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Searching the unkown: discourses 
and effects of preventing 
radicalization in Scandinavia 
(RADISKAN) 
Therese Sandrup Nerina Weiss 
Therese.sandrup@ffi.no Nerina.Weiss@fafomail.no
The concept of radicalization
The concept of radicalization 
- The aim is social change and the achievement of political 
goals 
- Shift from groups and organizations towards individuals 
- Direct process following a linear directions 
- Phase-based theory. 
- Radicalization as threat to democracy 
- Use of violence as well as the mere acceptance of such 
actions and beliefs.
Radicalization 
Norwegian Action 
Plan 
Swedish Action 
Plan 
Danish Actin Plan 
a process whereby 
a person 
increasingly 
accepts the use of 
violence to achieve 
political, 
ideological or 
religious goals 
the process that 
leads to a person 
or group 
supporting or 
enacting 
ideologically 
motivated violence 
to promote a cause 
the process in 
which a person 
gradually accepts 
the ideas and 
methods of 
extremism and, 
possibly, joins its 
organised groups
Violent extremism 
Norwegian Action 
Plan 
Swedish Action Plan Danish Action Plan 
activities of persons 
and groups that are 
willing to use 
violence in order to 
achieve their 
political, ideological 
or religious goals 
a collective term for 
movements, 
ideologies or 
milieus that do not 
accept a 
democratic social 
order and promote 
violence to achieve 
ideological goals 
characterised by 
totalitarian and 
anti-democratic 
ideologies, 
intolerance to the 
views of others, 
hostile imagery and 
a division into 
«them» and «us»
The concept of radicalization 
• No causal link between e.g. vulnerability and 
exclusion through radicalization to violence and 
terrorism (Hemmingsen 2011) 
• Radical beliefs not a proxy for terrorism (Borum 
2011) 
• Lack of attention to the wider circumstances 
(Sedgwick 2010)
The concept of radicalization 
Due to reasons of personal safety, political 
sensitivity and perceived methodological 
difficulty, researchers have largely shied away 
from action and actor-based research […]. The 
inevitable result has been a very lopsided 
literature which says surprisingly little on some 
very important aspects of the subject. 
(Silke 2004: 9)
The concept of radicalization 
- Theories of terrorism, and radicalization 
processes that may lead to terrorism, lack 
significant empirical substantiation. 
- No dominating theory of radicalization 
- In spite of this, strong political focus on 
preventive action against radicalization (cf. 
National Action Plans against radicalization)
RADISKAN 
What discourses on what levels inform preventive actions. 
What is their impact on ‘suspect communities’ and on 
society at large? 
How are categories of potentially ‘vulnerable’ individuals and 
groups created? 
How do preventive measures impact potential suspect 
groups? And how are these measures experienced by the 
latter? 
How do insecurity and ambivalence around radicalization 
impact levels of trust and distrust within society?
RADISKAN 
…towards an analysis of the social settings in 
which understandings of radicalization are 
formulated, framed and experienced.
RADISKAN 
a study of those who look for potentially 
radicalized groups vs. those who are being 
looked at.
Thank you

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Radiskan presentation NordForsk

  • 1. Searching the unkown: discourses and effects of preventing radicalization in Scandinavia (RADISKAN) Therese Sandrup Nerina Weiss Therese.sandrup@ffi.no Nerina.Weiss@fafomail.no
  • 2. The concept of radicalization
  • 3. The concept of radicalization - The aim is social change and the achievement of political goals - Shift from groups and organizations towards individuals - Direct process following a linear directions - Phase-based theory. - Radicalization as threat to democracy - Use of violence as well as the mere acceptance of such actions and beliefs.
  • 4. Radicalization Norwegian Action Plan Swedish Action Plan Danish Actin Plan a process whereby a person increasingly accepts the use of violence to achieve political, ideological or religious goals the process that leads to a person or group supporting or enacting ideologically motivated violence to promote a cause the process in which a person gradually accepts the ideas and methods of extremism and, possibly, joins its organised groups
  • 5. Violent extremism Norwegian Action Plan Swedish Action Plan Danish Action Plan activities of persons and groups that are willing to use violence in order to achieve their political, ideological or religious goals a collective term for movements, ideologies or milieus that do not accept a democratic social order and promote violence to achieve ideological goals characterised by totalitarian and anti-democratic ideologies, intolerance to the views of others, hostile imagery and a division into «them» and «us»
  • 6. The concept of radicalization • No causal link between e.g. vulnerability and exclusion through radicalization to violence and terrorism (Hemmingsen 2011) • Radical beliefs not a proxy for terrorism (Borum 2011) • Lack of attention to the wider circumstances (Sedgwick 2010)
  • 7. The concept of radicalization Due to reasons of personal safety, political sensitivity and perceived methodological difficulty, researchers have largely shied away from action and actor-based research […]. The inevitable result has been a very lopsided literature which says surprisingly little on some very important aspects of the subject. (Silke 2004: 9)
  • 8. The concept of radicalization - Theories of terrorism, and radicalization processes that may lead to terrorism, lack significant empirical substantiation. - No dominating theory of radicalization - In spite of this, strong political focus on preventive action against radicalization (cf. National Action Plans against radicalization)
  • 9. RADISKAN What discourses on what levels inform preventive actions. What is their impact on ‘suspect communities’ and on society at large? How are categories of potentially ‘vulnerable’ individuals and groups created? How do preventive measures impact potential suspect groups? And how are these measures experienced by the latter? How do insecurity and ambivalence around radicalization impact levels of trust and distrust within society?
  • 10. RADISKAN …towards an analysis of the social settings in which understandings of radicalization are formulated, framed and experienced.
  • 11. RADISKAN a study of those who look for potentially radicalized groups vs. those who are being looked at.