The document analyzes how utility model (UM) protection can be used alongside patents to provide a more comprehensive picture of innovation. Some key findings:
- UMs cover incremental inventions while patents cover new, radical inventions. However, they may also substitute for one another depending on strategic filing considerations.
- UMs are easier, faster, and cheaper to obtain than patents but provide narrower protection. They are well-suited for protecting incremental innovations.
- Analysis of IP filing data from multiple countries finds that UMs are used more heavily in upper-middle income countries and Asia, especially China. Certain technologies like measurement and transport also rely more on UMs.
- Multivariate regression shows technologies involving
Presentation at the UKIS User Group event held at BEIS on the 20th March 2017. Barriers to innovation.Methods, evidence and
implications for data collection.
Presentation at the UKIS User Group event held at BEIS on the 20th March 2017. Barriers to innovation.Methods, evidence and
implications for data collection.
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Economic indicators and statistics are the baseline of any measurement, but when it comes to
measuring innovation, the schools of thoughts are divided on what are the most relevant and reliable
indicators and metrics to assess the development of a specific technology not only within its wide
range of applications, but also against another technology? The younger the technology in question,
the more difficult it is to find the right indicators for the measurement of its innovative power at a
time when such measurement is most needed, in order to evaluate the efficiency of policy making
regarding this technology.
The measurement of the innovative power of a General Purpose Technology (GPT), like
nanotechnology, can benefit from adoption of commonly accepted economic indicators, such as
intellectual property creation, creation of enterprises, manufacture of value-added products and
supply of relevant services, but new indicators need to be proposed, in order to specifically grasp the
disruptive and revolutionary power of the GPT.
This study aims to stress-test the use of traditional indicators for the measurement of
nanotechnology innovation, in order to specifically allow for comparison with other technological
developments and between economic markets, while gaining insight into the shortcomings of these
traditional indicators and aiming to identify needs for better suited future indicators to be created.
Experiment of the Assessment of Societal and Economic Impacts by Policy Simul...scirexcenter
Masahiro Kuroda, Kenta Ikeuchi, Yasushi Hara, Michel C. Huang.
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan
Kazuyuki Tsuchiya, Akira Ohtagaki
Mitsubishi Research Institute
Masatoshi Yokohashi, Kaori Tsuyuki
Applied Research Institute
Silicon Photonics 2018 - Report by Yole Developpement Yole Developpement
Fueled by increasing internet traffic thanks to social networks, video and gaming content, increasing bandwidth will be required for inter- and intra-data center communications. As a short term answer to this possible bandwidth congestion, new photonics technology for transceivers is still pulled onto the market by Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft (GAFAM) and now by Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT) in China.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
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More information on that report at https://www.i-micronews.com/report/product/status-of-panel-level-packaging-2018.html
Miniature Drug delivery System uses micro-fabricated devices to administer drugs to the host and has advantages over a conventional drug delivery system
A MEMS based Implantable Drug Delivery System (IDDS) is discussed. The heart of the system is an in-plane MEMS micropumps enables us to make a compact, inexpensive system. A conceptual IDDS design is proposed. This design consists of an implantable unit which houses the micropumps, electronic and power circuitry. This implantable unit is connected to a subcutaneous port via a silicone catheter. The subcutaneous port acts as a refillable reservoir. This leads to a reduction in unit volume and makes the system customizable. The IDDS pumps drug into surrounding tissue with the help of a MEMS based micropumps. Similarly Microneedles are also used in drug administration.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Miniature Drug Delivery System. Smart drug delivery system is used for delivering drugs to the host effectively and improves the quality of life of the patients. Patents were categorized as per key Drug Delivery administration methods, types of sensors, applications, communication techniques and analyzed for generating different trends with Patent iNSIGHT Pro.
Miniature Drug Delivery System technology has seen a consistent increase in the number of patent publications from 2008 till 2012 as the need for smart drug delivery has increase globally.
Published: Apr 30, 2013
Smart Grids: Growth business in Indian energy sector’ session brought together specialists from business and research institutions to discuss about the future business opportunities in Indian smart grid markets. In the session, were also defined the major barriers for the market entry and ‘ground rules’ to successful in energy business in India. This document summarizes the outcomes of the session.
