reggae lyrics
Babylon is an important Rasta term that describes the negative aspects of Western society and its manifestations such
as colonialism, capitalism, materialism, greed and corruption, blaming it for the past Atlantic slave trade and its legacy
of suffering and poverty. The term also applies to agents of oppression such as police and soldiers and explains the
disdain for –ism terminology
Zion on the other hand is an idealized version of the biblical Zion, referring physically to the Ethiopia or Africa that
Rastas aspire to be repatriated to and considered to be Heaven on Earth, and metaphorically to a state of mind
accessible through Rastafari as a spiritual and cultural connection with African roots
9. Rasta talk
I and I (InI, I&I), a pronoun replacing ‘you’, ‘me’ and ‘we’ is an expression of the concept of oneness with Jah and
among people, as in ‘God is one and one is God’ meaning the divine is present in everyone, making the body a
temple to be taken care of, and the knowledge of Jah inherent and waiting to be awoken
Everliving, as opposed to everlasting, represents the belief that true Rastas are immortal, both physically and spiritually,
or through reincarnation, as they do not believe in the afterlife, but instead in Heaven on Earth
Irie, meaning ‘all right’. ‘great’ or ‘fine’, refers to anything that is good, peaceful vibrations and positive emotions or
feelings
Give ‘thanks and praises’ is the preferred way to say ‘thank you’
Downpression replaces ‘oppression’, because it keeps people down instead of lifting them up (op in patwa)
Overstanding or innerstanding is used instead of understanding, as under has a negative connotation
Bald head (Ball head) refers to a person who does not have dreadlocks
Polytricks is a Rasta term replacing ‘politics’, because so many politicians turn out to be more like tricksters
10. Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in St Ann’s
Bay in Jamaica
In his youth he travelled and worked in
Central America
He became conscious of the racism, social
injustice and injustice inflicted on Black
people by White society
After a time in the UK, he moved back to
Jamaica where he founded the Universal
Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), the
organization and work for which he is best
known
Rastafari ‘prophet’
- Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr
He then moved to the USA where he
organized branches of the UNIA in the USA
and many countries around the world
He started the inspirational but ultimately
failed Black Star Line, a shipping line
intended to bring Black people back to
Africa
Inspired and influential, he encountered
opposition to his ideas both from Blacks
and Whites, and died in London in 1940
“We are going to emancipate
ourselves from mental slavery
because whilst others might free the
body, none but ourselves can free the
mind.”
Marcus Garvey
11. A Pan-Africanist advocating Black pride and a Back to Africa policy,
his ideas were controversial in that he saw no point in integration
and equality of Black people in White society, preferring instead
racial purity and the establishment of a Black nation in Africa
Promoting the concept of Black superiority based on the past history
of the African continent, with special emphasis on Ethiopia, his
suggestion to worship the everlasting God of Scripture through
‘Ethiopian spectacles’ and his alleged prophecy to look out for the
crowning of an African king have provided the spiritual and
ideological foundation on which Rastafari is based
Though never a Rasta himself, he is considered the prophet of the
religion and is otherwise remembered and honoured as one of the
earlier and most influential thinkers of his time among those who
worked for the social, economic and educational advancement of the
Black people, with the hope of making Africa a great nation taking its
rightful place in the world
Rastafari ‘prophet’
- Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr
12. Born in 1898 in Clarendon Parish in Jamaica, Howell travelled and worked abroad in his youth,
including in Panama and New York, where he absorbed various philosophies and ideas on
justice, politics of the left and the Pan-Africanism and Ethiopism espoused by Marcus Garvey
and other thinkers of the time
Being deported from the USA, he returned to Jamaica in 1932, where he started preaching
that the recently crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was the Christ returned, God
incarnate and the rightful King of the Black people, as foretold in biblical prophecy
His incendiary speeches on Black empowerment, against the church establishment and
urging Black Jamaicans to owe allegiance to Emperor Haile Selassie I instead of George V will
lead to his arrest on charges of sedition
This will initiate a cycle of imprisonments, internments in mental institutions, harassment and
criminal charges from the colonial and Jamaican authorities that will make Leonard Howell
the ‘most persecuted man in Jamaican history’
In 1935, Howell publishes ‘The Promised Key’, considered by many as the Rastafari manifesto,
under the Hindu inspired pen name Gong Guru Maragh, which is why he is often referred to
as ‘The Gong’The ‘First Rasta’
- Leonard Percival Howell
“His Majesty Ras
Tafari is the head
over all man for he
is the Supreme
God.”
