This document provides an overview of some unusual features of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan movement, including that it was not predominantly southern, rural, racist, or violent as commonly believed. It discusses how the KKK was used by some members as a vehicle for more radical social and economic activism, and that Klan membership often overlapped with involvement in progressive or radical labor movements and organizations. The document challenges stereotypes about the KKK's social composition and argues that many members came from working class backgrounds.
The Ku Klux Klan originated in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866 and was founded by former Confederate soldiers. It quickly evolved from a social club into a violent secret terrorist organization that used intimidation and violence against Republicans, both black and white, in an effort to overthrow Republican state governments in the South during Reconstruction. The Klan spread throughout the South in the late 1860s, conducting night rides to attack and intimidate blacks, Republicans, and their allies. Their goal was to reverse the political gains of blacks and restore white supremacy across the South through violence and terror.
The Ku Klux Klan has had three distinct incarnations in United States history. The first KKK emerged in the 1860s as a terrorist organization that targeted freed black people and Republicans during Reconstruction. The second KKK arose in the 1920s and targeted immigrants, Catholics, Jews and black people. The third KKK emerged in the 1950s-60s in opposition to the Civil Rights Movement. All three versions advocated for white supremacy and used intimidation and violence against minorities.
The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 by six Confederate veterans to intimidate freed slaves and Republicans. It grew rapidly in the 1920s with over 2 million members but declined due to scandals and opposition to racial integration. Today, the KKK still advocates for white supremacy and uses intimidation and violence against minorities, though its membership has declined significantly.
The Ku Klux Klan first emerged after the Civil War as angry white southerners opposed the end of slavery and newfound freedoms of African Americans. A second KKK formed in 1915 and spread across the country in the 1920s, growing to over 4 million members. This second KKK targeted not just African Americans but also immigrants and political opponents. They used tactics like cross burnings, violence, and intimidation to spread fear and maintain white supremacy.
The Ku Klux Klan was originally formed in 1865 by former Confederate soldiers opposed to Reconstruction. It aimed to intimidate freed slaves and Republicans through threats, violence and murder. Though outlawed in 1871, the KKK saw a resurgence in the early 20th century fueled by the film "Birth of a Nation" and the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager accused of murdering a girl. A new KKK was launched in 1915 led by William Simmons, adopting some of the original goals but also promoting Protestantism, nativism and prohibition. Membership grew across the Midwest and West Coast among various social classes.
The Ku Klux Klan was originally formed in 1865 by former Confederate soldiers opposed to Reconstruction. They targeted freed black people, Republicans, and Northerners seeking to make money in the South. The KKK used violence, threats, and intimidation. The group was declared a terrorist organization and disbanded in 1871. A second KKK emerged in 1915 inspired by the film Birth of a Nation and fueled by anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiment. It grew particularly in cities of the Midwest and West Coast promoting prohibition and nativism.
AMERICA'S BLACK WALL STREET - How The Ku Klux Klan Went About TERRORIZING & D...VogelDenise
The document summarizes the history of "Black Wall Street", a once thriving African American community in Tulsa, Oklahoma that was destroyed in the 1921 Tulsa race riot. It describes how Black Wall Street had over 600 black-owned businesses and was a model of black prosperity, before being burned to the ground by white mobs in a period of less than 12 hours. Over 800 people were injured, 10,000 left homeless, and 35 city blocks containing over 1,000 residences and businesses were destroyed by fire and bombing from airplanes. The riot left 3,000 African Americans dead and destroyed one of the most affluent black communities in America at the time.
The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist movement that originated in the Southern United States after the Civil War. It was founded in 1865 and went through three distinct periods of activity. The KKK used terrorism, including violence and murder, to intimidate African Americans and promote their agenda of racist ideology. Over time their membership declined due to internal conflicts and opposition from civil rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr., though some KKK groups still exist today with only a few thousand members.
The Ku Klux Klan originated in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866 and was founded by former Confederate soldiers. It quickly evolved from a social club into a violent secret terrorist organization that used intimidation and violence against Republicans, both black and white, in an effort to overthrow Republican state governments in the South during Reconstruction. The Klan spread throughout the South in the late 1860s, conducting night rides to attack and intimidate blacks, Republicans, and their allies. Their goal was to reverse the political gains of blacks and restore white supremacy across the South through violence and terror.
The Ku Klux Klan has had three distinct incarnations in United States history. The first KKK emerged in the 1860s as a terrorist organization that targeted freed black people and Republicans during Reconstruction. The second KKK arose in the 1920s and targeted immigrants, Catholics, Jews and black people. The third KKK emerged in the 1950s-60s in opposition to the Civil Rights Movement. All three versions advocated for white supremacy and used intimidation and violence against minorities.
The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 by six Confederate veterans to intimidate freed slaves and Republicans. It grew rapidly in the 1920s with over 2 million members but declined due to scandals and opposition to racial integration. Today, the KKK still advocates for white supremacy and uses intimidation and violence against minorities, though its membership has declined significantly.
The Ku Klux Klan first emerged after the Civil War as angry white southerners opposed the end of slavery and newfound freedoms of African Americans. A second KKK formed in 1915 and spread across the country in the 1920s, growing to over 4 million members. This second KKK targeted not just African Americans but also immigrants and political opponents. They used tactics like cross burnings, violence, and intimidation to spread fear and maintain white supremacy.
The Ku Klux Klan was originally formed in 1865 by former Confederate soldiers opposed to Reconstruction. It aimed to intimidate freed slaves and Republicans through threats, violence and murder. Though outlawed in 1871, the KKK saw a resurgence in the early 20th century fueled by the film "Birth of a Nation" and the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager accused of murdering a girl. A new KKK was launched in 1915 led by William Simmons, adopting some of the original goals but also promoting Protestantism, nativism and prohibition. Membership grew across the Midwest and West Coast among various social classes.
The Ku Klux Klan was originally formed in 1865 by former Confederate soldiers opposed to Reconstruction. They targeted freed black people, Republicans, and Northerners seeking to make money in the South. The KKK used violence, threats, and intimidation. The group was declared a terrorist organization and disbanded in 1871. A second KKK emerged in 1915 inspired by the film Birth of a Nation and fueled by anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiment. It grew particularly in cities of the Midwest and West Coast promoting prohibition and nativism.
AMERICA'S BLACK WALL STREET - How The Ku Klux Klan Went About TERRORIZING & D...VogelDenise
The document summarizes the history of "Black Wall Street", a once thriving African American community in Tulsa, Oklahoma that was destroyed in the 1921 Tulsa race riot. It describes how Black Wall Street had over 600 black-owned businesses and was a model of black prosperity, before being burned to the ground by white mobs in a period of less than 12 hours. Over 800 people were injured, 10,000 left homeless, and 35 city blocks containing over 1,000 residences and businesses were destroyed by fire and bombing from airplanes. The riot left 3,000 African Americans dead and destroyed one of the most affluent black communities in America at the time.
The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist movement that originated in the Southern United States after the Civil War. It was founded in 1865 and went through three distinct periods of activity. The KKK used terrorism, including violence and murder, to intimidate African Americans and promote their agenda of racist ideology. Over time their membership declined due to internal conflicts and opposition from civil rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr., though some KKK groups still exist today with only a few thousand members.
The Great Migration represented the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. Fleeing the oppression of Jim Crow laws, black southerners sought economic opportunities in growing Northern industries. While the North was imagined as free of racism, migrants still faced discrimination and segregation. Artists like Jacob Lawrence documented the harsh realities of this mass internal migration through works like his Migration Series paintings.
When the Invisible Empire Stormed the Front Range- The Reign ofAaron Fox
The document is an undergraduate honors thesis from the University of Colorado, Boulder submitted in 2015 that examines the rise of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan in Boulder County, Colorado. It provides background on the second wave of the KKK nationally and in Colorado before analyzing the Klan's activities and influence specifically in the cities of Boulder, Lafayette, and Longmont during the 1920s. The thesis seeks to understand why the Klan was able to gain traction in these communities and what led to its eventual decline.
The Great Migration was the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. They sought to escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and seize new economic opportunities. While the North offered higher wages, black migrants still faced racism and segregation, living in overcrowded neighborhoods with poor housing conditions. Publications like the Chicago Defender encouraged and helped black southerners make the journey North.
The document provides homework instructions for a unit on ballads. Students are asked to research facts about the Civil Rights Movement, conditions faced by black Americans at that time, the Ku Klux Klan including their beliefs and origins, and Martin Luther King Jr. including his most famous speech and how he died, to prepare for a lesson on a ballad about an event from American history.
This document provides context for analyzing Thomas Dixon Jr.'s trilogy The Ku Klux Klan through the lens of romance and the Lost Cause myth. It discusses the Reconstruction era setting of Dixon's novels, the origins and religious aspects of the Lost Cause myth, and how romance as a genre is well-suited to convey mythical ideals through its use of imagination and dichotomies of good and evil. The analysis will focus on how Dixon used elements of the Lost Cause like religion, the Civil War narrative, relationships to land, and violence, combined with the rhetorical devices of romance, to validate white southern supremacy in his works.
The Ku Klux Klan began after the Civil War as a secret terrorist organization that used violence and intimidation against African Americans and their allies to reestablish white supremacy. It grew to millions of members in the 1920s while advocating for racist, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant policies. Though later dismantled by federal laws, the KKK ideology continues through smaller groups that still employ hate crimes such as bombings and lynchings against religious and racial minorities to promote white power.
