R. Villano - book "Time carved in the silence of eternity" - part 1 cap 1

Raimondo Villano – Time carved in the silence of eternity 13

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CHIRON FOUND.
Praxys dpt
Presentation Ceremony with the
High Patronage of:
Ministry of Artistic and Cultural Heritage
of the Italian Republic
Published under Patronage of:
Pontifical Academy Tiberina
Academy of History of Medical Art
College Noble Chemical Pharmaceutical
European Academy for Economic and
Cultural Relations
Norman Academy of the State of Florida
USA and of the Republic of the Gambia
Presentation of:
Ven. Baliff Gran Cross of Jiustice of the
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Exc. Fra’ Franz von Lobstein
Past District Governor of
Rotary International 2100-Italy
Prof. Antonio Carosella

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Raimondo Villano – Time carved in the silence of eternity4
Copy n. _____________
The autor
__________________________
© Copyright Raimondo Villano.
© Research, creation, cover by Raimondo Villano.
All right reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced in publications and studies
without root’s citation. No part of this book shall be stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by ani means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without written permission from the publisher.
Editorial: Prof. Dott. Maria Rosaria Giordano.
Editors: mobile 338 59 60 222; e-mail: farmavillano@libero.it
Advisor executive: Francesco Villano.
Editions Chiron Found. - Praxys dpt.
© 2010 Chiron Foundation, via Maresca 12, scala A - 80058 Torre Annunziata (Napoli)
Phone: +39 81 861 22 99 Fax: +39 81 353 29 81 Website: www.chiron-found.org
Sales: Prof. Dott. Annamaria Giordano mobile 347 61 71 669.
E-mail: annamaria.g10@alice.it; http://www.chiron-found.org
Print LP - Napoli.
First published in January 2010.
Before March 2010 reprint.
Second reprint September 2010.
First published in English in January 2011.
Finished writing the twenty four in December 2009.
Cover photo of Raymondo Villano (2005): bust from the cloister of the Certosa of
Prosecutors San Martino in Naples. Serialized.
This volume, with no serial number and signature, shall be deemed counterfeit.
ISBN 978-88-97303-03-9.
CDD 177 VIL tim 2011.
LCC BH 81-208.
CHIRON FOUND.
Praxys dpt

For the Professed and no Knights Brothers
and Sisters Dame of the
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
very close to me,
which I appreciate the talent
that drives my studies
and also some of which, above all,
love the deep spirituality
that inspires and directs
significantly my life.

Ceremony of presentation of the book:
with the High Patronage of
Ministry of Heritage and Culture of the Italian Republic
With the participation of:
Your Eminence the Mr. Cardinal Poul POUPARD
President Poul Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Culture
Prof. Dott. Comm. Tito Lucrezio Rizzo
Chief Counsel Services Quirinale
Studiorum Universitas Ruggero II
State of Florida - U. S. A. and Republic of the Gambia
Prof. Dott. Gr. Uff. Giulio Tarro
WABT c/o UATI-ICET / UNESCO House - Paris
Chairman of International Committe Biothecnologies and VirusPhere
Coordinator:
Duke Riccardo Giordani of Willemburg
Master of Ceremonies of the Norman Academy
Ceremony:
Saturday, October 2, 2010 - 17:00
House of Pilot
Air Officers Club - Rome

Published under the Patronage of:
Academy of History of Medical Art
Norman Academy
RECOGNIZED BY THE LAW OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA U.S.A. AND OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
NOT POR PROFIT ASSOCIATION ARTS, LETTERS, HUMANITIES
AND OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENCE IN THE WORLD
ACCADEMIA TIBERINA
University Institute of Culture and Higher Education