The Promised Key
G. G. Maragh
(Leonard Percival
Howell)
“Black People, Black
People arise and shine
for the light has come
and the glory of
the King of Kings is now
risen upon thee. Let not
the preachers of the
white man’s doctrine
persuade you to turn
your back against H. M.
Ras Tafari the Lord God
of Israel.”
13. In 1940, having purchased 500 acres in Sligoville near Spanish Town, Howell founds
and leads The Pinnacle, a self sufficient Rastafari commune where several thousand
Rastas lived as farmers and craftsmen and where ganja was cultivated on a large scale,
for medicinal, spiritual and commercial use, which will give reasons to the authorities
to conduct several crackdowns and arrests of Leonard Howell
Massive raids are conducted in 1954 and finally in 1958, when the commune is burned
to the ground and its settlers dispersed
Following this, Leonard Howell will mostly disappear from public view until his death
in 1981
Considered by many as the ‘First Rasta’, his work and that of other early leaders gave
direction and inspiration to what will become the wider Rastafari movement
His family and admirers are now fighting to preserve his historical legacy, forgotten by
many, and to save what remains of The Pinnacle by making it a UNESCO listed World
heritage Site and spiritual centre for Rastafari followers
The ‘First
Rasta’
- Leonard
Percival
Howell
14. Born in 1892 in the then Abyssinian Empire as Tafari Makonnen Woldemikael, a
member of the Ethiopian feudal nobility claiming descent from King Solomon and the
Queen of Sheba
The son of a provincial governor and chief advisor to Emperor Menelik II, Tafari
Makonnen, educated by private European tutors and showing great intelligence, will
be given positions of responsibility from an early age, including a provincial
governorship from 1910 to 1916, and becoming known as Ras Tafari Makonnen
After helping overthrow the unpopular Muslim sympathising uncrowned Emperor
Iyasu V in 1916, he is appointed by the new Empress Zewditu as Regent and heir
apparent, and later appointed as Negus (King) in 1928
During this period, Ras Tafari initiates modernizing reforms in Ethiopia, the only
sovereign and never colonized African country, managing to have it included in the
League of Nations in 1923
On Empress Zewditu’s death in 1930, the Negus is crowned Emperor with full name
and titles being "By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, His Imperial
Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God"
Jah Incarnate
- H.I.M Haile Selassie I
15. Haile Selassie’s lavish coronation on 2nd
November 1930 was attended by royals and
dignitaries from around the world, including
George V’s son, the Duke of Gloucester
H.I.M. becomes the first Black person to
grace the cover of Time magazine
For many Black people around the world,
seeing a Black African on an equal stage
with rulers and dignitaries from the West
and East, as the leader of a sovereign,
ancient and proud nation with historical ties
to biblical dynasties, was a source of
immense pride and of hope of better days
to come for people of African descent
This led many, especially among those
inspired by Africanist thoughts from the
likes of Marcus Garvey, to see in the
Emperor the returned messiah who would
lead the African nation towards a better
future, even considering him as God
incarnate based on interpretation of
scripture, particularly from the Book of
Revelations, giving rise to the Rastafari
movement on this basis
Jah Incarnate
- H.I.M Haile Selassie I
“…that until the philosophy
which holds one race
superior and another
inferior is finally and
permanently discredited
and abandoned;
that until there are no
longer first class and second
class citizens of any nation;
that until the colour of a
man's skin is of no more
significance than the colour
of his eyes;
that until the basic human
rights are equally
guaranteed to all without
regard to race;
that until that day, the
dream of lasting peace and
world citizenship and the
rule of international
morality will remain but a
fleeting illusion, to be
pursued but never attained.”