The document summarizes key events and movements in the 1960s Civil Rights era in the United States, including the emergence of the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil War to oppose racial integration, key figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X who advocated for civil rights, and pivotal moments and court cases that advanced desegregation and voting rights. It also discusses theories around the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the people involved like Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby.
The document summarizes key social, political, and cultural aspects of the 1920s in the United States, known as the "Jazz Age". It describes a resurgence of nativism and anti-immigrant sentiment during a recession, as well as influential social movements like eugenics and fundamentalism. Important court cases regarding anarchy, evolution, and prohibition are mentioned. The thriving Harlem Renaissance and genres of jazz, blues, and the influential Cotton Club are summarized. Figures like Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey, and Al Capone are briefly described in the context of the era.
The document summarizes key social, political, and cultural aspects of the 1920s in the United States, known as the "Jazz Age". It describes a resurgence of nativism and anti-immigrant sentiment during a recession, as well as influential events like the Sacco and Vanzetti trial, the eugenics movement, and increased immigration restrictions. It also discusses the women's rights movement, fundamentalism, prohibition, organized crime, the Harlem Renaissance in African American arts, and figures like Marcus Garvey who advocated for black nationalism.
This document provides a summary of social and political events in the United States during the turbulent 1960s. It discusses the civil rights movement, including key events like the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer to desegregate interstate travel, James Meredith becoming the first black student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also mentions the murders of civil rights workers Schwerner, Goldman, and Chaney, which helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The summary discusses the emergence of more radical black nationalist groups advocating "Black Power" and the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1966 as signs of increasing unrest.
The document provides a summary of key events in the 1960s in America related to social strife and international conflict. It discusses several major events of the Civil Rights movement, including the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer that faced violence in the South, James Meredith becoming the first African American student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also discusses the growing radicalization of the movement and emergence of Black Power advocates. Internationally, it outlines key Cold War events like the U-2 incident, Bay of Pigs invasion, building of the Berlin Wall, and Cuban Missile Crisis, showing the tensions between the US and Soviet Union during this
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
Social media is collaborating with healthcare to meet the needs of providers and patients, and is moving toward using analytics to evaluate its value within healthcare. The document instructs the reader to research areas of social media that could benefit from an analytic model combining data and value-based analytics, then evaluate a resource by discussing five major social media stakeholder roles, whether social media could improve medical practice and provide rationale, and concluding with main points.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social service.docxmakdul
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social services besides those of a night-watchman state, protecting citizens from harming each other via courts, police, and military.
Consider this town
that decided to remove fire rescue as a basic social service. To benefit from it, one had to pay a yearly fee. Do you think libertarians would generally have to support such a policy in order to be consistent? Why or why not? Also, can you think of any other social services that might no longer exist in a libertarian society? (Btw, none has ever existed).
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxmakdul
Kirk (2016) identified four data action groups for working with data: data acquisition, data examination, data transformation, and data exploration. Data acquisition involves gathering the raw material.
According to cultural deviance theorists like Cohen, deviant sub.docxmakdul
This document discusses how cultural deviance theorists view subcultures as having their own value systems that oppose mainstream society's values. It asks how rap culture has perpetuated these subcultural values and promoted violence and crime among young men. It also asks how theorists would explain the persistence and popularity of rap culture given its deviation from conventional norms and values, citing examples from Tupac Shakur and 50 Cent. The document requests a 750-1000 word essay on this topic supported by 3-5 scholarly sources.
According to Gray et al, (2017) critical appraisal is the proce.docxmakdul
According to Gray et al, (2017) “critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of all aspects of a study, judging the strengths, limitation, trustworthiness, meaning, and its applicability to practice”. The steps involved in critical appraisal include “identifying the study's elements or processes, determining the strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study” (Gray et al., 2017). The journal article chosen is
“change in staff perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use after implementation of an intervention bundle in seven Swiss acute care hospitals: a result of a before/after survey study”
by Niederhauser, Zullig, Marschall, Schweiger, John, Kuster, and Schwappach. (2019).
Identifying the study's elements or processes
A significant issue addressed by the study is the nursing “staffs’ perspective towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) and evaluation of changes in their perspectives towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1-year quality improvement project” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). the process of the research was conducted in “seven acute care hospitals in Switzerland” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). With a “sample size of 1579 staff members participated in the baseline survey and 1527 participated in the follow-up survey. The survey captures all nursing and medical staff members working at the participating hospitals at the time of survey distribution, using a multimodal intervention bundle, consisting of an evidence-based indication list, daily re-evaluation of ongoing catheter needs, and staff training were implemented over the course of 9 months” (Niederhauser et al, 2019).
Determining the strengths and weaknesses
A great strength of the study is a large sample size of over 1000 and the use of well-constructed and easy-to-read heading for better understanding. Also, the use of figures, graphs, and tables make the article less cumbersome to read. Another strength is the implementation of the ethical principles of research by enabling informed consent and voluntary participation as well as confidentiality and anonymity of information.
On the other hand, the study has several weaknesses such as the use of “the theory of planned behavior to model intentions to reduce catheter use, but it is not possible to know if changes observed in staff perception led to a true change in practice” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). Another weakness of the study is the repeated survey design which allows assessment of changes in staff perspectives after implementation of a quality improvement intervention but the sustainability of the effects over time could not be evaluated.
Evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study
Although the study used a larger sample size of over 1000, the “use of a single-group design and no control group weakens its credibility and trustworthiness because there are no causal inferences abou.
According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docxmakdul
According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system.
.
Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docxmakdul
Abstract:
In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an
unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa
values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent
error of 3.48%.
Introduction:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The
equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which
can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the
moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and
volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The
amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original
mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid.
In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic.
Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step
process with the net reaction being:
H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O
This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic
acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the
second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second
set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The
titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence
point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic
properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa+log(A-/HA)
shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually
represented by the flattest part of the graphs.
Discussion:
The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be
an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of
error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to
the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass
calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual.
The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results.
It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st
derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very
difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual
compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a
de.
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References
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Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
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According to cultural deviance theorists like Cohen, deviant sub.docxmakdul
This document discusses how cultural deviance theorists view subcultures as having their own value systems that oppose mainstream society's values. It asks how rap culture has perpetuated these subcultural values and promoted violence and crime among young men. It also asks how theorists would explain the persistence and popularity of rap culture given its deviation from conventional norms and values, citing examples from Tupac Shakur and 50 Cent. The document requests a 750-1000 word essay on this topic supported by 3-5 scholarly sources.
According to Gray et al, (2017) critical appraisal is the proce.docxmakdul
According to Gray et al, (2017) “critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of all aspects of a study, judging the strengths, limitation, trustworthiness, meaning, and its applicability to practice”. The steps involved in critical appraisal include “identifying the study's elements or processes, determining the strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study” (Gray et al., 2017). The journal article chosen is
“change in staff perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use after implementation of an intervention bundle in seven Swiss acute care hospitals: a result of a before/after survey study”
by Niederhauser, Zullig, Marschall, Schweiger, John, Kuster, and Schwappach. (2019).
Identifying the study's elements or processes
A significant issue addressed by the study is the nursing “staffs’ perspective towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) and evaluation of changes in their perspectives towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1-year quality improvement project” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). the process of the research was conducted in “seven acute care hospitals in Switzerland” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). With a “sample size of 1579 staff members participated in the baseline survey and 1527 participated in the follow-up survey. The survey captures all nursing and medical staff members working at the participating hospitals at the time of survey distribution, using a multimodal intervention bundle, consisting of an evidence-based indication list, daily re-evaluation of ongoing catheter needs, and staff training were implemented over the course of 9 months” (Niederhauser et al, 2019).
Determining the strengths and weaknesses
A great strength of the study is a large sample size of over 1000 and the use of well-constructed and easy-to-read heading for better understanding. Also, the use of figures, graphs, and tables make the article less cumbersome to read. Another strength is the implementation of the ethical principles of research by enabling informed consent and voluntary participation as well as confidentiality and anonymity of information.
On the other hand, the study has several weaknesses such as the use of “the theory of planned behavior to model intentions to reduce catheter use, but it is not possible to know if changes observed in staff perception led to a true change in practice” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). Another weakness of the study is the repeated survey design which allows assessment of changes in staff perspectives after implementation of a quality improvement intervention but the sustainability of the effects over time could not be evaluated.
Evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study
Although the study used a larger sample size of over 1000, the “use of a single-group design and no control group weakens its credibility and trustworthiness because there are no causal inferences abou.
According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docxmakdul
According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system.
.
Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docxmakdul
Abstract:
In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an
unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa
values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent
error of 3.48%.
Introduction:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The
equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which
can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the
moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and
volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The
amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original
mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid.
In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic.
Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step
process with the net reaction being:
H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O
This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic
acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the
second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second
set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The
titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence
point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic
properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa+log(A-/HA)
shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually
represented by the flattest part of the graphs.
Discussion:
The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be
an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of
error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to
the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass
calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual.
The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results.
It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st
derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very
difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual
compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a
de.
ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!!