Contents
Introduction 23
Introduction 25
Preface 27
Part One
The sense of history and the duty of memory 35
Memory as perceived sense of collective identity 46
The sense of memory in the arts health 57
Essence and logic of subtraction facts to oblivion 62
The seat of the divine Epiphany in the interweaving of time and eternity 67
Part Two
Paradigms methodological and technical aspects of historical sciences 79
Conceptual and methodological approach to history 86
Heuristics historiography of science 87
Issues of interdisciplinarity in the history of science 92
Insight regarding the History of Art Health 94
The historical archive and the museum area 96
Role of ICT in the development of the study and dissemination of health
history 100
Further correlative between book in print and multimedia work 111
Study on the funzional integration of informatics: 114
1. Insights on the virtual library online 114
2. Study on virtual museum online 116
3. The Minerva project under the Community Initiatives digitization
of cultural heritage 118
4. Examples of support networks for research and consulting
historical
124

ACCADEMIA EUROPEA
per le RELAZIONI ECONOMICHE E CULTURALI
Il presidente
Roma, 7 gennaio 2010
Carissimo Raimondo,
facendo seguito alla tua richiesta di patrocinio AEREC per la pubblicazione
della tua ultima fatica letteraria:
“Il tempo scolpito nel silenzio dell’eternità.
Riflessioni sull’indagine diacronica per la memoria dell’homo faber”.
sono lieto procedere con la concessione, in virtù dell’impegno straordinario profuso
in quest’opera che, dai postulati programmatici, si propone come strumento di
lettura del nostro Paese in un momento particolarmente delicato ma interessante
di cambiamenti epocali e determinanti per il futuro.
Augurandoti pieno successo per l’iniziativa, aspetto di leggere il libro ed
intanto ti giungano i più affettuosi e sinceri auguri di buon anno.
Ernesto Carpentieri
Via Sebino 11 – 00199 Roma - Tel. 0039-06.85.86.57.00 Fax 0039-06.84.14.531
Web site: www.aerec.org e-mail: info@aerec.org

Presentation
entleman of the composite social and historical interests, by and large, I dare
say, even impressive bibliography, the brother Raimondo Villano presents to
our attention his last work of fiction entitled “The time carved in the silence
of eternity. Diachronic reflections on the investigation for the memory of homo
faber”.
Is, in fact, a “slender” volume, since it consists of just over one hundred
pages, which stands for both consultability and elegance to the iconographic choices
indeed refined.
I run, however, the obligation to make a clarification, or it is deceit of the
term adopted “slender volume” because the phoneme that we allowed to use, mind
you, refers to anything but a work of thinness not just because of the topics covered,
in fact everyone, but everyone “hard”, but also for the depth of knowledge and the
thoughtful attention.
To get a vague idea about it, moreover, appears sufficient to put much was
already only titles of the chapters of Part One and Two, although it must be
confessed that a careful reading of them assume some, if not require, a immediate
knowledge of the relevant texts.
Pausing, then, to reflect on major themes, however, performed within the
highest of the term, the accumulation of an ideal “summa”, the work leads us, in
relation to aspects of “memory”, aphorism fruit of ancient wisdom with which Cicero
suggests that memory diminishes if not held in year (“memoria minuitur nisi eam
exerceas”, “De senectude”, VII VII. 21) while for what concerns “the history and its
methodology”, it still refers to Cicero where claims “historia vero testis temporum,
lux veritatis, vita memoriae, magistra vitae, qua voce alia nisi oratore immortalitati
commendatum ” (“De orat”, II, 9, 36) , but also engaging in a remarkable “leap” in
time, to Massimo D'Azeglio, from which we learn that “history is not useful because
it reads the past, but because we read the future”, to Francesco Domenico
Guerrazzi that “the hole in the sea” remembers how the philosophy of art history is
to seek and discover the laws governing the moral world”, to Carlo Belgioioso in
G