H.I.M. Haile Selassie I
U.N. speech 1963
16. Haile Selassie I will confront a fascist invasion by Mussolini’s troops in 1935, forcing
him into exile and during which he made a famous speech at the League of Nations
pleading for international help for his nation and foreseeing what was to come for
other nations in the face of apathy for such annexations
It will take the onslaught of WWII for the Allies to help Haile Selassie I recover his
country in 1941
The Emperor pursued his reformist agenda at home, though encountering in the
incoming years increasing dissension at home as well as problems with secessionist
movements in Eritrea
H.I.M. addressed the UN General Assembly in 1963, the only Head of State to have
addressed both the League of Nations and the UN in such capacity, delivering an
impassionate speech against colonialism and apartheid in Africa, rendered famous by
Bob Marley’s song War
Jah Incarnate
- H.I.M Haile Selassie I
17. In 1966, the Emperor made a state visit to
Jamaica, a day known to Rastas as Grounation
Day, where he was welcomed by thousands of
Rastas mobbing the airport to get a glimpse of
their living god
Contrary to the Jamaican government’s
expectations, in respect to the Rastas beliefs,
he remained ambiguous about the nature of
his divinity, though not making any claims of
being any more than a man
At home, the Emperor was deposed in a
Marxist led coup in 1974, dying at age 83 in
1975. This was met with disbelief by the
Rastas, who then found ways to reconcile the
Emperor’s temporal and divine natures
Jah Incarnate
- H.I.M Haile Selassie I
18. Born Nesta Robert Marley in 1945 in Nine Miles, St Ann Parish in Jamaica, from an
ageing white Jamaican father and a black teenage mother
With a largely absent father, he grew up in relative poverty, first in the rural setting of
Nine Miles, then from age 11 in the tough tenement yards of the Kingston ghetto of
Trench Town
His musical career starts in the early 1960s, joining talents with childhood friend Neville
Livingstone (Bunny Wailer) and Peter McIntosh (Peter Tosh) and finding local success
as the Wailing Wailers
In 1966 he marries Rita Anderson, then moves for a few months to be with his mother
who had migrated to the USA, working in a factory to save money before returning
home to continue with his music together with The Wailers
Rastafari icon
- Robert Nesta Marley
19. At around this time, having been influenced
by Rasta musicians and inspired by Emperor
Haile Selassie’s visit to Jamaica and by his
wife’s sudden conversion to Rastafari during
the Emperor’s visit, Bob Marley embraced the
spiritual and socio-political aspects of
Rastafari
From then on, his musical style will be reggae
and his song writing will carry powerful
messages about social injustices, oppression
and violence at home in Jamaica and around
the world, particularly in Africa where at the
time several countries were still under
Portuguese colonial control or under white
minority rule
His songs often referred as well to the
Rastafari faith, the belief in the divinity of
Emperor Haile Selassie I and the aspiration for
a return to a united Africa for all people of
African ancestry, what Rastas call Zion
Gaining international fame and acclaim
internationally in the 1970s, his influence grew
at home, making some factions
uncomfortable with his anti-establishment
messages and perceived support for one of
two main political factions in Jamaica
In 1976, two days before a free concert aimed
at easing political tensions in Jamaica,
gunmen burst into the studio during a
rehearsal, wounding Bob Marley in the chest
and arm, but not stopping him from
performing at the concert
Rastafari icon
- Robert Nesta Marley
“Some
people
feel the
rain,
others
just
get
wet.”
Bob
Marley
20. Diagnosed with cancer in 1977 but refusing conventional treatments in line with
Rastafari beliefs, Marley will continue recording and performing live to enormous
international success, before succumbing to the disease in Miami in 1981, while on his
way back home from Europe
Considered as one of his generation’s most successful musicians and the first
international superstar to emerge from the ‘third world’, bridging rock and pop with
world music, Marley will accumulate rewards and honours and leave a legacy that is
relevant to this day and resonates around the world, especially among the less
fortunate and oppressed who identify with his universal messages of hope, resilience
and pride
Bob Marley’s music, charisma and talent have brought worldwide attention to Jamaica,
reggae music and the Rastafari faith in a way that could have hardly been possible if
not for him, prompting millions to adopt at least some aspects of Rastafari philosophy,
beliefs and culture, as well as generating an industry around his image and what it
represents
Rastafari icon
- Robert Nesta Marley
“Open your
eyes, look
within. Are
you satisfied
with the life
you’re
living?”
