The document provides guidance on using quotes and paraphrasing in academic writing. It advises that quotes should be used sparingly and only when the original words cannot be improved upon. When quoting, accurate formatting is important including using ellipses for omitted text. Both quotes and paraphrasing require citations, and summaries should capture the essence while being much shorter than the original text.
Essays are usually classified according to content and style.
Under the heading of content, essays may be classified as either informational or personal. (We will not elaborate on this part.)
I. Informational essays
The informational or expository essay is written to provide information or to give instruction. The tone of an informational essay is generally serious.
II. Personal essays
Personal essays are entertaining and written on any subject that meets the authors need. The subject is often less important than mood and attitude.
Under the heading of style, essays may be classified as either formal essays or informal (familiar).
I. Formal essays
Basic elements of a successful formal essay:
A strong thesis statement with logical supporting points.
Body paragraphs that discuss the supporting points in the order they are mentioned in the thesis statement.
Good transitions between paragraphs.
A conclusion which summarizes what has been said in the body of the paper.
Appropriate diction and tone
MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide Purdue OWL StafIlonaThornburg83
MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL Staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
MLA (Modern Language
Association) Style formatting is
often used in various humanities
disciplines.
In addition to the handbook, MLA
also offers The MLA Style Center, a
website that provides additional
instruction and resources for
writing and formatting academic
papers. https://style.mla.org/
What is MLA?
MLA regulates:
• document format
• in-text citations
• works-cited list
What does MLA
regulate?
The 8th edition handbook introduces a new way to cite
sources. Instead of a long list of rules, MLA guidelines
are now based on a set of principles that may be used
to cite any type of source.
The three guiding principles:
1. Cite simple traits shared by most works.
2. Remember that there is more than one way to cite
the same source.
3. Make your documentation useful to readers.
MLA Update 2016
This presentation will cover:
• How to format a paper in MLA style (8th ed.)
• General guidelines
• First page format
• Section headings
• In-text citations
• Formatting quotations
• Documenting sources in MLA style (8th ed.)
• Core elements
• List of works cited
Overview
Basic rule for any formatting style:
Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
Your Instructor Knows
Best
An MLA Style paper should:
• Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General
Guidelines
An MLA Style paper should:
• Have a header with page numbers located in the
upper right-hand corner
• Use italics for titles
• Place endnotes on a separate page before the list of
works cited
Format: General
Guidelines (cont.)
The first page of an MLA Style paper will:
• Have no title page
• Double space everything
• List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in the
upper left-hand corner
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics,
quote marks, or bold typeface)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top
and one inch from the right of the page (list your last name and page
number here)
Formatting the 1st Page
Sample 1st Page
Section Headings are generally optional:
• Headings in an essay should usually be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and
formatting but, otherwise, are up to you
Formatting Section
Headings
OR
Numbered (all flush left with no
underlining, bold, or italics):
Example:
1. Soil Conservation
1.1 Erosion
1.2 Terracing
2. Water Conservation
3. Energy Conservation
Unnumbered (by level):
Example:
Level 1: bold, flush left
Level 2: ita ...
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1. Only quote when you can‟t say it any
better yourself.
Or to use a person‟s words against him
or her
Or if the original is of a complex, legal
nature
Direct quotes should not exceed 1/5 of
your total paper.
2. Be sure to quote accurately.
Use ellipses when material is left out.
Ellipses are three periods — with a space
before and after each one.
Example: “Reading carefully . . . is not optional.”
Ellipses are not necessary if it is obvious to your
reader that material has been left out.
Example: Paul complained that the room was “too
hot.”
3. The first time a person is quoted, the
quote must be preceded by an
introduction.
An introduction contains important
information about the person being
quoted.
Example:
According to Mary Smith, director of pediatric
research at Harvard University Medical
Center, “SIDS can be prevented.”
4. The second time a person is quoted, a
simple attribution will suffice.
An attribution usually consists of a transition plus
the last name of the person being quoted.
Some common attributions:
According to Smith,
Smith also points out . . . .
Smith‟s findings indicate . . . .
Smith says that . . . .
5. Summaries contain just the most general
essence of what is in the original.
Summaries are much shorter than the original.
A sentence to summarize a paragraph.
A paragraph to summarize a chapter
Paraphrases go for the detail.
Paraphrases are at least 2/3 as long as the original.
6. Both forms must be in your own words.
At least 80% your own words.
No characteristic language of the original
No strings of 3 or more words unchanged from the
original.
Both forms require a citation
Citations give credit for the use of others‟ ideas in
your paper.
7. Original: London made his shyness worse. To an
Irishman, Yeats said later, “England is fairyland,”
and in the late „eighties and „nineties it very nearly
was. Besides Madame Blavatsky and her
extraordinary converts, the world of letters boasted
individualists as remarkable as William Morris,
Henley, Wilde, and a host of others who gave
London under Victoria a literary atmosphere . . . .
Paraphrase: Yeats found his shyness only increased
in London. For an Irish artist, England was a
“fairyland.” Oscar Wilde, William Morris, Madame
Blavatsky and others contributed to London‟s
unique literary cachet (Ellmann 76).
8. Original: London made his shyness worse. To an
Irishman, Yeats said later, “England is fairyland,” and
in the late „eighties and „nineties it very nearly was.
Besides Madame Blavatsky and her extraordinary
converts, the world of letters boasted individualists as
remarkable as William Morris, Henley, Wilde, and a
host of others who gave London under Victoria a
literary atmosphere . . . .
Summary: Yeats‟ shyness increased in London, but at
the same time he found the literary atmosphere very
stimulating (Ellmann 76).