Economic indicators and statistics are the baseline of any measurement, but when it comes to
measuring innovation, the schools of thoughts are divided on what are the most relevant and reliable
indicators and metrics to assess the development of a specific technology not only within its wide
range of applications, but also against another technology? The younger the technology in question,
the more difficult it is to find the right indicators for the measurement of its innovative power at a
time when such measurement is most needed, in order to evaluate the efficiency of policy making
regarding this technology.
The measurement of the innovative power of a General Purpose Technology (GPT), like
nanotechnology, can benefit from adoption of commonly accepted economic indicators, such as
intellectual property creation, creation of enterprises, manufacture of value-added products and
supply of relevant services, but new indicators need to be proposed, in order to specifically grasp the
disruptive and revolutionary power of the GPT.
This study aims to stress-test the use of traditional indicators for the measurement of
nanotechnology innovation, in order to specifically allow for comparison with other technological
developments and between economic markets, while gaining insight into the shortcomings of these
traditional indicators and aiming to identify needs for better suited future indicators to be created.
Experiment of the Assessment of Societal and Economic Impacts by Policy Simul...scirexcenter
Masahiro Kuroda, Kenta Ikeuchi, Yasushi Hara, Michel C. Huang.
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan
Kazuyuki Tsuchiya, Akira Ohtagaki
Mitsubishi Research Institute
Masatoshi Yokohashi, Kaori Tsuyuki
Applied Research Institute
Silicon Photonics 2018 - Report by Yole Developpement Yole Developpement
Fueled by increasing internet traffic thanks to social networks, video and gaming content, increasing bandwidth will be required for inter- and intra-data center communications. As a short term answer to this possible bandwidth congestion, new photonics technology for transceivers is still pulled onto the market by Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft (GAFAM) and now by Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT) in China.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
Status of Panel Level Packaging 2018 Report by Yole Developpement Yole Developpement
Panel level packaging players are ready for high volume production.
More information on that report at https://www.i-micronews.com/report/product/status-of-panel-level-packaging-2018.html
Miniature Drug delivery System uses micro-fabricated devices to administer drugs to the host and has advantages over a conventional drug delivery system
A MEMS based Implantable Drug Delivery System (IDDS) is discussed. The heart of the system is an in-plane MEMS micropumps enables us to make a compact, inexpensive system. A conceptual IDDS design is proposed. This design consists of an implantable unit which houses the micropumps, electronic and power circuitry. This implantable unit is connected to a subcutaneous port via a silicone catheter. The subcutaneous port acts as a refillable reservoir. This leads to a reduction in unit volume and makes the system customizable. The IDDS pumps drug into surrounding tissue with the help of a MEMS based micropumps. Similarly Microneedles are also used in drug administration.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Miniature Drug Delivery System. Smart drug delivery system is used for delivering drugs to the host effectively and improves the quality of life of the patients. Patents were categorized as per key Drug Delivery administration methods, types of sensors, applications, communication techniques and analyzed for generating different trends with Patent iNSIGHT Pro.
Miniature Drug Delivery System technology has seen a consistent increase in the number of patent publications from 2008 till 2012 as the need for smart drug delivery has increase globally.
Published: Apr 30, 2013
94% enterprises will use IoT by end of 2021: Microsoft announces IoT Signals ...Mindbowser Inc
This report is from Microsoft. All copyrights belong to original publishers.
Mindbowser Info solutions is a digital transformation services provider working with global brands aiding on their journey to digital transformation. Mindbowser offers a suite of products and services around user experience, automation, analytics, and mobility that in turn helps businesses become more efficient and improves profitability.
If you have an IoT implementation on mind, connect with us on https://mindbowser.com/digital-transformation-with-iot/
Follow theiotmagazine.com for more updates on IOT
Commercialization Options for a set of Wireless PatentsShanmukha S. Potti
Given a portfolio of patents, this project utilizes two approaches of study – one is analysis of the portfolio as a whole and the second is specific analysis limited to individual patent assets.
This process involves mining for crown jewels in a portfolio, using Patent Analytics.
Patent assets thus identified were mapped to a wireless value chain and an innovation value chain to determine preferred commercialization options.