“School and Family” said that “history is the conscience of the notary public” and,
also, to Giacomo Bazzellotti that treating Francesco de Sanctis points out how “the
recent progress of the method have increasingly moved away from art history by
giving it an increasingly scientific”.
Reflecting, again, on aspects of the History of Science and, in particular,
medical science and its dissemination, we remember in mind is the thought of St.
Gregory the Great, “quando mundus ad extremum ducitur, tanto largior nobis
aeternae scientiae aditum aperitur”, that the assertion of Carlo Cattaneo, ie that
“knowledge is wealth” and a consideration of Gaetano Negri that “the fundamental
characteristic of the modern spirit is that all the forces of intelligence are brought to
the investigation of physical phenomena and moral considered themselves outside of
any injury each element metaphysical” (“Sign of the times”, 125).
But what we love more, as well as historians, professed as members of John,
finally, about the developments described on the seat of divine epiphanies in the
interweaving of time and eternity, a desire to participate in store last reference the
very interesting synthetic fundamental precept that in the Satires of Juvenal (10, 356)
points out that “orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano”: “must pray for a
healthy mind is a healthy body”!
Rome, February 6, 2010
Fra’ Franz von Lobstein
Ven. Baliff Gran Cross of Justice of
Sovereig Military Order of Malta

Presentation
he book, which consists of two distinct parts and connected into the idea while
skiing, faces the difficult task of approaching two traditional scientific
disciplines and different structuring both inside and objective knowledge:
History and computing.
The purpose of the combination is a practical and operational, that, without
compromising the autonomy of both disciplines and without affecting the statutes or
affect the internal logic, it has the potential of one (the computer ) in the service of
the (history) to dilate and increase the amplitude of the horizons of knowledge and to
enhance the teaching load.
At the root or the root of such a transaction, complex and daring at the same time,
there is the firm conviction that differentiation of the “two cultures”, theme in the
second half of last century, is destined to give way to a desired integration into a
“knowledge”, both new and old, that seems not too distant horizon of troubled
present. waiting, still rather bewildered and confused, a rise that seems to allude
even the “The time carved in the silence of eternity”; where the image of time
painstakingly carves its mark on eternity is not infinite slab can not even scratch, it,
intact and absorbed the silence.
And so it comes together, for us men, the mystery of the eternity-time relationship.
Then: he has a sense of the generous effort of the author to call our limited
understanding of mortals to confront the issue again with time-eternity, if this
problem is constitutively above the intellectual possibilities of man?
Certainly. Indeed it seems that the inner meaning and overall the demanding and
challenging language that the villain is precisely the awareness of limits and in an
effort to move even further using the tools of modern technology.
And in this effort that science and History will have to work together to grow in
knowledge man without authorize the mad flight of Ulysses than Pillars of Hercules
of his finitude.
The long and detailed reflection on history, its meaning and its purpose is nurtured
and supported by valid documentation and authoritative references, but not an end in
T

itself, because once the prospect, more limited, art and health, more precisarmente,
the history of pharmacy, which the author is passionate lover.
Desirability by the emergence and relevance of knowing the past to better live the
present and more consciously prepare for the future comes as a logical consequence,
the identification of computing as a technology that today can expand remarkably,
facilitate, enhance and disseminate the signs and testimonies of the past to the
advantage of cultural enrichment that the propitiation of a wider horizon of
knowledge for the future.
And with the added benefits offered by the tool, which allows to overcome and
eliminate two major problems that have until now limited operational possibilities of
man: the obstacles of time and space.
It is not the conquest of omnipotence, which belongs only to God but is a giant step
forward in man-made gradual but relentless march towards the "great sea of
being" supreme.
And it is thanks to Raymond Villano intuition and made the subject of his research.
C.mare di Stabia, March 4, 2010
Prof. Antonio Carosella
Past District Governor of
Rotary International 2100-Italy

Preface
his work springs from a particular bundle of items related to my status as a
student of history, Catholic John, professional health and social citizenship in
a nation engaged in its wonderful complexity yet clear.
A summary of the reading does not work I believe, indeed, could mark a time
when we remember the important moments and aspects of our history.
At the same time, without any rhetoric, the passage of Chapter I may be an
opportunity to look to the future opportunities for rediscovering the value and duty of
the witness, narration and aid knowledge.
A reading, then, from which emerge not only solid lintels to support the
conceptual framework of memory, not to forget, but also a literary work that engages
in the completion of further work highly civil beam reflection elements of peace
social competition in revitalizing the sense of national cohesion, particularly need to
be cultivated and distributed in current times, and care and protection of genuine
roots that essentially cover the whole country.
On the other hand, with deep Christian feeling, I wanted to develop coherent
thoughts with the intention to collaborate to spread the kingdom of God in the world
today and in a prolific metabolism of faith and reason, even humbly contribute effort
open space for all peoples and for those who know God from a distance or where he
is unknown or even stranger: for help, in fact, “to engage with God”, before whom
every human being(1)
.
As an academic, finally, I detailed some methodological issues and use of sub-
discipline of historical health.
Raimondo Villano
_________________
(1) The terms of reference are that the “court of the Gentiles”, reserved in the Temple of Jerusalem to
the Gentiles who wanted to pray to the one God and that Jesus wanted to evacuate those who had turned
into “a den of thieves”, and thoughts expressed by relevance Pope Benedict XVI in his address to the
Roman Curia for the submission of Christmas greetings (Vatican, Sala Clementina, December 21,
2009).
T