Bob Marley
21. Buried with honours in Jamaica, revered by millions and considered
as a Rastafari poet, prophet and global icon, he leaves behind a
number of children many of whom have become talented musicians
in their own right, while his messages about positivity, peace and
One World, One Love will live for ever in the hearts of many
Rastafari icon
- Robert Nesta Marley
“Money can’t
buy life”
Bob Marley
22. Rasta world
view, beliefs
and
practices
• Rastafari is a philosophy, a way of life, an understanding of
the relationship between the individual and the divine
essence of life, whether seen through the experience of a
Creator god, be it Jah the god of the Bible and his earthly
representative H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I, or through
more individual spiritual experiences, as the belief system is
open to personal interpretations
• Lacking a formal structure, dogma or book of rules,
consistent with Rastas mistrust of organized systems,
Rastafari has however a set of beliefs, practices and a world
view that are common among those who identify as Rastas,
although allowing room for personal insight
23. Rasta world
view, beliefs
and
practices
• As an Afro-centric and biblical inspired faith, Rastas see Black Africans as
the true Israelites that have been displaced from Africa, particularly
Ethiopia, considered as Zion or Heaven on Earth, or denied their African
history and earlier supremacy, through the unjust and oppressive
institutions of slavery, colonialism and manipulated Christianity created by
white society and its instruments of power, called Babylon by Rastas
• Through an Afro-centric reinterpretation of scripture such as the King
James Bible, considered to have been tampered with in its translation to
deny Africans their true nature and justify slavery, and a personal
knowledge of Jah as a divinity present in each human being, Rastas have
created a system of spirituality and a way of life to better interpret their
current experience in the world, to find a new and proud identity relating
to their history and away from the inferiority complex created by slavery
and colonialism and, and to strive for an eventual return to Africa / Zion /
Ethiopia, be it physically through repatriation or mentally by embracing
Africanness and a natural way of life as idealized as being that of Africa
24. Rasta world
view, beliefs
and practices
• These aspirations were somehow fulfilled with the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I, seen as fulfilment
of biblical prophecy and paving the way for the much expected return to Zion
• As an open belief system, not all Rastas believe in the literal divinity of Haile Selassie, or of him being the
returned Messiah, a point made clear by the Emperor himself, and later by his earthly death, with Rastas
finding other interpretations of the Emperor’s nature but generally agreeing on his special position as a
person, inspiring African leader and beacon of hope
25. Rasta world
view, beliefs
and
practices
• Rastafari preaches love,
peacefulness, respect for nature,
the importance of life and
respect for it, detachment from
material possessions and places
emphasis on spirituality,
righteousness and positivity,
reflected in the way Rastas speak
and their choice of words and
their phonetic connotations
• Rastas refer to their practices as
’livity’, generally shunning the
consumption of meat -
particularly pork, shellfish,
processed food, the drinking of
alcohol, the taking of hard drugs
and the smoking of cigarettes,
based on Old Testament
scripture and ancient Israelite
practices, though those are
individual choices for those who
want to live according to the
Rasta way of life, which considers
health important as the body is
seen as a temple for the Most
High and should be treated
accordingly
26. Rasta world
view, beliefs
and
practices
• Without a formal structure, Rastafari has no priesthood, favouring a direct relation between the worshipper
and the divinity, though some elders having attained a good reputation in the community may be
accorded special respect and play influential roles
• There are no houses of worship or particular days set for worship in Rastafari, though assemblies known as
‘reasoning’ or ‘grounding’ are often held in community centres or in someone’s home
• Reasoning sessions provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal or spiritual issues to
be discussed, while Ganja may be ritualistically smoked to produce heightened spiritual states among
participants
• Rastas celebrate a number of holidays, generally at dates related to H.I.M. Haile Selassie and Ethiopia
27. Rasta world view, beliefs and practices• Though most Rastas
distrust institutions, many
are however associated,
often loosely, with one of
the many ‘mansions’ or
branches of Rastafari, the
three main ones being the
Nyabinghi, Bobo Ashanti
and Twelve Tribes of Israel,
which differ on their views
about certain beliefs,
practices and symbols
• Rastafari has no sacred
text, drawing instead
inspiration from various
sources, chiefly the Bible as
well as the Afrocentric Holy
Piby, The Royal Parchment
Scroll of Black Supremacy,
the Kebra Negast, The
Promised Key, writings of
Marcus Garvey and