Points: 280
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
Criteria
UnacceptableBelow 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations60-69% D
Fair70-79% C
Proficient80-89% B
Exemplary90-100% A
1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Insufficiently outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Insufficiently provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Partially outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Partially provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Satisfactorily outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Satisfactorily provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Thoroughly outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Thoroughly provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Did not submit or incompletely identified the accounts that you would test; did not submit or incompletely selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Insufficiently examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Insufficiently identified the accounts that you would test; insufficiently selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Partially examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests .
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) .docxmakdul
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting
Group Case 3 (160 points)
Instructions:
1. As a group, complete the following activities in good form. Use excel or
word only. Provide all supporting calculations to show how you arrived at
your numbers
2. Add only the names of group members who participated in the completion
of this assignment.
3. Submit only one copy of your completed work via Moodle. Do not send it to
me by email.
4. Due: No later than the last day of Module 7. Please note that your professor
has the right to change the due date of this assignment.
Part A: Capital Budgeting Decisions
Chee Company has gathered the following data on a proposed investment project:
Investment required in equipment ............. $240,000
Annual cash inflows .................................. $50,000
Salvage value ............................................ $0
Life of the investment ............................... 8 years
Required rate of return .............................. 10%
Assets will be depreciated using straight
line depreciation method
Required:
Using the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, is this a good investment?
Part B: Master Budget
You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of
earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the
company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has
experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to
prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with
accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below.
The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$10 per pair. Actual
sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs
of earrings):
January (actual) 20,000 June (budget) 50,000
February (actual) 26,000 July (budget) 30,000
March (actual) 40,000 August (budget) 28,000
April (budget) 65,000 September (budget) 25,000
May (budget) 100,000
The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should
be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month.
Suppliers are paid $4 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month
of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a
month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following
month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been
negligible.
Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below:
Variable:
Sales commissions 4 % of sales
.
Academic Integrity A Letter to My Students[1] Bill T.docxmakdul
Academic Integrity:
A Letter to My Students[1]
Bill Taylor
Professor of Political Science
Oakton Community College
Des Plaines, IL 60016
[email protected]
Here at the beginning of the semester I want to say something to you about academic integrity.[2]
I’m deeply convinced that integrity is an essential part of any true educational experience, integrity on
my part as a faculty member and integrity on your part as a student.
To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated his way through
medical school? Or would you feel comfortable on a bridge designed by an engineer who cheated her
way through engineering school. Would you trust your tax return to an accountant who copied his
exam answers from his neighbor?
Those are easy examples, but what difference does it make if you as a student or I as a faculty member
violate the principles of academic integrity in a political science course, especially if it’s not in your
major?
For me, the answer is that integrity is important in this course precisely because integrity is important in
all areas of life. If we don’t have integrity in the small things, if we find it possible to justify plagiarism or
cheating or shoddy work in things that don’t seem important, how will we resist doing the same in areas
that really do matter, in areas where money might be at stake, or the possibility of advancement, or our
esteem in the eyes of others?
Personal integrity is not a quality we’re born to naturally. It’s a quality of character we need to nurture,
and this requires practice in both meanings of that word (as in practice the piano and practice a
profession). We can only be a person of integrity if we practice it every day.
What does that involve for each of us in this course? Let’s find out by going through each stage in the
course. As you’ll see, academic integrity basically requires the same things of you as a student as it
requires of me as a teacher.
I. Preparation for Class
What Academic Integrity Requires of Me in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity require that I come having
done the things necessary to make the class a worthwhile educational experience for you. This requires
that I:
reread the text (even when I’ve written it myself),
clarify information I might not be clear about,
prepare the class with an eye toward what is current today (that is, not simply rely on past
notes), and
plan the session so that it will make it worth your while to be there.
What Academic Integrity Requires of You in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity suggest that you have a
responsibility to yourself, to me, and to the other students to do the things necessary to put yourself in
a position to make fruitful contributions to class discussion. This will require you to:
read the text before.
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Nu.docxmakdul
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s)
“Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps”
database. Choose a state other than your home state and compare their health status and associated behaviors. What behaviors lead to the current obesity status?
Initial discussion post should be approximately 300 words. Any sources used should be cited in APA format.
.
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that sugg.docxmakdul
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that suggested Major Depressive Disorder.
Objective(s)
Analyze psychometric properties of assessment tools
Evaluate appropriate use of assessment tools in psychotherapy
Compare assessment tools used in psychotherapy
.
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz,.docxmakdul
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz, Broadway musicals and instrumental or vocal ensembles, and comparable college or community groups performing music relevant to the content of this class. (Optionally, either your concert report
or
your concert review - but not both unless advance permission is given - may be based on a concert of non-western music selected from events on the concert list.)
Acceptable concerts include the following:
• Symphony orchestras • Concert bands and wind ensembles • Chamber Music (string quartets, brass and woodwind quintets, etc.) • Solo recitals (piano, voice, etc.) • Choral concerts • Early music concerts • Non-western music • Some jazz concerts • Opera• Broadway Musicals• Flamenco• Ballet• Tango
Assignment Format
The following are required on the concert review assignment and, thus, may affect your grade.
• Must be typed• Must be double-spaced• Must be between
2 and 4 pages
in length
not including the cover sheet
.• Must use conventional size and formatting of text - e.g. 10-12 point serif or sans serif fonts with normal margins. • Must include the printed program from the concert and/or your ticket stubs. Photocopies are unacceptable. (Contact me at least 24 hours before due date if any materials are unavailable.)• All materials (text, program, ticket stub) must be
stapled
together securely. Folded corners, paper clips, etc. instead of staples will not be accepted.• Careful editing, proofreading, and spelling are expected, although minor errors will not affect your grade.
Papers that do not follow these format guidelines may be returned for resubmission, and late penalties will apply.
Concert Review Assignment Content
I. Cover Sheet:
Include the following on a cover sheet attached to the front of your review:
• Title or other description of the event/performers you heard, along with the date and location of the performance. For example:
New World Symphony Orchestra
1258 Lincoln Road
Saturday, June 5, 2013
Lincoln Road Theater, Miami Beach
• Your name, assignment submission date, course. For example:
Pat Romero
October 31, 2013
Humanities 1020 MWF 8:05 a.m.
II. Descriptions
The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of
three of the
pieces
in the concert you attend. In most cases, a single paragraph for each piece should be sufficient, although you may wish to break descriptions of longer pieces into separate short paragraphs, one per movement.
Your description of each piece (song) should include:
• The title of the piece and the composer's name if possible, as listed in the concert program.• A brief description of your reaction to the piece. For example:
When the piece started I thought it was going to be slow and boring, but the faster section in the first movement made it more exciting. A really great flute solo full of fast and high notes in the third movement caught my attention. I'm not sure, but I thought that som.
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Pr.docxmakdul
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Prior to this new act, there were plenty of votes that did not agree with the notion of accessible insurance. Before 2010, The private sector had been given coverage in such a way that Milstead and Short (2019) called it sickness insurance; meaning companies will risk incurring medical expenses as long as it was balanced by healthy people. They were doing so by excluding people that had pre-existing conditions, becoming a very solvent business (Milstead & Short, 2019). After ACA was passed that was no longer the case. When President Trump came into term he did so by bringing his own healthcare agenda, which attempted to repeal ACA, but ultimately failed to come up with a replacement.
In 2016, the Republican's party platform was to repeal ACA, while continuing Medicare and Medicaid, but on the other hand, democrats put down that Obamacare is a step towards the goals of universal health care, and that this was just the beginning (Physicians for a National Health Program, n.d.). As for the cost analysis of repealing the Affordable Care Act, this would increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million, and it will cost about 350 billion through 2027, as well as creating costly coverage provisions to replace it (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2017).
(2 references required)
.
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting S.docxmakdul
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting Standards Codification link. Review the materials in the FASB Codification, especially the links on the left side column. Next, write a 1-page memo to a friend introducing and explaining this new accounting research resource that you have found. Provide at least one APA citation to the FASB Codification and reference that citation using the APA guidelines.
.
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to asse.docxmakdul
This document provides an overview of an academic paper performance task intended to assess students' ability to conduct scholarly research, articulate an evidence-based argument, and effectively communicate a conclusion. Specifically, the performance task evaluates students' capacity to generate a focused research question, explore relationships between multiple scholarly works, develop and support their own argument using relevant evidence, and integrate sources while distinguishing their own voice.
Academic Research Team Project PaperCOVID-19 Open Research Datas.docxmakdul
Academic Research Team Project Paper
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)
An AI challenge with AI2, CZI, MSR, Georgetown, NIH & The White House
(1) FULL-LENGTH PROJECT
Dataset Description
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a resource of over 44,000 scholarly articles, including over 29,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related corona viruses. This freely available dataset is provided to the global research community to apply recent advances in natural language processing and other AI techniques to generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid acceleration in new coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical research community to keep up.
Call to Action
We are issuing a call to action to the world's artificial intelligence experts to develop text and data mining tools that can help the medical community develop answers to high priority scientific questions. The CORD-19 dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date. This allows the worldwide AI research community the opportunity to apply text and data mining approaches to find answers to questions within, and connect insights across, this content in support of the ongoing COVID-19 response efforts worldwide. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid increase in coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical community to keep up.
A list of our initial key questions can be found under the
Tasks
section of this dataset. These key scientific questions are drawn from the NASEM’s SCIED (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats)
research topics
and the World Health Organization’s
R&D Blueprint
for COVID-19.
