A 21 year old woman with phenylketonuria who discontinued her PKU diet in adolescence is now pregnant. Her blood phenylalanine levels should be monitored and dietary restrictions implemented if levels become too high to protect the developing fetus.
A newborn infant presents with seizures, irritability, vomiting and lethargy. High blood ammonia levels point to a diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism.
Screening for any disorder in individuals is a strategy used for identifying a disease before the onset of signs or symptoms, thus enabling earlier detection and management with the aim to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Screening for any disorder in individuals is a strategy used for identifying a disease before the onset of signs or symptoms, thus enabling earlier detection and management with the aim to reduce morbidity and mortality.
What is congenital nephrotic syndrome ,what is the definition of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the inheritance,what are the responsible genes ,what are the types of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the presentation ,diagnosis ,and treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome, primary type and secondary type of congenital nephrotic syndrome
What is congenital nephrotic syndrome ,what is the definition of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the inheritance,what are the responsible genes ,what are the types of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the presentation ,diagnosis ,and treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome, primary type and secondary type of congenital nephrotic syndrome
The ASSA ABLOY Group released its interim report for the third quarter July-September 2013 on Monday 28 October 2013 at 08.00 am (CET). The presentation from the combined investors’ and analyst meeting and web conference is available as an on-demand webcast. Welcome to visit our Investor pages on http://www.assaabloy.com/investors/.
Objective Capital's Africa Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
14-15 June 2011
Day 1: Africa Resources
Speaker: Glenn Laing, Plains Creek Phosphate
In collaboration with the New England Regional Genetics Network, the Weitzman Institute aims to improve access to genetics services for underserved populations by offering primary care provider educational support through a free five-part webinar series that aims to enhance provider knowledge, practice, and attitudes regarding genetic services.
This presentation discusses the various presentation of inborn error of metabolism to pediatric ICU and basic management of such cases. Also discusses the basic evaluation and iagnostic appraoch to various inborn of error of metabolism with consideration to pediatric critical care
Understanding about the biochemical aspects of inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism is important in the field of pediatrics, metabolic medicine and medical genetics. This presentation mainly includes the biochemical aspects, the enzyme defect, clinical features, Screening and diagnostic testing modalities with their reference and management. Recent developments in the field of IEM is also added
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. A 21 year old woman with phenylketonuria discontinued the PKU diet in early adolescence. She presents to her
OBGYN for her first prenatal visit. Her husband does not have the disease.
Which of the following is the best course of action?
A. Since the child is heterozygous for PKU, no special action needs to be taken.
B. The patient blood phenylalanine levels should be monitored and appropriate action taken if they become too high.
C. The patient should try to avoid excess phenylalanine in her diet by restricting protein intake
D. The patient should immediately resume the PKU diet and have her blood phenylalanine levels monitored on a
regular basis.
D
36 hours after birth, a term male infant presents post seizure. The infant appeared well at birth but on the second day
of life developed irritability, vomiting, feed refusal, and becomes increasingly lethargic. Blood gas analysis shows a
respiratory alkalosis and plasma ammonia concentrations are found to be 360 micro-m/l (normal for a full term infant
is <50 micro-m/l).
Which of the following is most consistent with these symptoms?
A. Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex deficiency
B. Glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency
C. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
D. Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
E. Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
D
Which statement regarding phenyketonuria (PKU) is FALSE?
A. PKU is the most common disorder of amino acid metabolism in the United States.
B. PKU symptoms result from an excess of the essential amino acid, phenylalanine.
C. PKU is only caused by a mutation in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase.
D. A phenylalanine restricted diet must be implemented soon after birth for classic PKU
E. Untreated patients with classic PKU will be mentally retarded.
C*
2. Which of the following statements regarding inborn errors of metabolism is FALSE?
A. Often autosomal recessive in inheritance.
B. Can involve synthesis or breakdown of biological compounds.
C. Often result in non-specific symptoms.
D. Accumulation of toxic compounds often contributes to the pathogenesis.
E. Treatment strategy often includes providing patients with the substrate of the deficient enzyme.
E*
A two-week-old infant, who appeared completely normal from birth until that morning, was brought to the
emergency room because of he was unresponsive when his mother tried to feed him. Patient was afebrile. The
patient exhibited metabolic acidosis and urine showed no ketones. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Biotinidase deficiency
B. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
C. Maple syrup urine disease
D. Galactosemia
E. Phenylketonuria
B
On her first visit to the pediatrician, an infant is found to have bilateral cataracts. Total galactose level in red blood
cells was elevated. Galactose-1-phosphate level was normal. Which of the following tests will be indicated to assist in
making a diagnosis?