“Timeo lectorem unius libri”
San Tommaso d’Aquino

Cigola the pulley of the Well
the water rises to the light and there
merges.
trembles in a memory filled bucket,
in the pure image circle laughs.
lips pulled over their faces to the
evanescent:
deforms the past, you old,
belongs to another...
Ah already stride
the wheel, you end restores the atrium,
vision, a distance between us.
Eugenio Montale

Part One
“I want to learn the timing of memory
because you taught me, where are you,
my future is in our past (...)
lost in the wind like ashes
signs of life”
Ugo Ronfani

The sense of history and the duty of memory
he story is like the ground beneath our feet: we do not indicate a direction, but
without it we can not walk(1)
.
History to avoid losing the thread of his existence and the center of balance.
The production of these scientists, inventions and innovative knowledge, must be
based on a collective feeling, become a shared consciousness.
They are the simplest mechanisms of memory we must resort to the memory and its
processing to project into the future(2)
.
The past, in fact, be considered as the best invention of the future.
In historical studies, therefore, we see one of the cornerstones of our existence and
our culture.
For the Greeks (Hesiod, Pindar) Lethe, the goddess of forgetfulness, formed a pair of
opposites with Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory.
As if to underline that there is a profound connection between knowing how to forget
and be able to remember. Lethe is, then, as remind readers of Virgil, Dante and John
Milton, the name of the river of the underworld where the souls are drinking to get
rid of their previous existence and can therefore return to the life of a new body (3)
.
You can advance the hypothesis that the myth took into account two different kinds
of memory loss.
The first, temporary, which removes the temporary memory of some adversity,
causes a transient being, but is resolved when the memory inevitably resume its
rightful place, and adds more pain to those suffering it was meant to alleviate.
_________________
(1) Reference: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics. Heritage and decadence.
(2) Antonella Bilotti, Deputy Director Centre for Cultural Enterprise, Culture of Enterprise Week, If the
company makes history, Sole 24 Ore, 12.11.06.
(3) Paolo Mieli, History and politics. Memory and forgetting. Rizzoli, June 2001, p. 23.
T

The second, final, but everything else that otherworldly, is the peace that addresses
the problems of memory until they disappear in the distant past.
Perhaps the goal foreshadowed by Teiresias is the second kind of oblivion, where
you can divide the present from the past and transform the past into history(4)
.
The need-desire to return to question long periods and long distances as a function of
this is a sign of our times, their deep diseases, the need to heal, or at least to stand in
front of more accurate diagnosis.
Gian Battista Vico taught us that in times of confusion it must find its foundation.
And the historical memory is the foundation of revival.
The patientia historiae, the art of those who can wait for the chaos if you do and then
convert in order and sense (except in reverse, then again, inexorably, route), can not
escape from the sadness historien, melancholy of a craftsman had to work again
subjected to the devastating human law, where the chronological passage would run
much further adventures of the spirit.
Here, then, at this juncture about the great suffering, be tempting to look at things in
the distance, not to escape the obligations of this, that cowardice does not touch
anything, but on the contrary, to give his time a destiny more clearly and irrevocably
in the great sea of history.
In practice, faced with the disintegration of complex societies, as expressed by
Salvatore Settis, can be questioned with more acute our present knowledge allows us
to open up its sense of the classic elements of story, which never cease to say what
they have to say that persists as background noise even when the current rule as
incompatible (Calvin) and, having overcome its own ruin and could show his
greatness mutilated more attractive to their full integrity, are both time and memory
design capacity.
The Colligere fragmenta ne pereant (John, ch. IV), reconstruction of fragments of the
past, long and difficult, which sometimes are not enough tracks, one hand can
enhance the awareness of having inherited a well-deserved privilege by our fathers
and the other hand, picking up the threads of this same noble heritage, can project
into the future today, due to a rapid development of society, science and technology,
rather than a succession of this is, in fact, almost a present (5)
.
“With the denial”, writes Prosperi, the historical conflict has a professional: discover
that what has been hidden by the dust of time is the little pleasure they work for
scholars of the past. Bring to life what is dead and gone, eventually winning the fight
to tear his victims is what makes the town feel his liminal position between dead and
living as a heroic mission rather than a peaceful exercise of erudition.
_________________
(5) Raimondo Villano, Reflections on the implications of contemporary historiography pharmaceutical -
Acts and Memories of the Italian Academy of the History of Pharmacy, AISF Instruments Category,
Year XXII No 1 April 2005. pp. 12-14.