Many of these questions are suitable for text mining, and we encourage researchers to develop text mining tools to provide insights on these questions.
In this project, you will follow your own interests to create a portfolio worthy single-frame viz or multi-frame data story that will be shared in your presentation. You will use all the skills taught in this course to complete this project step-by-step, with guidance from your instructors along the way. You will first create a project proposal to identify your goals for the project, including the question you wish to answer or explore with data. You will then find data that will provide the information you are seeking. You will then import that data into Tableau and prepare it for analysis. Next, you will create a dashboard that will allow you to explore the data in-depth and identify meaningful insights. You will then give structure .
AbstractVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced t.docxmakdul
Abstract
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced telecommunication technology which transfers the voice/video over
high speed network that provides advantages of flexibility, reliability and cost efficient advanced telecommunication
features. Still the issues related to security are averting many organizations to accept VoIP cloud environment due to
security threats, holes or vulnerabilities. So, the novel secured framework is absolutely necessary to prevent all kind of
VoIP security issues. This paper points out the existing VoIP cloud architecture and various security attacks and issues
in the existing framework. It also presents the defense mechanisms to prevent the attacks and proposes a new security
framework called Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) using video watermarking and extraction technique and Liveness
Voice Detection (LVD) technique with biometric features such as face and voice. IPSs updated with new LVD features
protect the VoIP services not only from attacks but also from misuses.
A Comprehensive Survey of Security Issues and
Defense Framework for VoIP Cloud
Ashutosh Satapathy* and L. M. Jenila Livingston
School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai - 600127, Tamil Nadu, India;
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Defense Mechanisms, Liveness Voice Detection, VoIP Cloud, Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP Security Issues
1. Introduction
The rapid progress of VoIP over traditional services is
led to a situation that is common to many innovations
and new technologies such as VoIP cloud and peer to
peer services like Skype, Google Hangout etc. VoIP is the
technology that supports sending voice (and video) over
an Internet protocol-based network1,2. This is completely
different than the public circuit-switched telephone net-
work. Circuit switching network allocates resources to
each individual call and path is permanent throughout
the call from start to end. Traditional telephony services
are provided by the protocols/components such as SS7, T
carriers, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), the Public
Switch Telephone Network (PSTN), dial up, local loops
and anything under International Telecommunication
Union. IP networks are based on packet switching and
each packet follows different path, has its own header and
is forwarded separately by routers. VoIP network can be
constructed in various ways by using both proprietary
protocols and protocols based on open standards.
1.1 VoIP Layer Architecture
VoIP communication system typically consist of a front
end platform (soft-phone, PBX, gateway, call manager),
back end platform (server, CPU, storage, memory, net-
work) and intermediate platforms such as VoIP protocols,
database, authentication server, web server, operating sys-
tems etc. It is mainly divided into five layers as shown in
Figure1.
1.2 VoIP Cloud Architecture
VoIP cloud is the framework for delivering telephony
services in which resourc.
This study examined a problem, used a particular method to do so, and found results that were interpreted. It concluded by recommending future research on the topic.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Rank-and-File Radicalism within the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s .docx
1. Rank-and-File Radicalism within the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s
By John Zerzan
In the following article are presented some unusual features of
the Ku Klux Klan
of the 1920s, the only period in which the KKK was a mass
movement. In no way should
this essay be interpreted as an endorsement of any aspect of this
version of the Klan or of
any other parts of Klan activity. Nonetheless, the loathsome
nature of the KKK of today
should not blind us to what took place within the Klan 70 years
ago, in various places and
against the wishes and ideology of the Klan itself.
In the U.S. at least, racism is certainly one of the most crudely
reified phenomena.
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s is one of the two or three most
important - and most
ignored - social movements of 20th century America. These two
data are the essential
preface to this essay.
Writing at the beginning of 1924, Stanley Frost accurately
surveyed the Klan at
the crest of its power: ``The Ku Klux Klan has become the most
vigorous, active and
effective organization in American life outside business.''(1)
Depending on one's choice
of sources, KKK membership in 1924 can be estimated at
anywhere between two and
eight million.(2)
And yet, the nature of this movement has been largely
unexplored or
2. misunderstood. In the fairly thin literature on the subject, the
Klan phenomenon is usually
described simply as `nativism'. A favorite in the lexicon of
orthodox historians, the term
refers to an irrationality, racism, and backwardness supposedly
endemic to the poorer and
less-educated classes, and tending to break out in episodic bouts
of violently-expressed
prejudice. Emerson Loucks' The Ku Klux Klan in Pennsylvania:
A Study of Nativism is a
typical example. Its preface begins with, ``The revived KKK
and its stormy career is but
one chapter in the history of American nativism,'' the first
chapter is entitled, ``Some
Beginnings of Nativism,'' and in the book's concluding
paragraph we learn that
``Nativism has shown itself to be a perennial.''(3)
Kenneth Jackson, with his The Ku Klux Klan in the City, has
been one of a very
few commentators to go beyond the amorphous `nativism' thesis
and also challenge
several of the prevailing stereotypes of the Klan. He argues
forcefully that ``the Invisible
Empire of the 1920s was neither predominantly southern, nor
rural, nor white
supremacist, nor violent.''(4) Carl Degler's succinct comments
corroborate the non-
southern characterization quite ably: ``Significantly, the single
piece of indisputable Klan
legislation enacted anywhere was the school law in Oregon; the
state most thoroughly
controlled by the Klan was Indiana; and the largest Klan
membership in any state was
that in Ohio. On the other hand, several southern states like
Mississippi, Virginia, and
South Carolina hardly saw the Klan or felt its influence.''(5)
3. Jackson's statistics show
clearly the Klan's northern base, with only one southern state,
Texas, among the eight
states with the largest membership.(6) It would be difficult to
even begin to cite Jackson's
evidence in favor of terming the Klan an urban phenomenon,
inasmuch as his whole book
testifies to this characterization. It may be interesting to note,
however, the ten urban
areas with the most Klansmen. Principally industrial and all but
one of them outside the
South, they are, in descending order: Chicago, Indianapolis,
Philadelphia-Camden,
Detroit, Denver, Portland, Atlanta, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Youngstown-Warren, and
Pittsburgh-Carnegie.(7)
The notion of the KKK as an essentially racist organization is
similarly
challenged by Jackson. As Robert Moats Miller put it, ``in great
areas of the country
where the Klan was powerful the Negro population was
insignificant, and in fact, it is
probable that had not a single Negro lived in the United States,
a Klan-type order would
have emerged.''(8) And Robert Duffus, writing for the June
1923 World's Week,
conceded: ``while the racial situation contributed to a state of
mind favorable to Ku
Kluxism, curiously it did not figure prominently in the Klan's
career.''(9) The Klan in fact
tried to organize ``colored divisions'' in Indiana and other
states, to the amazement of
historian Kathleen Blee.(10) Degler, who wrongly considered
4. vigilantism to be the core
trait of the Klan, admitted that such violence as there was ``was
directed against white,
Anglo-Saxon Protestants rather than against the minorities.''(11)
Which brings us to the fourth and last point of Jackson's
thesis, that the KKK was
not predominantly violent. Again, his conclusions seem valid
despite the widespread
image of a lynch-mad, terroristic Klan. The post-war race riots
of 1919 in Washington,
Chicago, and East St. Louis, for example, occurred before there
were any Klansmen in
those cities,(12) and in the 1920s, when the Klan grew to its
great strength, the number of
lynchings in the U.S. dropped to less than half the annual
average of pre-war years(13)
and a far smaller fraction than that by comparison with the
immediately post-war years.
In the words of Preston Slosson, ``By a curious anomaly, in
spite of...the revival of the
Ku Klux Klan, the old American custom of lynch law fell into
almost complete
disuse.''(14)
A survey of Literary Digest (conservative) and The Nation
(liberal) for 1922-1923
reveals several reported instances in which the Klan was blamed
for violence it did not
perpetrate and unfairly deprived of its rights.(15) Its enemies
frequently included local or
state establishments, and were generally far from being meek
and powerless victims.
If the Ku Klux Klan, then, was not predominantly southern,
rural, racist, or violent, just
what was the nature of this strange force which grew to such
power so rapidly and
spontaneously in the early-middle '20s - and declined at least as
5. quickly by 1925? The
orthodox `nativism' answer asserts that it was just another of the
periodic, unthinking and
reactionary efforts of the ignorant to turn back the clock, and
therefore futile and short-
lived. A post-Jackson, `neo-nativist' position might even
concede the points about racism
and violence not being determinant, and still essentially
maintain this point of view, of
recurrent, blind efforts to restore an inchoate but rightist
version of the past.