A. Galactose kinase enzyme activity in red blood cells
B. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in red cells
C. Mutation analysis of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene
D. Tandem mass spectrometry to look for elevated levels of glucose
A
3. A couple has recently migrated from a rural village in Poland. They have a six- year-old child with mental retardation,
microcephaly, decreased skin and hair pigmentation and a musty odor to the urine. The family history is otherwise
negative. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis for the child?
A. Alkaptonuria
B. Galactosemia
C. Oculocutaneous albinism
D. Phenylketonuria
E. Tyrosinemia
D
Which of the following is not restricted while prescribing dietary therapy for a young infant with phenylketonuria?
A. Breast milk intake
B. Tyrosine intake
C. Phenylalanine intake
D. Protein intake
B
Your patient with phenylketonuria has just announced that she is 18 weeks pregnant. She has been off her
phenylalanine-restricted diet for several years. If she does not make changes to her diet, what is her child most likely
to have?
A. increased tetrahydrobiopterin level
B. low phenylalanine levels due to placental barrier
C. low tyrosine levels due phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
D. Microcephaly and probable future cognitive defects
D
A child is referred to you following an abnormal newborn screen that showed elevated medium chain fatty acids.
What should be your recommendation for the care of this infant?
A. avoid carbohydrates
B. feed the child every 3-4 hours
C. prevent intake of carnitine
D. switch to a diet rich in fish oils
E. supplement the diet with tyrosine
B
4. A 7-day old baby who has been lethargic with poor feeding, poor activity and a weak cry presents to the local
emergency department (ED) where the patient was found to be hypotensive, tachycardic, with poor capillary refill.
Electrolyte panel showed hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. You had the ED nurse call the State
Department of Health for newborn screen results which came back positive for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
What is the most likely cause of the CAH?
A. 5 alpha reductase deficiency
B. 11 hydroxylase deficiency
C. 21-hydroxylase deficiency
D. 17,20 lyase deficiency
C
You confirm the diagnosis of CAH and note that the patient has apparent male external genitalia, empty scrotum,
microphallus, and hypospadias on physical exam. Pelvic ultrasound showed normal uterus and ovaries. What would
the chromosome analysis most likely show?
a. 46,XY
b. 46,XX
c. 46,XX/46,XY
d. 45,X/46,XX
B
Which of the following pregnancies is at highest risk to result in a baby with birth defects if no dietary treatment is
implemented during pregnancy?
A. The mother is a dihydrobiopterin deficiency carrier and the father is a PKU carrier.
B. The mother is a PKU carrier and the father is a dihydrobiopterin deficiency carrier.
C. The mother is a PKU carrier and the father is a PKU carrier.
D. The mother is a PKU carrier and the father has PKU.
E. The mother has PKU and the father is a PKU carrier.
E
5. Defects in which of the following enzyme results in oculocutaneous albinism?
A. Fumaroacetoacetate hydrolase
B. Homogentisic acid oxidase
C. Phenylalanine hydroxylase
D. Tyrosinase
E. Tyrosine hydroxylase
D
Which one of the following is part of the optimal management of a patient with phenylketonuria?
A. A phenylalanine-free diet
B. Diet drinks containing aspartame
C. Medium-chain triglycerides supplementation
D. Overnight nasogastric formula feeding
E. Tyrosine supplementation
A
Which one of the following disorders is a defect in tyrosine metabolism?
A. Albinism
B. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency
C. Gout
D. Homocystinuria
E. Methylmalonic acidemia
A
Which one of the following inborn errors of metabolism is not characterized by a typical odor?
A. Alkaptonuria
B. Branched-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
C. Glutaric aciduria type 2
D. Isovaleric acidemia
E. Phenylketonuria
A
6. A number of genetic diseases can be strongly suspected (no pun intended!) based on the unusual body odor
emanating from the patient when untreated or poorly treated. Which one of the following diseases does not belong
to this group?
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Isovaleric academia
D. Maple syrup urine disease
E. Phenylketonuria
A
Which one of the following plays a major role in the degradation of long chain fatty acids?
A. The Alanine-Glucose Cycle
B. The Carnitine - Acylcarnitine Cycle
C. The Cori Cycle
D. The Krebs Cycle
E. The Urea Cycle
B
A 9 day old infant presented to the emergency room with recurrent vomiting, hypotonia, respiratory distress and was
found to have profoundly positive anion gap metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia. Moreover, he emits a strong
sweaty feet odor. Of the following inborn errors of metabolism, which one is the most likely?