Just a restoration of an even minimal evidence of the past to give the thrill of an
unexpected encounter with the authentic voice of the dead(6)
”.
Is essential, however, that “the adrenaline, the excitement, however noble, do not
infiltrate in the ink of the writer of historic events (7)
”.
Is in fact one of the cardinal principles of historical research: analyzing the
phenomena in relation to their causes and effects they produce. Free from polemics
and apologetics posthumous anachronistic, then, history has the task of representing
the man and his actions from the various constraints that he suffers.
But “this is the first rule for writing history: no one dares say the fake and then you
do not dare not tell the truth, there is a suspicion that the pen writes in favor or
against (8)
”.
For the historian, moreover, is also crucial to have the modesty to be derived from the
consciousness of confrontation with recurring problems in the history of humanity
_________________
(7) Brandmüller Walter Bishop, President of the Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences, in: Galileo
and the Church in light of the history of thought -2006 page 221.
(8) Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903), Apostolic Letter “Saepenumero considerantes”, Roma San Pietro, 18
August 1883, the sixth year of the Pontificate.

and with which we are faced with the full awareness of their fragility and limited
jurisdiction(9)
.
Go, then, given the difference between a journalist and a historian can be explained
in clear terms: the first deals with the living, the second (unless it makes this a story
or a story almost like the chronicle) takes care of the dead(10)
.
The historian, also, “says things that happened, the power of what could happen (...),
the poem has to do with general truths, the history with specific events (11)
”.
The historian, then, when dealing with the history of this has the onerous task of
understanding the “careless” and “superficial” as that runs in front of their eyes can
be seen only confusion (12)
.
A key phenomenon that little bay, however, is that not all reality is “historical”, while
for “historic” means that is sufficiently documented and certified (13)
.
One joint is crucial to overcome a history of the idea of reading as pure
entertainment, the perception that it can be a tool for education and civil growth.
It should also not consider history as a fable or believe to be the books of historians
who, in turn, should not dictate a line but simply explain the facts honestly with the
results of their research: a history of quality and, therefore, full of dignity and moral
values rather than the intricacies of double and twisted triple truth (14)
.
Examining in greater depth on major issues concerning the role of the historian, the
basic question appears to be making history today if it still makes sense and what it
might be, is a question, in fact, that has a density and a significant exceeding the
special concerns of a discipline and its scholars to expand in the very challenging
reflections on civic life in our present(15)
.
Although it appears bold about the answer, I believe that history can be attributed to
another very important task, he is worth trying to make a contribution at a time when
people are very confused and standardized: conduct the “praxis”, the effort of
moving the story from the narrow scope of specialized studies to place it in contact
with all the difficulties that face.
In fact, setting “serene temples” of wisdom to the study of diachronic observation of
human wrecks, appears with evidence fully justified the surprise of how little of
Simmel on “human pain is pierced in their philosophy”.
_________________
(9) John Rawls, “Lessons of history of political philosophy”, Feltrinelli, Milan 2009.
(10) Sergio Luzzato, Professor of Modern History in Turin.
(11) Aristotle, Poetry.
(12) Abs. reworked by Hugh Tamballi, Suicide of communism - Il Sole 24 Ore Sunday, May 31, 2009,
No 48, p.. 37.
(13) Gianfranco Ravasi.
(14) Carlo Ossola, Cantinori, heretics and fascism, Sole 24 Ore, Sunday, July 31, 2005.
(15) Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, The tricks of memory. Il Mattino, Culture, 12.01.09