speeches by Haile Selassie
I
28. Ital, derived from the word vital,
is a generally vegetarian or
vegan diet followed by most
Rastas, as part of their way of
life aiming at enhancing ‘livity’,
the universal energy and life
force inherent in all living
beings
The general principle of an Ital
diet is that food should be
natural and pure, from the
earth, as fresh, unprocessed and
raw as possible, free from
additives, preservatives and
other chemicals; and in most
cases dairy, oil, sugar and salt
free
Ital
- The Rasta diet
29. The diet has also a spiritual dimension, originally inspired by Old Testament dietary
recommendations, Hinduism and Buddhism, and is mostly vegetarian or vegan,
though some eat fish and use kosher salt
Rastas respect all life, and eating meat from an animal, especially one bred for
slaughter and having lived an unhappy life, is not desirable as it introduces
negative vibrations into the body and can affect consciousness
Ital
- The Rasta diet
30. Ital food is usually cooked in earthen pots using wooden spoons, and is
preferably self grown or sourced nearby for freshness
In Jamaica and elsewhere, Ital food in new and creative ways is being
introduced to non-Rastas as a spiritually meaningful, healthy, tasty and
positive alternative to established vegetarian and vegan cuisines
Ital
- The Rasta diet
31. Although dreadlocks and other forms of matted hair have been worn by people
of different cultures since antiquity, in today’s popular culture, the style is
generally associated with Rastafari
Wearing hair in dreadlocks is not only one way for Rastas to differentiate from
non-Rastas and distance themselves from the grooming norms of ‘Babylon’, but
has also a spiritual justification, and cultural and symbolic significance
Rastas in general follow the biblical command found in Leviticus 21:5 “They shall
not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of
their beard nor make any cuttings in their flesh”
Dreadlocks
- The Rasta look
32. Like the biblical story of Samson, Rastas believe that their hair is their strength,
and that cutting it can weaken them
Dreadlocks also symbolize the mane of the lion, as in the Lion of Judah
Africanist Jamaicans started wearing hair locks to identify with their African
heritage, as many tribes such as the Maasai wore their hair in this way, a fashion
that the Jamaican establishment deemed ‘dreadful’
Dreadlocks
- The Rasta look
33. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, in line with
their religious beliefs, symbolism and as part of
their natural living philosophy, as well as being
inspired by the locked hair style of the Mau-
Mau rebels in Kenya, Rastas adopted this
hairstyle as part of their connection to Jah and
to their African heritage and pride
Often persecuted by the authorities for being
Rastas, the cutting of dreadlocks, often in
public, was one way to humiliate and punish
followers of the movement
Now often worn by non-Rastas as fashion or as
a statement of individuality or anti-conformism,
the significance, history of oppression and
symbolic value of the hair style should be
appreciated
Dreadlocks
- The Rasta look
34. Together with dreadlocks and
reggae, the smoking of Ganja is
often what most people associate
with Rastas and Rastafari
Not all Rastas smoke it, and there is
no compulsion to do so when
following a Rastafari way of life
Many however do smoke it, and find
justification for this in scripture, as
well is in their African heritage and
in the spiritual practice of smoking it
by many cultures, in particular
Hinduism, with the smoking of the
plant being introduced by Indian
labourers coming to Jamaica in the
19th century
Ganja
- The Holy Herb
35. Rastas refer to biblical passages such as Psalm
104:14 ‘He causeth the grass for the cattle, and
herb for the services of man’ and Revelation 22:2
‘the leaves of the tree of life (ganja) were for the
healing of the nation’, as the reason why they
smoke the Herb, which they believe grew on
King Solomon’s grave
Usually not referred as marihuana, but instead as
‘Holy Herb’, ‘Wisdom Weed’, ‘Ganja’, ‘Callie’ or
‘Healing of the Nation’, the smoking of ingesting
of the herb is thought to provide wisdom, open
the mind to the truth, allow Rastas to discover
their inner spiritual self and get closer to Jah, as
well as having medicinal properties and multiple
practical purposes as a plant provided by Jah for
humankind, as stated in Genesis 1:29
The ritual smoking of Ganja for spiritual
purposes usually takes place during ‘reasoning’
sessions, when a prayer is said before lighting a
‘chalice’ that is then passed around the
assembled members
Ganja
- The Holy Herb
36. Although banned since 1913 but not
severely outlawed, Rasta communities such
as Howell’s Pinnacle were harassed for
growing and selling ganja, leading to
arrests and incarceration after the laws were
tightened in the early 1940s and prompting
many legal fights in Jamaica and elsewhere
for the right of Rastas to smoke ganja as
part of their spiritual rituals
Since 2015, in line with increasing
liberalization in many countries regarding
marihuana consumption, and so as not to
be left behind in the expected economic
windfalls from legal marihuana, Jamaica has
decriminalized consumption, possession