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
B. Isovaleric acidemia
C. Maple syrup urine disease
D. Methylmalonic acidemia
E. Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
B
7. A poorly-grown 2 month old infant has jaundice, easy bruising, lethargy and decreased consciousness. His laboratory
studies showed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, markedly elevated liver enzymes, hyperammonemia, and
hypoalbuminemia. His urine showed increased protein, glucose, sodium, calcium and phosphate excretion. Of the
following conditions, which one is the least likely?
A. Galactosemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency)
B. Hereditary fructose intolerance (aldolase B deficiency)
C. Kwashiokor
D. Oculocutaneous albinism (tyrosinase deficiency)
E. Tyrosinemia (fumarylacetoacetate hydroxylase deficiency)
D
Other than being a substrate for cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-2-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) is also a substrate
for
A. fatty acid synthesis
B. glutamine synthesis
C. ketone synthesis
D. purine synthesis
E. sphingomyelin synthesis
C
One week after taking a dose of chloroquine for malaria prophylaxis, a man of Sicilian descent was found to have
pallor, jaundice and weakness. His hematocrit was 20%. The most likely diagnosis among the following is
A. acute intermittent porphyria.
B. butyrylcholinesterase deficiency.
C. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
D. malignant hyperthermia.
E. methemoglobinemi
C
Which one of the following interventions is the most effective in curbing catabolism in a patient with an inborn error
of metabolism who is in acute metabolic decompensation?
8. A. Carnitine supplementation
B. High dose intravenous glucose infusion
C. Intravenous bicarbonate infusion
D. Mechanical ventilation
E. Oral administration of cornstarch
B
Which one of the following compounds cannot give rise to the net synthesis of glucose?
A. a-ketoglutarate
B. glycerol
C. lactate
D. leucine
E. oxaloacetate
D
Which one of the following groups of amino acids is the most important in the synthesis of neurotransmitters?
A. Aromatic amino acids: phenyalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
B. Branched-chain amino acids: valine, leucine, isoleucine
C. Non-polar aliphatic amino acids: alanine, glycine, methione
D. Positively charged amino acids: arginine, lysine, histidine
E. Uncharged polar amino acids: serine, threonine, cysteine
A
Which non-essential amino acid is synthesized from an essential amino acid?
A. Alanine
B. Aspartate
C. Glutamate
D. Proline
E. Tyrosine
E
9. Which one of the following amino acids is purely ketogenic?
A. Alanine
B. Isoleucine
C. Leucine
D. Tyrosine
E. Threonine
C
Patients with Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria can both have lenticular dislocation. To distinguish between
these two diagnoses, which one of the following diagnostic tests would be most specific?
A. Body height
B. Ophthalmologic examination
C. Platelet count
D. Plasma ammonia concentration
E. Quantitative urine amino acid
E
The degradation of which one of the following amino acids will not contribute any substrates for gluconeogenesis?
A. Leucine
B. Methionine
C. Proline
D. Threonine
E. Tyrosine
A
Which one of the following signs or symptoms is not a common feature of homocystinuria?
A. Developmental disability
B. Lenticular dislocation
C. Marfanoid habitus
D. Renal stones
E. Venous thromoboembolic events
D
10. Elevation of which one of the following has been shown to increase the risk of deep-vein thrombosis?
A. Cystathionine
B. Homocitrulline
C. Homocysteine
D. Methylene tetrahydrofolate
E. Methyl cobalamin
C
Deficiency of which one of the following causes significant elevation in plasma homocysteine?
A. Aspartate aminotransferase
B. Cystathionine synthetase
C. Dihydrofolate reductase
D. Glutaminase
E. L-glutamate dehydrogenase
B
Which one of these molecules would not be part of treatment for an inborn defect in the urea cycle?
A. arginine
B. glucose
C. glutamine
D. phenylbutyrate
E. sodium benzoate
C
Urea synthesis in mammals takes place primarily in the:
A. brain
B. intestine
C. kidney
D. liver
E. muscle
D
11. In the bloodstream, two major amino acid carriers of ammonia from the tissues to the liver are:
A. Alanine and citrulline
B. Alanine and glutamine
C. Arginine and asparagine
D. Asparagine and glutamine
E. Glycine and lysine
B
A 44 year old man comes to your office complaining of headaches, vomiting and episodes of confusion. On your
careful history, you learn that he has a lifelong history of "atypical" migraines with vomiting and incoordination,
especially when he consumes meat, and therefore he follows a vegetarian diet. You learn that his sister's son
developed hyperammonemic coma at 5 days of age and was recently diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamoylase
(OTC) deficiency.