The content of this communication, cultural historian, therefore, need to look deep
into the identity of who carries within itself the heavy concept of memory, not
forgetting to consider that “the past is indestructible, partly because the historical
events are the texture of our lives(16)
”.
The rest has already been emphasized (17)
as urgent an act of consciousness capable of
sceverare values and models to draw from the present to make history not only of
atrocity a cemetery or land of elation, but a yeast dignity for the future(18)
.
Is quite clear, in fact, what good studies have unquestionable social value.
We have no illusions, however, can capture the essence of things as they really are
gone, and even fewer of them to know once and for all. Droysen long warned that the
historical research are not the former things that become clear as they are no longer,
but it becomes clear that for them, in the here and now, has not yet entered(19)
”.
We propose to “enlarge and enrich the world of our ideas with the knowledge
documented continuity of moral evolution of humanity, for the moment it touches us,
living today, to pick it up and continue, for our part, meaning the link(20)
”.
_________________
(16) Eric J. Hobsbawn, “The Short Century 1914-1991”.
(17) by masters such, as, Ernesto Sestan.
(18) Carlo Ossola, ibid.
(19) J.C. Droysen, Summary of history, edited by D. Cantinori, Florence 1943, p.13.
(20) Ibid.

Ideas about the past, moreover, are by no means definitive. They are modified
according to the priorities of the moment. Whenever in the contemporary scene and
new priorities emerge in our lives, the lens of the historic moves and goes to explore
dark areas, highlighting factors that have always existed but that historians had earlier
deleted from the collective memory of distraction or lightness
(21)
.
From the obscurity of the past resonate new voices who want to be heard
(22)
.
This continually reinvents the past. In this sense, all history, as Benedetto Croce said,
is contemporary.
These changes in perception that make it an absolutely fascinating intellectual
adventure. Oscar Wilde said that “we owe history is to rewrite”.
Meanwhile, let the many new flowering shoots in history. The story is never finished,
nor intended as a final verdict. It is a process that never ends. Historians must never
abandon the pursuit in the interest of an ideology, religion, race, nation(23)
.
The story also does not issue verdicts purely authoritarian. Indeed, it is not
“executioners, not a court issuing judgments of acquittal or conviction. (...) The story
is the attempt to understand how and why men have lived, and to do this you need to
dive in the era in which the events occurred that we study and understand how and
why men have lived without giving moral judgments, even putting it in connection
with the period of which we are dealing (24)
”.
Historical knowledge is constantly developing and never can be final: it reveals in a
single expression is something of the subject, expressed as a portrait-even if not
exhausted, while the personality of the character portrayed and the the author(25)
.
The truth always has a historical knowledge is partial and gradually conquered by a
succession of research and the development of historiography.
The story is always different and unpredictable, although historians may find courses
and resorts(26)
.
Considering, then, the thought of Albert Einstein who claimed that the imagination
has more knowledge, it is possible that the student with imagination has the capacity
to deal with circumstances seemingly improbable and remote from the common
prejudices and come to find out again, provided it gives confirmation to the
documents.
The work of the historian, however, is a company in bankruptcy that is pursued with
enthusiasm because it’s the thrill of exploration, because it trace the past is exciting
because it involves great intellectual challenges.
_________________
(21) Arthur Schlesinger Jr, The story, an antidote to stupidity - (Last article) New York, 2007,
Translation: Marta Matteini for Sole 24 Ore.
(22) Ibid.
(23) Ibid.
(24) Claudio Magris cites Giovanni Miccoli (Professor of History of Christianity in Trieste) in “History
of Consciousness”, Francis Mannoni by: The Morning, Culture, January 16, 2007.
(25) Image of the historic Henri-Irénée Marrou.
(26) Giovanbattista Vico.