and growing of small quantities of ganja, as
well as making it legal for Rastas to smoke
the herb as part of their spiritual rituals, a
long awaited right
Ganja
- The Holy Herb
37. During spiritual meetings known as ‘groundations’, which are
gatherings of Rastas to commemorate significant dates, such as the
birth of H.I.M. Haile Selassie I or his 1966 visit to Jamaica (Grounation
Day), the beating of drums and singing of Rastafari themed ‘chants’ are
performed throughout
This type of music, mixing 19th century gospel music and Kumina (an
Afro-Jamaican folk religion) inspired African drumming, is called
Nyabinghi music, which is also used as the name for the gatherings and
is the name of one of the major ‘mansions’ of Rastafari, deriving its
name from an 19th century Ugandan / Rwandan anti-colonial
possession cult led by a woman possessed by the spirit of deified early
18th century Queen Nyabinghi
Reggae
- The Sound of Rastafari
38. The rhythms of Kumina and Nyabinghi drumming were introduced into popular Jamaican music mainly
thanks to Rastafari master drummer Count Ossie and his group, influencing new emerging styles from the
late 1950s to 1960s
Reggae as a musical genre emerged in the late 1960s from earlier genres such as mento, considered as
Jamaican calypso, ska and rocksteady, with R&B, jazz, Kumina, African and Nyabinghi musical influences
Heavy on drums and bass, the rhythm started appearing in the UK and USA charts and influencing artists
such as Johnny Nash, Paul Simon and most famously Eric Clapton who in 1974 topped the charts with his
cover version of Bob Marley and The Wailers’ song ‘I Shot the Sheriff’
Reggae
- The Sound of Rastafari
39. Bob Marley and friends Bunny Wailer and Peter
Tosh had formed the group The Wailing Wailers in
1963, finding some local success recording at first
ska and rocksteady tunes, then embracing reggae
From 1966 and under the influence of his wife Rita
and other prominent Rastas, Marley embraced
Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks and
infusing his music’s lyrics, especially his reggae
songs, with powerful messages relating to
Rastafari philosophy, pronouncements from
Marcus Garvey, Leonard Howell and Haile Selassie,
social and racial justice themes and praise for the
spiritual and health benefits of Ganja smoking
Becoming an international sensation from the mid
1970s, Bob Marley not only introduced reggae to
the world, but also Rastafari, paving the way for
the music to be intimately associated with the
movement and for many more musicians of the
reggae genre to use the music to spread the
Rastafari message in Jamaica and around the
world
Reggae
- The Sound of Rastafari
40. Rasta themed reggae is often known as roots reggae to
differentiate it from the less spiritually and socially engaged
dancehall music now more popular in Jamaica and the
Caribbean
Inspiring musicians all over the world, whether they follow
wholly, partially or minimally the Rastafari way of life or
spiritual belief, reggae has contributed like no other aspect to
globalize Rastafari, from an obscure Afrocentric Jamaican cult
with few followers into a global phenomenon, which even if
for many just a fashion has prompted people to take notice of
the more positive messages of the philosophy, through a
great sounding music with lyrics that speak of oppression,
poverty, injustice and the daily struggles of the downtrodden
masses
Reggae
- The Sound of Rastafari
41. Rastafari as a global
phenomenon
Born as an Africanist Jamaican cult centred around the newly
crowned Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I, the messages and
philosophy of Rastafari spread first around the Caribbean, where
people shared similar experiences and outlooks as Jamaicans
With the popularity of Bob Marley and reggae, the Rastafari
message reached the wider world, appealing to the world
downpressed who related to the Jamaicans and Africans experiences
in their own struggles
As its popularity grew and the internet age made information widely
available, sympathisers, wanna-be Rastas and those into reggae and
Rasta style appeared in all corners of the globe, with many musicians
embracing reggae and sometimes the Rasta way of life, or aspects of
it
Without a strict dogma, organized structure or formal conversion
ritual, anyone can embrace the Rastafari way of life if following the
main tenets that allow one to sincerely consider oneself a Rasta
Although as a spiritual belief based on the Old Testament there may
be some unsavoury aspects for those choosing to follow them, the
core messages of One Love, One World, Peace, Unity, Equality, living
a natural life and fighting for human rights and an end to oppression
are Rastafari’s valuable contribution to global culture that we can all
relate to, appreciate and give thanks for…
42. I-man give thanks to I and I for listening
to this I-sentation, and hope it will give
I and I a better overstanding of Rastafari
livity.
One love…
“Throughout history, it
has been the inaction of
those who could have
acted; the indifference of
those who should have
known better; the silence
of the voice of justice
when it mattered most;
that has made it
possible for
evil to
triumph.”
H.I.M. Haile
Selassie I