Next Generation Sequencing & DNA Synthesis: Technology, Consumables Manufactu...Yole Developpement
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More information on that report at https://www.i-micronews.com/products/next-generation-sequencing-dna-synthesis-technology-consumables-manufacturing-and-market-trends-2019/
Sensors for Cellphones and Tablets - 2016 Report by Yole DeveloppementYole Developpement
In a global cellphone and tablet industry worth over $400B, sensors commanded US$12.2B in 2015, with 9.5% CAGR forecasted for 2015-2021.
The sensor market is still growing impressively, but needs to reinvent itself to avoid commoditization
While many are fearing a general slowdown due to smartphone market saturation, our forecast is rather optimistic concerning sensors. Driven by the expansion of the smartphone category over other phones and new applications, the sensor industry for cellphones and tablets is expected to grow at a 9.5% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015-2021. The market was worth US$12B in 2015, and will reach US$21B by 2021. The sensor offering has never been so diverse. The list includes: Accelerometers, gyroscopes, gyroscope for optical image stabilization (OIS), magnetometers, e-compasses, inertial measurement units (IMUs), including nine degree-of-freedom (9DOF) IMUs, microphones, pressure sensors, humidity and temperature (H&T), gas, ambient light sensors (ALS), proximity, red/green/blue (RGB) color sensors, heart rate monitors (HRMs), laser rangers, 3D cameras, CMOS image sensors (CISs), fingerprint and iris recognition. Makers of all such sensors need to stay at the cutting edge of innovation. In this report, we’ve analyzed and forecasted evolution of those sensors integrated in current smartphones, distributed in three different categories: the motion sensing hub, the environmental hub and the optical hub.
From almost zero to a multi-billion dollar market in three years!
Apple introduced the iPhone 5s in 2013, after acquiring Authentec a year earlier. Since then, fingerprint sensors have been massively adopted, and the volumes of sensors shipped into the consumer market have grown incredibly. At first, the sensors were a convenience and protection feature for unlocking phones. However, they are now shifting into a security feature for online identification and mobile payment in an increasing number of smartphones.
From 23 million units in 2013, 689 million fingerprint sensors for smartphones were sold in 2016. This is an incredible 210% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2013 and 2016! The 2016-2022 timeframe will see a more reasonable, but still impressive, 19% CAGR.
Fingerprint sensing is becoming a mandatory feature on every smartphone, adding a lot of value. However such an increase in volume is always followed by strong cost pressure, and this is what has happened over the last three years. The average cost of a fingerprint sensor has decreased from around $5 in 2013 to $3 in 2016, and even less for low-end technologies. And the pressure hasn’t gone away. Current technologies have now reached maturity, and are threatened by new technologies, which need lower cost to gain momentum. This is the case for ultrasonic detection, for instance.
For more information please visit our website: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
The Sensors Market size is expected to grow from USD 136.18 Billion in 2022 to USD 253.18 Billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 8.06 % during the forecast period.
A fiber that has a width of less than 1000 nanometers (1000 nm or 1 μm) is generally defined as a nano fiber. A nanoparticle is defined as a small group of atoms or molecules with a radius of less than 100 nanometers (100 nm).Particles on the nanoscale have a very high surface area to volume ratio, whereas this ratio is much lower for objects on the macroscopic scale.
Nanofabrics are textiles engineered with small particles that give ordinary materials advantageous properties such as superhydrophobicity, odor and moisture elimination, increased elasticity and strength, and bacterial resistance. Depending on the desired property, a nanofabric is either constructed from nanoscopic fibers called nano fibers, or is formed by applying a solution containing nanoparticles to a regular fabric.
Applications of nanofabrics have the potential to revolutionize textile manufacturing and areas of medicine such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
This report looks at the patenting activity around nanofabric processes, different applications and highlights the key companies involved, patents were categorized as per key processes and applications and highlights the key companies involved.
This work shows a methodology used to match PATSTAT inventor names to a full list of researchers working in Italian universities. The goal is to have higher recall, leaving institutions/researchers to validate the data.
Focus will not be on results (evaluation still in progress) but on data processing, selection and match algorithm, highlighting some difficulties and relative workarounds.