The historical fact, are prisoners of their experience: the stock of knowledge is
fraught with bias due to each character and the period in which we live. Not possess
absolute truths or final. The business of the historian is bound to fail, then, the quest
for absolute objectivity is unattainable(27)
.
Ultimately, however, must be recognized that a comparison of different
interpretations surrounding the true knowledge. On the other hand should not be
omitted that, after so long history of events, some historians have attempted to make
history of phenomena, so to speak, more evanescent: emotions, perceptions, false
news, up to in recent decades to be particularly attracted by the history of memory,
by the way, that is, where historical memory is consolidated, stratified created. How
it was selected, which has obeyed the selection rules.
Many were so, studies dedicated to public use of history and memory, the
construction of the various memories. It should, however, consider that the research
questions that are behind the path of memories is quite a task for the historian not
only legitimate but even a duty.
Ultimately, however, must be recognized that a comparison of different
interpretations comes true knowledge. Inquire further on the major issues concerning
the method of the historian, in fact, comes to mind when Nietzsche claims that there
are “no facts but only interpretations”.
_________________
(27) Arthur Schlesinger Jr, Ibid.

And our time seems to confirm this theory or prophecy about the interpretations are
so many and conflicting with each other.
Historians, however, seek, or should seek the truth and sometimes they find it.
Of course, these are human truths, falsifiable, thus potentially revocable. But if
history was falsified, our relationship with the past and also with the world falls
apart.
To say that implies a true relationship with the false and the fake (the story that is
used to invent, as Manzoni remarked ironically) is to state a truism. But the neo-
skeptics tend to forget the false grounds that all is fiction while their old and new
tend to forget the fake, in controversy with both categories, for example, Carlo
Ginzburg(28)
tries to demonstrate(29)
that the false from the truth that is born from false
and vice versa.
There is, then, the category of probability: An important issue is, in fact, if the
historian can fill the gaps of knowledge with the connective tissue of the imagination,
using his experience to distinguish the plausible from the purely fantastic . It is a
curious experiment.
Furthermore, the truth is obvious or hidden? And if it is hidden, depends on our
inability to indiviuazione and an original understanding or deliberate intention to
conceal? And how can we unravel?
“The truth is almost always hidden, even when it is obvious(30)
”. Is sometimes
concealed, sometimes we can not see it: one does not exclude the other. To bring to
light there are many tools. One of them is the strange(31)
: the ability to see things from
a distance, as if they knew the(32)
.
The truth also has moral value since the facts can also be misused and become a false
lie. But there can be protective of who tells lies, using discernment, easy to say,
difficult to implement. Moreover, besides being surrounded by liars often appears
that mundus vult decipi, means the world to be deceived!
The historic, yet, to judge events or matters that engage him emotionally or even
where you share? Historians such as Thucydides, Guicciardini, Marc Bloch has
shown that it is possible as long as you replace the “judge” (or judicial moralistic
connotations) with the “known”.
There is, finally, to consider the relationship of the modern era of triumph, in every
sense of the virtual with the truth: the society in which we live, in fact, use
technologies that enhance the power of the virtual, but the truth may also arise from
the virtual, if ignored, can sometimes give an idea of restricting the truth.
Our memory is increasingly uncertain in the comparison between past and present
since the time separation, obvious in itself, can turn into irrelevance, or even in
aversion.
_________________
(28) Well known Italian historian originally from Turin, but living in Los Angeles whose works have
been translated into twenty languages, loves the history of the great scenes reconstructions of facts and
events limited in time and space, sometimes also considered “minimum”.
(29) Ginzburg Carlo, The wire and traces, P.. 340, 2006.
(30) Poe, The Purloined Letter.
(31) Ginzburg Carlo, ibidem.
(32) A great master of this way of looking at the world is Montaigne.