But a very strong pattern regarding the Klan introduces doubts
about this outlook,
namely, that militantly progressive or radical activities have
often closely preceded,
coincided with, or closely followed strong KKK efforts, and
have involved the same
participants. Oklahoma, for example, experienced in a mere ten
years the growth and
decline of the largest state branch of the Socialist Party, and the
rise of one of the
strongest Klan movements.(16) In Williamson County, Illinois,
an interracial crowd of
union coal miners stormed a mine being worked by strike-
breakers and killed twenty of
them. The community supported the miners' action and refused
to convict any of the
participants in this so-called Herrin Massacre of 1922, which
had captured the nation's
attention. Within two years, Herrin and the rest of Williamson
County backed one of the
very strongest local Klan organizations in the country.(17) The
violently suppressed
strikes of the southern Appalachian Piedmont textile workers in
1929, among the most
bitterly fought in twentieth century labor history,(18) took place
6. at the time of or
immediately following great Klan strength in many of the same
mill towns. The rubber
workers of the huge tire-building plants of Akron, the first to
widely employ the effective
sit-down strike weapon in the early 1930s, formed a large part
of that city's very sizeable
Klan membership,(19) or had come from Appalachian regions
where the KKK was also
strong. In 1934, the very militant and interracial Southern
Tenant Farmers Union was
formed, and would face the flight of its leaders, the indifference
of organized labor, and
the machine-guns of the large landholders. Many of its active
members were former
Klansmen.(20) And observers of the United Auto Workers have
claimed that some of the
most militant activists in auto were former Klansmen.(21)
The key to all these examples of apparently disparate loyalties
is a simple one. As
I will show, not only did some Klansmen hold relatively radical
opinions while members
of the Invisible Order, but in fact used the Klan, on occasion, as
a vehicle for radical
social change. The record in this area, though not inaccessible,
has remained completely
undeveloped.
The rise of the Klan began with the sharp economic depression
that struck in the
fall of 1920. In the South, desperate farmers organized under
the Klan banner in an effort
to force up the price of cotton by restricting its sale. ``All
throughout the fall and winter
7. of 1920-22 masked bands roamed the countryside warning
ginneries and warehouses to
close until prices advanced. Sometimes they set fire to
establishments that defied their
edict.''(22) It was from this start that the Klan really began to
grow and to spread to the
North, crossing the Mason-Dixon line in the winter of 1920-
21.(23)
The KKK leadership ``disavowed and apparently disapproved
of''(24) this
aggressive economic activism, and it is important to note that
more often than not there
was tension or opposition between officials and members, a
point I will return to later. In
a southern union hall in 1933, Sherwood Anderson queried a
local reporter about the use
of the Klan for economic struggles: ``This particular hall had
formerly been used by a Ku
Klux Klan organization and I asked the newspaper man, `How
many of these people
[textile workers] were in on that?' `A good many,' he said. He
thought the Ku Klux Klan
had been rather an outlet for the workers when America was
outwardly so prosperous.
`The boom market never got down to these,' he said, making a
sweeping movement with
his arm.''(25) Klan officials never spoke in favor of such uses of
the Klan, but it was the
economic and social needs that often drew people to the Klan,
rather than religious,
patriotic, or strictly fraternal ones.(26)
This is not to say that there wasn't a multiplicity of
contributing factors usually
present as the new Klan rose to prominence. There was a
widespread feeling that the
``Glorious Crusade'' of World War I had been a swindle. There
8. was the desperate
boredom and monotony of regimented work-lives. To this latter
frustration, a KKK
newspaper appealed for new members with the banner, ``JUST
TO PEP UP THE GAME.
THIS SLOW LIFE IS KILLING ME.''(27) And with these
feelings, too, it is quite easy to
imagine a form of progressive social or political activism being
the result. As Stanley
Frost commented in 1924, ``the Klan movement seems to be
another expression of the
general unrest and dissatisfaction with both local and national
conditions - the high cost
of living, social injustice, inequality....''(28) Or, as Arthur
Schlesinger, Jr. offhandedly
revealed in a comment about Huey Long, ``despite his poor
white sympathies, he did not,
like Hugo Black in Alabama, join the Klan.''(29)
The activities of the Klan have very commonly been referred
to as ``moral
reform,'' and certainly this kind of effort was common. Articles
such as, ``Behind the
White Hoods: The Regeneration of Oklahoma,'' and ``Night-
Riding Reformers,'' from
Fall 1923 issues of The Outlook bespeak this side of Klan
motivation.(30) They tell how
the Klan cleaned up gangs of organized crime and combated
vice and political corruption
in Oklahoma and Indiana, apparently with a minimum of
violence or vigilantism. Also
widespread were Klan attempts to put bootleggers out of
business, though we might
recall here that prohibition has frequently been endorsed by
9. labor partisans, from the
opinion that the often high alcohol consumption rates among
workers weakened the labor
movement. In fact, the Klan not infrequently attacked liquor and
saloon interests
explicitly as forces that kept working people down.
It is on the plane of `moral' issues, furthermore, that another
stereotype regarding
the KKK - that of its total moral intolerance - dissolves at least
somewhat under scrutiny.
Charles Bowles, the almost successful write-in Klan candidate
in the 1924 Detroit
mayoralty race, was a divorce lawyer (as well as being pro-
public works).It cannot be
denied that anti-Catholicism was a major plank of Klan appeal
in many places, such as
Oregon. But at least part of this attitude stemmed from a
``belief that the Catholic Church
was a major obstacle in the struggle for women's suffrage and
equality.''(31)
Margaret Sanger, the birth control pioneer, gave a lecture to
Klanswomen in Silver Lake,
New Jersey, a speaking engagement she accepted with no little
trepidation. She feared
that if she ``uttered one word, such as abortion, outside the
usual vocabulary of these
women they would go off into hysteria.'' Actually, a real rapport
was established and the
evening was a great success. ``A dozen invitations to speak to
similar groups were pro-
offered. The conversation went on and on, and when we were
finally through it was too
late to return to New York.''(32)
At any rate, a connection can be argued between `moral'
reform and more
fundamental reform attempts. ``I wonder if anybody could ever
10. find any connection
between this town's evident immoralities and some of the plant's
evident
dissatisfaction?''(33) pondered Whiting Williams in 1921. He
decided in the affirmative,
that vice in the community is the result of anger in the mill or
factory. And Klan members
often showed an interest in also combating what they saw as the
causes of `immoralities'
rather than simply their manifestations.
Hiram Evans, a head of the Klan, admitted in a rare interview
in 1923 that ``There
has been a widespread feeling among Klansmen that in the last
few years the operation of
the National Government has shown weakness indicating a
possible need of rather
fundamental reform.''(34) A 1923 letter to the editor of The
New Republic details this
awareness of the need for deep-seated changes. Written by an
opponent of the Klan, the
passage expresses ``The Why of the Klan'':
``First: Throughout all classes there is a growing skepticism of
democracy,
especially of the current American brand. Many Americans
believe there is little even-
handed justice administered in the courts; that a poor man has
little chance against a rich
one; that many judges practically buy their places on the bench
or are put there by
powerful interests. The strong, able young man comes out of
college ready to do his part
in politics, but with the settled conviction that unless he can
give full time there is no use
`bucking up against the machine.' Furthermore he believes the
machines to be equally
11. corrupt. The miner in West Virginia sees the power of the state
enlisted on the side of the
mine owner.''(35)
Throughout the literature there is a strongly prevailing
tendency to deal with the
social composition of Klan membership by ignoring it
altogether, or, more commonly, by
referring to it in passing as ``middle class.'' This approach
enabled John Mecklin, whose
The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind (1924) is
regarded as a classic, to say
that ``The average Klansman is far more in sympathy with
capital than with labor.''(36) In
large part this stems from looking at the top Klan officials,
rather than at the rank and file
members. William Simmons, D.C. Stephenson, and Hiram
Evans, the men who presided
over the Klan in the '20s had been, respectively, a minister, a
coal dealer, and a dentist.
But the membership definitely did not share this wholly
``middle class'' makeup.
Kenneth Jackson only partially avoids the error by terming the
Klan a ``lower middle-
class movement,''(37) a vague appellation which he corrects
shortly thereafter: ``The
greatest source of Klan support came from rank and file non-
union, blue-collar
employees of large businesses and factories.''(38)
Returning to the subject of socio-political attitudes of Klan
members, available
evidence strikingly confirms my contention of a sometimes
quite radical frame of mind.
In the spring of 1924, The Outlook magazine conducted a
``Platform of the People'' poll
12. by mail. When it was found that an organizational request for
ten thousand ballots came
from the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Ku Klux Klan, pink
ballots were supplied so that
they could be separately tabulated. To quote the article, ``Pink
Ballots for the Ku Klux
Klan'': ``The ballots returned all came from towns and small
cities in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Of the total of 1,139 voters, 490 listed
themselves as Republicans, only 97
as Democrats, and 552 as Independents. Among them are 243
women.''(39)
Approximately two-thirds (over 700) responded regarding their
occupations. ``The
largest single group (209) is that of skilled workmen; the next
(115) is of laborers.'' The
rest includes workers (e.g. ``railway men'') and farmers, plus a
scattering of professionals
and merchants. The women who listed their occupations were
mainly housewives.
