The document summarizes George Orwell's rules for writing, principles of composition, and details for writing a summary research paper. It provides instructions on choosing sources, creating a works cited page, and summarizing individual sources and a possible thesis. It also lists additional resources for analyzing Walt Whitman's poem "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" and reminds students to read sections of William Bradford's work and submit their second blog post by the deadline.

1. American Literature 201 August 23 Michael Simpson Section 051 “ A poem should not mean But be.” “ Ars Poetica” Archibald MacLeish

2. Class Summary George Orwell’s Rules Principles of Composition Summary Research Paper “ Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (6 – 7)

3. George Orwell’s Rules Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive where you can use the active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.

4. Principles of Composition Choose a suitable design and hold to it. Make the paragraph the unit of composition Use the active voice Put statements in positive form Use definite, specific, concrete language Omit needless words

5. Principles of Composition Avoid a succession of loose sentences Express coordinate ideas in similar form Keep related words together In summaries, keep to one tense Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end.

6. Summary Research Paper 5 sources 2 = paper 3 = internet Works Cited page in MLA Format Summary of the research Individual sources Possible thesis

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12. Details of Research Summary Purdue Online Writing Lab

13. “ Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (6 - 7) What others say Poets.org – “A Close Reading of . . .” Sparknotes.com – “Summary and Form” Micklestreet.rutgers.edu – “Online Critical Edition” Reading (experiencing) the poem yourself

14. Last Questions Remember for August 25 Read William Bradford (IV – XXXVI) Deadline for 2 nd blog It is as difficult to appropriate the thoughts of others as it is to invent.” Ralph Waldo Emerson * * Sante, Luc. “The Fiction of Memory” The New York Times. March 14, 2010.