Patent Anlaysis Report - Miniature drug delivery systemsPrashant Nair
This report takes a look into the patenting activity around miniature/smart drug delivery system, uncovering the key companies, inventors, and different sub categories.
This presentation by the European Commission was made during the discussion “Methodologies to Measure Market Competition” held at the 135th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 11 June 2021. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/mmmc.
It is a list of project available at the website techshristi.Visit website for the project and even other more project as it is just a small preview of the project list.
http://www.techshristi.com/
The global IoT Sensors market report provides geographic analysis covering regions, such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World. The IoT Sensors market for each region is further segmented for major countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany, the U.K., France, Italy, China, India, Japan, Brazil, South Africa, and others.
This report categorizes and graphically analyzes research trends around nanofabrics and the
processes involved and its applications from various perspectives and highlights the key
companies involved.
The use of nanoparticles and nanofibers to produce specialized nanofabrics became a subject of
interest after the sol-gel and electrospinning techniques were fully developed in the 1980s.
Since 2000, dramatic increases in global funding have accelerated research efforts in
nanotechnology, including nanofabrics research.
Chinese Microfluidics Industry 2018 Report by Yole DeveloppementYole Developpement
Will the Chinese microfluidics industry change the worldwide microfluidic landscape?
More information on that report at: https://www.i-micronews.com/category-listing/product/chinese-microfluidics-industry-2018.html
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This document summarizes bibliometric indicators from the OECD based on data from Elsevier's Scopus database. It shows trends in scientific publication output, citation rates, collaboration, and mobility for countries and regions from 2011-2022. It also includes perspectives on artificial intelligence research and research related to long term challenges like environmental science and energy. The data can be explored further using the OECD's STI.Scoreboard platform (https://oe.cd/sti-scoreboard) and OECD Data Explorer (https://data-explorer.oecd.org) bibliometric datasets.
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Raffo - Measuring incremental innovation IP data to capture non-radical invention
1. Measuring incremental innovation:
how IP data may be used to capture
non-radical inventions
By: Intan Hamdan-Livramento & Julio Raffo
Economics and Statistics Division,
WIPO
Presentation at the Blue Sky III Conference, 19-21 Sept. 2016
Ghent, Belgium
2. Main Goal
Explicit: Investigate if Utility Model protection captures a
different innovation (inventive) activity than patents
Implicit: Provide a test of how to use other IP unit record
data to measure creativity (including innovation).
Measuring creativity: Learning from innovation measurement,
Lhuillery, Raffo & Hamdan-Livramento,
Economic Research Working Paper No. 31, 2016.
Disclaimer:
The views expressed in this article and presentation are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Intellectual Property
Organization or its member states.
2
3. Objective
Show that UMs are useful innovation indicator to be used
alongside patent counts
Argue: UM provides a different view on innovative activities
We do this by:
Examining how UMs are being used, comparing them to their sister
IP instrument – patents
Highlight their similarities and differences
Rely on unit-record data to understand what types of inventions are
filed under UMs, their traits and where they are predominantly being
used
WIPO Statistical Database and EPO PATSTAT data
(to be completed with other national collections)
3
4. Why extend beyond patents?
Not all inventions are patented
Differences on propensity to patent varies across sectors
and technologies
Omit inventors that do not innovate in new-to-the-world type
of inventions
Those that engage in incremental or adaptive innovation-type
activities
Exclude many less-developed economies
Omit inventors that may not have the financial means to file
for patents
Small and medium sized enterprises
4
5. How UM compares to patents?
UMs – in comparison to patent filings – are:
Cheaper (+)
Easier to file (+)
Faster to get protection (+)
Narrower subject matter (–) : processes and methods are
excluded
Shorter protection duration (–)
Scope Utility Model Patent
Criteria for
protection
Novelty and
industrial application
Novelty,
non-obviousness (or inventive step),
and industrial application
Examination
requirement
Usually only formality1 Formality
and substantive examinations
Term of protection Between four to ten years2 20 years
Note 1: Some countries also require substantive examination (e.g. Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Uruguay)
2 Two countries studied grants UM protection for more than 10 years – Brazil at 15 years of protection and Malaysia at
20 years.