Despite the generally high percentages of abstention on most of
the issues, the results on
the following selected topics show clearly radical leanings:(40)
Percent Approved: Ignored: Condemned:
"Compulsory freight reduction" 30 77 3
"Nationalization of the railroads with cooperative
administration by workers, shippers,
and public" 24 72 4
"Federal Aid for Farmers' Co-operatives"
13. 30 68 2
"Federal purchase of wheat" 20 68 2
"Price fixing of staple farm products" 23 75 5
Percent Approved: Ignored: Condemned:
"Further extension of farm credit" 32 67
1
"Equal social, legal, and industrial rights for women"
41 56 3
"Amendment enabling Congress to prevent exploitation of
children in
industry" 45 54 1
"Federal Anti-Lynching Law" 38 60 2
"Establish Federal Employment Bureau"37 60 3
"Extension of principle of Federal aid for education"
91 9 0
"Abolition of injunctions in labor disputes"
20 73 7
"Nationalization, and democratic administration by technicians,
14. workers, and consumers,
of coal mines" 23 72
5
"Government control and distribution of high-power
transmission"
33 64 3
Also favored were immigration restriction and prohibition. The
Outlook, obviously
displeased with the response, categorized the Klan participants
as ``more inclined to
accept panaceas at face value, willing to go farther. In general,''
they concluded, ``this
leads to greater radicalism, or `progressivism.'''(41) The Klan
movement declined rapidly
within a year of the poll, and research substantiates the
enduring validity of The Outlook
editors' claim that ``The present table provides the only analysis
that has ever been made
of the political views of members of the Ku Klux Klan.''(42)
With this kind of data, it is less surprising to find, for
example, that the Socialist
Party and the Klan formed a 1924 electoral alliance in
Milwaukee to elect John Kleist, a
Socialist and a Klansman, to the Wisconsin Supreme Court.(43)
Robert O. Nesbitt
perceived, in Wisconsin, a ``tendency for German Socialists,
whose most conspicuous
opponents were Catholic clergy, to join the Klan.''(44) The
economic populist Walter
Pierce was elected governor in Oregon in 1922 by a strong
agricultural protest vote,
including the endorsement of the Klan and the Socialist Party.
15. Klan candidates promised
to cut taxes in half, reduce phone rates, and give aid to
distressed farmers.(45) A recent
study of the Klan in LaGrande, Oregon revealed that it ``played
a substantial role in
supporting the strikers'' during the nationwide rail workers'
strike of 1922.(46)
In fact, the KKK appealed not infrequently to militant
workers, despite the
persistent stereotype of the Klan's anti-labor bent. An August
1923 World's Work article
described strong worker support for the Klan in Kansas; during
the state-wide railroad
strike there in 1922, the strikers ``actually did flock into the
Klan in what seems to have
been large numbers.''(47)
Charles Alexander, who wrote the highly regarded The Ku
Klux Klan in the
Southwest, though generally subscribing to the anti-labor Klan
reputation, confessed his
own inability to confirm this image. Referring to himself, he
said, ``the writer has come
across only two instances of direct conflict between
southwestern Klansmen and union
organizers, one in Arkansas and one in Louisiana.''(48) Writing
of Oklahoma, Carter Blue
Clark judged that ``violence against the International (sic)
Workers of the World and
radical farm and labor groups was rare...''(49) He found sixty-
eight incidents of Klan-
related violence between 1921 and 1925, only two of which
belonged to the
``Unionization/Radicalism'' category.(50)
16. Goldberg's study of the KKK in Colorado found that ``despite
coal strikes in
1921, 1922, and 1927, which primarily involved foreign-- born
miners, the Klan never
resorted to the language of the Red Scare.'' During the Wobbly-
led strike of 1927, in fact,
the Canon City Klan formed an alliance with the IWW against
their common enemy, the
ruling elite.(51)
Virginia Durr, who was Henry Wallace's Progressive Party
running mate in 1948,
gives us a picture of the Klan of the '20s and labor in the
Birmingham area:
``The unions were broken...So, the Ku Klux Klan was formed
at that point as a kind of
underground union and unless you were there and knew it,
nobody will believe it. They
will say, `Oh, but the Klan was against the unions.' Well, it
wasn't.''(52)
Gerald Dunne found that ``ninety percent of Birmingham's
union members were
also involved with the Klan,''(53) and that the Klan in the state
at large attacked the
Alabama Power Company and the influence of the ruling
Bankhead family while
campaigning for public control of the Muscle Shoals dam
project and government
medical insurance.(54)
In the '20s the corrupt and inert officialdom of the United
Mine Workers was
presided over by the autocratic John L. Lewis. Ku Kluxers in
the union, though they had
been officially barred from membership in 1921, formed a
coalition with leftists at the
1924 convention in a fight for union democracy: ``Then the
radical- s...combined with the
17. sympathizers of the hooded order to strip Mr. Lewis of the
power to appoint organizers.''
(55) Though this combination was narrowly defeated, ``Lewis
was outvoted in a first test
of the question as to whether local executives and organizers
should be appointed by the
national officials or by the rank and file. The insurgents, headed
by the deposed
Alexander Howat and spurred on by the members of the Ku
Klux Klan, who exerted a
lobbying influence from the convention doorways, combined to
carry the first vote.''(56)
Though officially denied membership, strongly pro-UMW
sources have admitted that, in
fact, a great many union members were Klansmen. McDonald
and Lynch, for example,
estimated that in 1924 eighty percent of UMW District 11
(Indiana) members were
enrolled in the KKK. An examination of the Proceedings of the
1924 union convention
supports this point; areas of Klan strength, such as Indiana,
Illinois and Pennsylvania
voted very decisively against Lewis, in favor of the election of
organizers by the rank and
file.(58)
A New Republic article in March, 1924 told of the strength of
the Klan in
Williamson County, Illinois, scene of the ``Herrin Massacre''
referred to above. The anti-
Klan piece sadly shook its head at this turn of events in an area
of ``one hundred percent
unionism.''(59) Buried in the middle of the account is the key to
the situation, an accurate
18. if grudging concession that ``the inaction of their local labor
leaders gave to the Ku Klux
Klan a following among the miners.''(60)
The following oral history account by Aaron Barkham, a West
Virginia miner, is
a perfect illustration of the Klan as a vehicle of class struggle -
and of the reason for its
official denunciation by the UMW. It is worth quoting at length:
“About that time 1929, in Logan County, West Virginia, a
bunch of strike-
breakers come in with shotguns and axe handles. Tried to break
up union meetings. The
UMW deteriorated and went back to almost no existence. It
didn't particularly get full
strength till about 1949. And it don't much today in West
Virginia. So most people
ganged up and formed the Ku Kluck Klan.
“The Ku Klux was the real controllin' factor in the community.
It was the law. It
was in power to about 1932. My dad was one of the leaders til
he died. The company
called in the army to get the Ku Klux out, but it didn't work.
The union and the Ku Klux
was about the same thing.
“The superintendent of the mine got the big idea of makin' it
rougher than it was.
They hauled him off in a meat wagon, and about ten more of the
company officials. Had
the mine shut down. They didn't kill 'em, but they didn't come
back. They whipped one of
the foremen and got him out of the county. They gave him
twelve hours to get out, get his
family out.
19. “The UMW had a field representative, he was a lawyer. They
tarred and feathered
'im for tryin' to edge in with the company. He come around, got
mad, tryin' to tell us we
were wrong, when we called a wildcat. He was takin' the side of
the company. I used a
stick to help tar 'im. And it wasn't the first time.
“The Ku Klux was formed on behalf of people that wanted a
decent living, both
black and white. Half the coal camp was colored. It wasn't anti-
colored. The black people
had the same responsibilities as the white. Their lawn was just
as green as the white
man's. They got the same rate of pay. There was two colored
who belonged to it. I
remember those two niggers comin' around my father and askin'
questions about it. They
joined. The pastor of our community church was a colored man.
He was Ku Klux. It was
the only protection the workin' man had.
“Sure, the company tried to play one agin' the other. But it
didn't work. The
colored and the whites lived side by side. It was somethin' like
a checkerboard. There'd
be a white family and a colored family. No sir, there was no
racial problem. Yeah, they
had a certain feelin' about the colored. They sure did. And they
had a certain feelin' about
the white, too. Anyone come into the community had
unsatisfactory dealin's, if it was
colored or white, he didn't stay.”(61)
Why have the few, standard accounts of the Klan been
20. seemingly so far off?
Principally because they have failed to look at the Klan
phenomenon “from the bottom
up,” to see KKK participants as historical subjects. One result
of this is to have
overlooked much material altogether. As most labor attention
focuses on the unions at the
expense of the individual workers, so has the Klan been ignored
as a movement relevant
to the history of working people. The Lean Years: A History of
the American Worker,
1920-1933, by Irving Bernstein, is widely regarded as the best
treatment of labor in the
1920s. It does not mention the Ku Klux Klan. Similarly, the
Lynds' Middletown, that
premier sociological study of Muncie, Indiana in the '20s,
barely mentions the Klan(62)
and then only in terms of a most marginal area, religious
preference.(63)
Certainly no one would seriously maintain that the KKK of the
'20s was free from
bigotry or injustice. There is truth in the characterization of the
Klan as a moment of
soured populism, fermented of post-war disillusion. But it is
also true that when large
numbers of people, feeling ``a sense of defeat''(64) in an
increasingly urban South, or
their northern counterparts, ``conscious of their growing
inferiority,''(65) turned to the
Klan, they did not necessarily enact some kind of sick, racist
savagery. On occasion, they
even turned, as we have seen, to a fairly radical activism - to
the chagrin of their corrupt
21. and conservative leadership.