The value of contextuality to be understood as fully as possible the diachronic
historical and cultural cross-fertilization.
For a people (or a profession, social group or an individual) has a very smooth but
also not perceived distance between past and This arises because in this condition of
being a direct child.
The humanistic lesson of history is that of continuity and enhancement of the deepest
intellectual traditions.
We should never forget the inner dimension that can be created with the reading.
With culture in general. Talk about a classic does not mean repeat what existed in the
past but pose to better understand what is different from ourselves(33)
.
“The art and history are among the most valuable tools for investigation of human
nature(34)
”
Why take a classic study? Not for nostalgia nor illusion of continuity but because
engaging with a culture that is both foundational and antagonist of our present, we
can first historicize their knowledge and the other to show how the classics, even if
outdated in their responses remain necessary to formulate new questions.
A common thinking and an alliance no longer be deferred, especially for a country
like Italy who is serving a double fault: a lack of science and the dispersal of its
classical heritage.
_________________
(33) Salvatore Settis.
(34) Ernst Cassiner.

However, the requirements lead to dialogue with the disciplines whose ties are as
deep as neglected classic.
While market imperatives seek to marginalize the humanities knowledge and
scientific knowledge are not immediately applicable, beyond the two cultures means
to return knowledge needed space where they can mature research and critical
thinking(35)
.
We believe, as Epimenides, that history is prophecy of the past(36)
.
The humanist proposes the osmosis of thought, institutions and achievements of
every culture, past and contemporary. The Humanism is thus a crucible.
in serious crisis, and yet fruitful that the whole of humanity is going through - with
the risk of replacing the ethical values and the historical individual profit, the division
needs aggressive and lazy authorities to order - we must rethink the Humanism. We
must propose to question the Humanism and ask those responsible for civilian
government of every nation, and especially those who recognize its roots in
humanism, to stimulate or introduce the humanistic research everywhere and in every
way possible, starting from the school. But now, before you lose all sense of the
universality of the human person and before it fades the perception of the spirit and
its needs.
Who is left blindly lead by the logic of individual utilities does not see that the
market needs to develop a new and progredient structure of society formed with the
concrete ethical values, history and culture. The company will, therefore, the mirror
of humanity we train, not a reality that destroys the identity that does not know the
individual and ignores the needs and rights. The conquest of a new humanism that
has the binding force of the great spiritual movements, which know no borders. A
common reality means many things, but in any event begins with live, grow and be
educated together. The humanities is a prestigious school of knowledge(37)
.
And there is no doubt that being born a century neoclassical strongly root for the fact
that out of the morass left by the weak mind and weak management, the current crisis
in classical values and ethics policy requires to be mentioned. An exercise in cultural
training and foundational elements of Western culture is to understand our everyday
life.
Characteristic of the study is the analysis of historical sources and documents
produced over the centuries. There is, then, a history obtained by questioning the
graves, contemplating the monuments, ruins and finding, again, as o’ m oron, the
blind Homer, who can hear whispered the story again from the stones to tell it.
The features of the original monuments are irretrievably lost, abandoned since they
were served a thousand different purposes. But they now seem to have lost any
potential, but could be sufficient to consider the economic importance arising from
cultural tourism to the opposite conclusion.
_________________
(35) International Conference Scientia Rerum, Bologna, 29-30 September 2005.
(36) Italian Institute for Philosophical Studies, Call for Humanities Research, June 10, 1993.
(37) La Pergola Antonio, President of the Cultural Commission of the European Parliament, “La polis
Europe”, June 22, 1993 speech at the launch of the European Parliament of Appeals for Philosophy and
Humanities Research.

The culture is an investment structure for the country, it is no stranger to the
economy because it affected the quality of life and pride of ownership, becomes
crucial for the economic production tout court(38)
.
_________________
(38) Salvatore Settis.

“Oratio brevis cogitatio longa”
Marco Tullio Cicerone

“““TTThhheee tttiiimmmeee iiisss aaa fffiiiccctttiiiooonnnaaalll mmmooobbbiiillleee eeettteeerrrnnniiitttyyy”””
PPPlllaaatttooo
CDD 177 VIL tim 2011
LCC BH 81-208

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