5
6. Why UM protection is non-trivial?
Geared to protect inventions that are incremental and
adaptive
Less stringent criteria than patents
Could be a useful stepping stone for inventors not yet inventing at
the technological frontier
Shorter protection duration expected to coincide with the
faster product life cycle
Some evidence that UM (and industrial designs) were more
predominantly used by firms operating in industries using medium-
low technologies
Cheaper to obtain than patents
Makes it accessible to smaller and independent applicants
Affords market exclusivity like patents
6
7. Aggregating gives a more accurate
innovation picture?
UM and patents are complementary IP instruments
UM covers incremental inventions while patents cover new-to-
the-world type of inventions
But, they could be substitutes
Could be strategic to file for UM than patents due to ease of
registration, price, etc.
Still, it is more probable that they are more
complementary than substitutes due to perception of UM
versus patents
Patents tend to be perceived as higher quality and with more
legal certainty than UM
7
8. World distribution of UMs (vs Patents)
Table 1 - Resident utility model and patent applications by income and regions
(2000-2014)
Resident UM/patent
Utility models Patents Ratio
World 6,212,500 100.0% 17,737,600 100.0% 0.3502
High-income 991,193 16.0% 13,351,200 75.3% 0.0742
Upper middle-income 5,062,644 81.5% 4,109,100 23.2% 1.2321
Lower middle-income 109,015 1.8% 194,100 1.1% 0.5616
Low-income 414 0.0% 83,200 0.5% 0.0050
Asia 5,489,093 88.4% 10,941,800 61.7% 0.5017
Europe 596,355 9.6% 3,172,800 17.9% 0.1880
Latin America and the Caribbean 62,238 1.0% 97,400 0.5% 0.6390
Oceania 14,704 0.2% 62,600 0.4% 0.2349
Africa 876 0.0% 29,100 0.2% 0.0301
China 4,939,466 79.5% 3,760,562 21.2% 1.3135
World (w/o China) 1,273,034 20.5% 13,977,038 78.8% 0.0911
Upper middle-income (w/o China) 123,178 2.0% 348,538 2.0% 0.3534
Asia (w/o China) 549,627 8.8% 7,181,238 40.5% 0.0765
Source: WIPO Statistics Database (December 2015).
8
10. Different use through time (and development?)
Figure 1 - Trends of utility model/patents ratio, selected countries (1980-2014)
Source: WIPO Statistics Database (December 2015).
10
12. Multivariate analysis
Determinants of the probability to file a UM instead of a
patent for a given invention.
Country and Technologies FEs
Estimation LPM (and Probit)
Sample:
3,194,259 observations (inventions seeking IP protection)
43% have sought UM protection
27 countries: Argentina, Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China,
Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain,
Finland, France, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine,
and Uruguay.
China roughly 50% of sample
12
13. Robust results in
multivariate analysis
coef se coef se
No technology -0.095*** 0.003 0.104*** 0.003
1 Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy 0.004** 0.002 0.020*** 0.002
2 Audio-visual technology -0.103*** 0.002 0.101*** 0.003
3 Telecommunications -0.246*** 0.002 -0.044*** 0.003
4 Digital communication -0.531*** 0.002 -0.112*** 0.002
5 Basic communication processes -0.246*** 0.004 -0.129*** 0.004
6 Computer technology -0.325*** 0.002 -0.088*** 0.003
7 IT methods for management -0.452*** 0.005 -0.114*** 0.006
8 Semiconductors -0.351*** 0.003 -0.106*** 0.003
9 Optics -0.201*** 0.003 -0.042*** 0.003
10 Measurement -0.111*** 0.002 -0.064*** 0.002
11 Analysis of biological materials -0.252*** 0.005 -0.009* 0.005
12 Control -0.078*** 0.002 -0.026*** 0.003
13 Medical technology 0.054*** 0.002 0.076*** 0.003