In fact, it was internal dissension - plus, to a lesser extent, the
return of relative
prosperity in 1925(66) - that brought about the precipitous
decline of the Klan. Donald
Crownover's study of the KKK in Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania discussed some of the
abortive efforts to form state and even national organizations
alternative to the vice and
autocracy prevailing at the top of the Invisible Empire.(67)
``Revolt from within, not
criticism from without, broke the Klan.''(68) More
fundamentally, the mid-1920s, against
the background of a decisive deformation provided by World
War I,(69) saw the real
arrival of the consumer society and the cultural displacement of
militancy it
represented.(70)
The above research, limited and unsystematic as it is, would
seem to raise more
questions than it answers. Nonetheless, it may be possible to
discern here something of
relevance concerning racism, spontaneity and popular values in
the context of a very
important social movement.(71)
Notes:
1. Stanley Frost, The Challenge of the Klan (New York, 1969),
p.1.
2. Between five and six million is probably the soundest figure.
Morrison and Commager
found "garnered in the Northeast and Midwest an all-time peak
of six million members."
The Growth of the American Republic (New York, 1950), vol.
II, p.556. Jonathon
22. Daniels estimated that "the supposedly Southern organization
had sprawled continentally
from beginnings in Atlanta in 1915, up from 100,000 members
in 1921 to 5,000,000 in
1924." The Time Between the Wars (Garden City, New York,
1966), p. 108.
3. Emerson Loucks, The Ku Klux Klan in Pennsylvania: A
Study of Nativism (New
York, 1936), pp. vi, 1, 198.
4. Kenneth Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930
(New York, 1967), p. xi.
5. Carl Degler, "A Century of the Klans: A Review Article,"
Journal of Southern History
(November 1965), pp. 442-443.
6. Jackson, op.cit., p. 237.
7. Ibid., p. 239.
8. Robert Moats Miller, "The Ku Klux Klan," from The
Twenties: Change and
Continuity, John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner and David
Brody, eds. (Columbus, 1968),
p. 218.
9. Robert L. Duffus, "How the Ku Klux Klan Sells Hate,"
World's Week (June, 1923), p.
179.
10. Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan (Berkeley, 1991), p.
169.
11. Degler, op.cit., p. 437.
12. William Simmons, head of the Klan in 1921, testified -
without challenge - that the
post-war race riots in Washington, East St. Louis and Chicago
took place before there
were any Klan members in those cities. See Hearings Before the
Committee on Rules:
23. House of Representatives, Sixty-Seventh Congress
(Washington, 1921), p. 75.
13. Daniel Snowman, USA: The Twenties to Viet Nam (London,
1968), p.37.
14. Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After (New
York, 1930), p. 258.
15. See Literary Digest: "Quaint Customs and Methods of the
KKK," (August 5, 1922) A
Defense of the Ku Klux Klan," (January 20, 1923), esp. pp. 18-
19; "The Klan as the
Victim of Mob Violence," (September 8, 1923), p. 12; The
Nation: "Even the Klan Has
Rights," (December 13, 1922), p. 654.
16. See Garin Burban's "Agrarian Radicals and Their
Opponents: Political Conflicts in
Southern Oklahoma, 1910-1924," Journal of American History
(June 1971). Burbank
argues that the Socialist Party and the Klan had different
constituencies in Oklahoma, but
much of his own data contradicts this conclusion. Esp. pp. 20-
21.
17. See Paul M. Angle's Bloody Williamson(New York, 1952),
esp. pp. 4, 210 28-29,
137-138.
18. See Irving Bernstein's The Lean Years: A History of the
American Worker, 1920-
1933 (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 1-43.
19. Jackson, op. cit, p. 239. Akron had the eighth largest
member- ship of U.S. cities.
20. See Thomas R. Brooks' Toil and Trouble (New York, 1971),
p. 368, and Jerold S.
Auerbach's Labor and Liberty: The LaFollette Committee and
the New Deal
(Indianapolis, 1966), p. 38.
21. Irving Howe and B.J. Widick, The UAW and Walter Reuther
(New York, 1949), p. 9.
24. 22. John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New York, 1968), pp.
289- 290.
23. Donald A. Crownover, "The Ku Klux Klan in Lancaster
County, 1923-1924," Journal
of the Lancaster County Historical Society (1964, No.2), p. 64.
24. Higham, op. cit, p. 290.
25. Sherwood Anderson, Puzzled America (New York, 1935), p.
114.
26. Neill Herring, a veteran progressive and scholar from
Atlanta, has testified to this
kind of utilization of Klan organization as enabled by a
structure that "left a fair measure
of local independence of action." Letter to author, March 25,
1975.
27. Miller, op. cit., p. 224.
28. Frost, op. cit., p. 270.
29. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval
(Boston, 1960), p. 45.
30. Stanley Frost, "Night-Riding Reformers," The Outlook
(November 14, 1923); Frost
"Behind the White Hoods; The Regeneration of Oklahoma," The
Outlook (November 21,
1923).
31. Robert Klan Goldberg, Hooded Empire: the Ku Klux Klan in
Colorado (Urbana,
1981), p. 23.
32. Margaret Sanger, An Autobiography (New York, 1938), pp.
366- 367.
33. Frost, op. cit., p. 86.
34. Frost, op. cit., p. 86.
35. Mary H. Herring, "the Why of the Klan," (Correspondence)
The New Republic
(February 23, 1923), p. 289.
25. 36. John Moffat Mecklin, The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the
American Mind (New York,
1924), p. 98.
37. Jackson, op. cit., p. 240.
38. Ibid., p. 241.
39. "Pink Ballots for the Ku Klux Klan," The Outlook (June 25,
1924), pp. 306-307.
40. Ibid., p. 307-308. My percentages involve slight
approximations; they are based on
averaging the percentages given for Republicans, Democrats,
and Independents
proportionally.
41. Ibid., p. 306.
42. Ibid., p. 308.
43. Jackson, op. cit., p. 162.
44. Robert O. Nesbitt, Wisconsin: A History (Madison, 1973),
p. 467.
45. George S. Turnbull, An Oregon Crusader (Portland, 1955),
p. 150. "Promises and
Lies," (editorial) Capital Journal (Salem, October 31, 1922).
46. David A. Horowitz, "The Ku Klux Klan in LaGrande,
Oregon," The Invisible Empire
in the West, ed. Shawn Lay (Urbana, 1992), p. 195.
47. Robert L. Duffus, "The Ku Klux Klan in the Middle West,"
World's Work (August,
1923), p. 365.
48. Charles Alexander, The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest
(Louisville, 1965), p. 25.
49. Carter Blue Clark, A History of the Ku Klux Klan in
Oklahoma. Ph.D. Dissertation
(University of Oklahoma, 1976), p. 115.
50. Ibid., p. 147.
51. Goldberg, op. cit., pp. 122, 146.
52. Virginia Durr, Interview (conducted by Susan Thrasher and
Jacque Hall, May 13-15,
1975), University of North Carolina Oral History project.
26. 53. Gerald T. Dunne, Hugo Black and the Judicial Revolution
(New York, 1977), p. 114.
54. Ibid., pp. 116, 118, 121.
55. Cecil Carnes, John L. Lewis (New York, 1936), p. 116.
56. Ibid., p. 114.
57. David J. McDonald and Edward A. Lynch, Coal and
Unionism (Silver Spring, Md,
1939), p. 161.
58. United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the
Twenty-Ninth Consecutive and
Sixth Biennial Convention (Indianapolis, 1924), p. 686.
59. "Ku Kluxing in the Miners' Country," The New Republic
(March 26, 1924), p. 123.
60. Ibid., p. 124.
61. Studs Terkel, Hard Times (New York, 1970), pp. 229-230.
62. Robert and Helen Lynd, Middletown (New York, 1929). pp.
333, 364-366, 479.
63. George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South
(Baton Rouge, 1967), p.
196: "careful historians have found that neither the major
church bodies and periodicals
nor fundamentalist leaders ever worked closely with the Klan."
There seems to have been
even less of a connection between the churches and the Klan in
the North.
64. Ibid, p. 191.
65. George E. Mowry, The Urban Nation (New York, 1965), p.
34.
66. Degler, op. cit., p. 441.
67. Crownover, op. cit., pp. 69-70.
68. Loucks, op. cit., p. 165.
69. Zerzan, "Origins and Meaning of World War I," Telos 49,
esp. pp. 107-108.
27. 70. Stewart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and
the Roots of the
Consumer Society (New York, 1977). For example, pp. 189-190,
201.
71. Special thanks to Neill Herring of Atlanta, Susan Thrasher
of New Market,
Tennessee, and Bob Hall of chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Reproduced from, Anarchy: a journal of desire armed. #37,
Summer 1993
The Golden Era of Indiana (1900-1941)
Northern Indiana Center for history
"I Am the Law in Indiana," the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
A majority of people have an already formed image of the Klan
in their minds. Men, dressed in
white robes and hoods, riding throughout the countryside
harassing blacks. Most believe that the
Klan is a dead organization comprised of rednecks and racist
southerners. However,
unfortunately, the Klan is still alive in Indiana. There was a
time in Indiana when Klan
membership could help an aspiring political career (remember
David Duke?). Leonard Moore
from the University of California has carefully analyzed Klan
membership documents of Indiana
and discovered that 250,000 white men in Indiana (about 30%
of the native-born Caucasian men
in Indiana) joined the Klan in the early 1920s.1[1]
The Klan has appeared and disappeared more than four times
28. throughout its history. It is the
constant bad dream for a free American society to deal with.
Just when you think it’s gone, it
rears its ugly head once more. In its various forms and
incarnations, the Klan has not entirely
remained a southern-owned organization. White supremacy has
always been its goal, but its
anger and hatred has been used against other minority groups
than just black Americans.
Its first appearance in American history was in the South,
organized for only a short number of
years between 1865 and 1872. The group was started by a
group of 6 men from Pulaski,
Tennessee, mainly as an elaborate game and role play of
wearing eerie costumes while riding on
horseback. It didn’t take long for the Ku Klux Klan (its name,
supposedly, derived from the Greek
word kuklos, which means “circle”) to go from a fraternal
organization to a vigilante group bent on
violence. An ex-Confederate general, Nathan Bedford Forrest,
was chosen to be the Klan’s first
leader.
Forrest headed up a committee that made the Klan a secret
society with elaborates and,
sometimes, bizarre titles: grand wizard, grand dragon, titans and
Cyclops. The Klan was filled
with members of the recently defeated Confederate army. Their
focus was threefold: to strike
back at the federal Reconstruction government, to put the blacks
“back in their place,” and to
chase the white carpetbaggers back North.2[2] Because many
southerners believed that the North
was using Reconstruction to hand over the South to illiterate
blacks, the Klan was a way for
29. southern whites to strike back.
The first Klan attacked with a fierce vengeance. This first Klan
set the violent tone of the future
organization. Anyone, either black or white, would meet a
violent death if they stood in their way.
The Klan’s tools of intimidation included lynching, shooting,
stabbing and whipping. They
perceived their mission as defenders of the white way of life.
They also saw themselves as
protectors of white women and the property of their birth. The
government, however, saw them
as bloodthirsty criminals.
The government stepped in and ordered Nathan Forrest to
disband the Klan. He reluctantly
agreed and the secret organization of terror dissolved in 1869.
However, violence towards blacks
continued even after the dissolution of the Klan. The Klan’s
reign of terror was temporarily over.
The Klan would have been forgotten if Thomas Dixon, Jr., a
novelist, hadn’t produced a
romanticized version of the Klan’s history. Dixon claimed that
the Klan was fighting for a just
cause, defending their honor from wild blacks and white
criminals. In 1915, almost 10 years after
Dixon’s writings, film maker D.W. Griffith used his book as a
basis for a new movie. The new
movie was entitled, Birth of a Nation and it was praised in the
South and crucified in the North.
30. The South saw it as a true depiction of the raw deal of
Reconstruction, while the North saw the
film as a way to legitimize racial hatred and violence toward
minorities. However, when President
Woodrow Wilson, a southern Democrat, saw the film and
remarked that it was “all too terribly
true,” the rest of America flocked to see this new epic.3[3]
When Birth of a Nation debuted in Atlanta, Georgia on
December 7, 1915, an advertisement
appeared in the Atlanta newspaper calling for southern white
men to join “A High Class Order for
Men of Intelligence and Character.” This was, of course, the
new rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan.
This new Klan was, basically, a fraternal social club for white
supremacists.
The first imperial wizard of this second Klan movement was a
former Methodist preacher named
William Simmons. He was interviewed in 1928 as to why
people joined this new Klan movement.
Simmons said:
I went around Atlanta talking to men who belonged to other
lodges [Masons, Woodmen
of the World] about the new Ku Klux Klan. The Negroes were
getting pretty uppity in the
South along about that time. The North was sending down for
them to take good jobs.
Lots of Southerners were feeling worried about conditions.
Thirty-four men belonging to
various other lodges, promised to attend a meeting in [attorney
E.R.] Clarkson’s office.
And on the night of October 26, 1915, we met. They were all
there. Two of them were
men who had belonged to the old Klan. John W. Bale, speaker
31. of the Georgia
legislature, called the meeting to order. He was the first man in
America to wield a Klan
gavel. I talked for an hour and we all decided that the idea
would grow. We voted to
apply for a state charter.4[4]
In November of 1915, Simmons and the new klansmen held
their first initiation ceremony and
cross burning.
With Birth of a Nation providing free recruiting advertisement
for the Klan, membership soared.
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, the Klan
grew in strength. America now
had to be ‘protected’ from the Germans and others: Catholics,
Jews, Socialists, blacks and union
leaders. Membership in the Klan was a way for citizens to help
out the war effort in Europe by
making sure American soil was kept ‘pure.’ The Klan was
quickly becoming something universal
and not just a southern racist group. William Simmons now
realized that the Ku Klux Klan could
now become a national fraternal movement.
D.C. Stephenson and the Indiana Klan
A man named Joe Huffington was chosen by Simmons and other
top Klan officials to start
organizing the Klan in Indiana. Huffington’s first base of
operations was located in Evansville,
Indiana. In the late summer of 1920 he began preparations to
bring the Klan to Indiana. It was
not long before Huffington met a young man named D.C.
Stephenson.
32. D.C. Stephenson was born, probably, in Texas and soon would
become the most powerful and
influential man in Indiana. Stephenson found himself,
eventually, in Evansville working as a
salesman of bonds for the L.G. Julian Coal Company. By 1921
he was helping Huffington recruit
for the newly formed Indiana chapter of the Klan. He was
making a pretty good living with both
jobs.
The Klan had a large vocabulary of secret words and titles that
Stephenson had to learn. William
Simmons was known as the imperial wizard, the top office of
the Klan. Other office titles
included: kligrapp, kludd, nighthawk and Cyclops. Their secret
meetings and gatherings were
known as klonvocations. Membership fees were called
klecktoken.
D.C. Stephenson, like all other new members, had to swear an
oath of allegiance to the Klan and
a vow of secrecy. New recruits were asked 9 questions:
1. Is the motive prompting your ambition to be a Klansman
serious and unselfish?
2. Are you native born, white, Gentile, American citizens?
3. Are you absolutely opposed to and free of any allegiance of
any nature to cause,
government, people, sect, or ruler that is foreign to the United
States of America?
33. 4. Do you esteem the United States of America and its
institutions above any other
government, civil, political, or ecclesiastical in the whole
world?
5. Will you, without mental reservations, take a solemn oath to
defend, preserve, and
enforce these same?
6. Do you believe in Klannishness and will you faithfully
practice same toward your fellow
Klansmen?
7. Do you believe in and will you faithfully strive for the
eternal maintenance of White
Supremacy?
8. Will you faithfully obey our constitutions and laws, and
confirm willingly to all our usages,
requirements, and regulations?
9. Can you always be depended on?[5]
Did D.C. Stephenson take the oath seriously? No one really
knows. Stephenson's public
speeches aren't filled with the racist rhetoric as many of the
other leaders of the Klan. He usually
left the hate speeches up to others in the power structure of the
Klan. His talent was centered
around organizing the Klan in Indiana and collecting new
recruits.
Membership in the Indiana division of the Klan began soaring
with each new speech that
Stephenson made. The group began to expand to the western
states and industrial cities of the
Midwest, the Klan was no longer a southern sensation.
34. The Klan even made inroads into Indiana churches. The
Reverend William Forney Harris of the
Grand Avenue Methodist Church preached in 1922 that secret
societies like the Ku Klux Klan
would not get his support. However, these were times of "moral
decay," and as such, any
organization that stood for decency and order ought not to be
shunned. Other clergy found
themselves offering similar endorsements to their congregations
as the Klan membership began
to grow locally.6
D.C. Stephenson went on to become a powerful political figure
in Indiana. His rise to power was
short-lived, however. In 1922 David Curtis Stephenson was
appointed Grand Dragon of the KKK
for Indiana. In 1925 he had met a statehouse secretary, Madge
Oberholtzer, at an inaugural ball
for Governor Ed Jackson. She was later abducted from her
home in Irvington, a neighborhood of
Indianapolis and taken by Stephenson and some of his men to
the train station. While on a trip to
Hammond, Indiana, Stephenson repeatedly attacked and raped
Oberholtzer in one compartment
of his Pullman railcar. In Hammond she took poison to frighten
Stephenson into letting her go.
He immediately rushed her back to Indianapolis where she died
a month later, either from the
effects of the poison or the severe bite marks she incurred
during the rape.
Stephenson was arrested and charged with second-degree
murder. The sensational trial took
35. place in Noblesville, Indiana in 1925. His conviction sent
Stephenson to the Indiana State Prison
in Michigan City, Indiana for the next 31 years (the longest
imprisonment in this state for that
crime). He was released from prison in 1956 and faded into
obscurity. However, not before
causing the shocking downfall of many corrupt political
officials within Indiana. When he went to
jail he was convinced that Governor Ed Jackson, who he had
helped elect, would pardon him.
Governor Jackson never came through with the pardon and
Stephenson began to talk.
With help from The Indianapolis Times (which won a Pulitzer
Prize for its investigations), the
structure of Indiana politics would be shaken. Stephenson
began to talk about who had helped
him rise to power and began to name names. The aftermath was
shocking, indictments were
filed against Governor Ed Jackson, Marion County Republican
chairman George V. "Cap" Coffin,
and attorney Robert I. Marsh, charging them with conspiring to
bribe former Governor Warren
McCray. Even Mayor of Indianapolis John Duvall was
convicted and sentenced to jail for 30 days
(and barred from political service for 4 years). Some Marion
County commissioners also
resigned from their posts on charges of accepting bribes from
the Klan and Stephenson.
This was not the image that Indiana wanted to portray during its
"golden age." Stephenson at the
peak of his political career and influence had remarked, "I am
the law in Indiana."
D.C. Stephenson and the Indiana Klan