14 Organic fine chemistry -0.396*** 0.002 -0.022*** 0.003
15 Biotechnology -0.477*** 0.003 -0.075*** 0.003
16 Pharmaceuticals -0.587*** 0.002 0.000 0.003
17 Macromolecular chemistry, polymers -0.544*** 0.003 -0.078*** 0.004
18 Food chemistry -0.459*** 0.003 -0.017*** 0.004
19 Basic materials chemistry -0.466*** 0.002 -0.068*** 0.003
20 Materials, metallurgy -0.399*** 0.002 -0.083*** 0.003
21 Surface technology, coating -0.232*** 0.003 -0.060*** 0.004
22 Micro-structural and nano-technology -0.530*** 0.007 -0.131*** 0.007
23 Chemical engineering -0.043*** 0.002 0.005 0.003
24 Environmental technology -0.092*** 0.002 0.006* 0.003
25 Handling 0.086*** 0.002 0.139*** 0.003
26 Machine tools 0.006*** 0.002 0.037*** 0.003
27 Engines, pumps, turbines -0.120*** 0.002 -0.101*** 0.002
28 Textile and paper machines -0.139*** 0.002 -0.071*** 0.003
29 Other special machines -0.012*** 0.002 0.068*** 0.003
30 Thermal processes and apparatus 0.027*** 0.002 0.064*** 0.003
32 Transport -0.031*** 0.002 -0.003 0.002
33 Furniture, games 0.162*** 0.002 0.275*** 0.003
34 Other consumer goods 0.103*** 0.002 0.206*** 0.003
35 Civil engineering 0.069*** 0.002 0.162*** 0.002
China included
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Technology FEs
yes no
(1) (2)
Reference = Mechanical elements (tec 31)
Different
application
across
technological
fields
(industries)
13
14. Country
heterogeneity
Robust results in
multivariate analysis
Country FEs coef se coef se
AR -0.470*** 0.005 -0.586*** 0.005
AT -0.465*** 0.013 0.366*** 0.015
BG -0.092*** 0.010 -0.191*** 0.010
CL -0.439*** 0.020 -0.491*** 0.019
CN 0.400*** 0.003 - -
CO -0.447*** 0.009 -0.694*** 0.006
CZ -0.012 0.007 0.335*** 0.007
DE -0.393*** 0.012 0.443*** 0.014
DK -0.410*** 0.013 0.385*** 0.015
EE -0.041*** 0.014 -0.063*** 0.014
ES -0.360*** 0.009 0.098*** 0.009
FI -0.240*** 0.012 0.679*** 0.016
FR -0.579*** 0.010 0.099*** 0.012
GE 0.098** 0.045 -0.195*** 0.041
HU -0.303*** 0.006 -0.191*** 0.006
IT -0.654*** 0.010 -0.194*** 0.010
MD -0.170*** 0.007 -0.443*** 0.007
PE 0.089*** 0.021 -0.131*** 0.024
PH -0.347*** 0.033 -0.690*** 0.021
PL -0.325*** 0.004 -0.263*** 0.004
PT -0.417*** 0.010 -0.111*** 0.010
RS -0.258*** 0.014 -0.343*** 0.014
SK -0.570*** 0.008 -0.490*** 0.007
TR 0.127*** 0.004 0.140*** 0.004
UA 0.397*** 0.003 0.317*** 0.003
UY -0.021 0.031 -0.143*** 0.031
China included
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
yes no
Reference = BR
(1) (2) 14
15. Other determinants
DV = UM (1/0)
Variables coef se coef se
year -0.003*** 0.000 0.005*** 0.000
GDP per capita 2.36E-05*** 0.000 -1.55E-07 0.000
GERD/GDP -0.172*** 0.003 -0.347*** 0.004
Patent family -0.008*** 0.000 -0.012*** 0.000
Citations -0.006*** 0.000 -0.002*** 0.000
Applicants -0.008*** 0.000 0.008*** 0.000
Inventors -0.024*** 0.000 -0.053*** 0.000
Constant 6.255*** 0.458 -8.810*** 0.444
country FEs
tecnology FEs
China included
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
yes yes
yes yes
yes no
(1) (2)
15
16. Conclusion
We explore conceptually and empirically the potential of
utility model data as an innovation indicator
We conclude the UM indicators and micro-studies can
complement the patent related ones.
We found differences across countries, industries, economic
development and innovation systems.
Also, UM are more local, less valuable, and developed by smaller
and more isolated entities.
Caveat: UM protection varies according to legal jurisdictions, thus
careful when conducting cross-country comparisons
Formality versus substantive examination differences
Term of protection differences
Subject matter differences
16