Which one of the following laboratory findings is least compatible with the diagnosis of OTC deficiency in this man?
A. High blood urea nitrogen
B. High plasma glutamine
C. Hyperammonemia
D. Low plasma arginine
E. Low plasma citrulline
A
Watermelon is very rich in citrulline (the Latin word for watermelon is citrullus). Thus, watermelon should be avoided
in patients with
A. Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency
B. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
C. Cystathionine synthase deficiency
D. Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
E. Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
A
12. A newborn is found to have classic phenylketonuria. The most appropriate treatment is
A. Administer a drug to chemically conjugate phenylalanine for renal excretion
B. Total protein restriction
C. Total phenylalanine restriction
D. Total tyrosine restriction
E Restrict phenylalanine intake but provide enough for growth needs
E
In patients with untreated classical phenylketonuria, which one of the following becomes an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. Asparagine
C. Serine
D. Tetrahydrobiopterin
E. Tyrosine
E
New parents bring their 1-week-old baby boy to the pediatrician's office and report that he is not feeding as well over
the last 24 hours and that his diapers have an odor like sweaty feet. Which of the following disorders is the most
likely cause of this child's problems?
A. Isovaleric acidemia
B. Maple syrup urine disease.
C. Methylmalonic acidemia.
D. Phenylketonuria
E. Propionic acidemia
The odor of sweaty feet is classically associated with isovaleric acidemia. The odor of untreated PKU is sometimes described
as having a mousy odor. The odor of untreated maple syrup urine
disease is as suggested by the name of the disease. Odor is not a prominent feature for propionic or methymalonic.
The correct answer is A.
13. New parents bring their 1-week-old baby boy to the pediatrician's office and report that he is not feeding as well over
the last 24 hours and that his diapers have an odor like sweaty feet. Which of the following laboratory tests is most
likely to provide a definitive diagnosis?
A. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
B. Plasma amino acids
C. Plasma ammonium level
D. Urine amino acids
E. Urine organic acids
Urine organic acids will provide a characteric profile that allows for clinical diagnosis.
The correct answer is E
A four-day-old infant boy is brought to the emergency room lethargic and no longer taking his formula. A metabolic
profile reveals metabolic acidosis and his ammonium level is normal. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely
to be found with subsequent metabolic screening studies?
A. Citrullinemia
B. Maple syrup urine disease
C. Methylmalonic acidemia
D. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
E. Proprionic acidemi
High ammonia would be a feature of all of these disorders except maple syrup urine disease.
The correct answer is B.
You are seeing a couple whose first child is a Duarte/classical Galactosemia genetic compound heterozygote. His
parents (who have not been tested) ask about the risk for their next child to have classical galactosemia (Gal/Gal).
Knowing that the frequencies of the Duarte (1/27) and Gal (1/278) alleles, which of the following do you think is their
risk to have a Gal/Gal child?
A. 1/278
B. 1/278 x 2/3
C. 1/278 x ½
D. 1/278 x 2/3 x ½
E. 1/278 x ½ x ½
One parent must be a Gal carrier and the other a Duarte carrier. There is a possibility that the parent who is a Duarte carrier is
also a Gal carrier. Such individuals have about 25% of normal gal activity, which would not produce clinical signs of
galactosemia. The risk that the other allele in this parent is Gal is 1/278. In this case the risk to a child would be ¼. Therefore
the overall risk is 1/278 x ¼.
The correct answer is E.
14. You are notified by the state newborn screening laboratory that a seven-day-old neonate, born at 33-weeks gestation
and is receiving antibiotics for possible sepsis and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). He was found to have a
phenylalanine level (Phe) of 4.8 mg/dL (291 (M). Which of the following interventions is the most appropriate next
step in evaluating or managing this child's care?
A. Stop (TPN) briefly and remeasure Phe on glucose and IV fluids.
B. Modify antibiotic coverage patient is probably receiving
C. Monitor the phenylalanine level weekly over next month.
D. Restrict the infant's phenylalanine intake
E. Obtain urine for assessment of biopterin metabolite levels.
There are two reasons why this infant may have an elevated phe on newborn screening - immaturity of the HPPD enzyme and
TPN. The best way to exclude an inherited disorder in phe metabolism would be to stop the TPN briefly (~4-6 hr) and provide
calories with glucose and
recheck the phe off the TPN.
The correct answer is A
A nine- month-old infant contracts a viral illness and is unable to take her usual amount of formula over the previous
24 hours. She is found dead in her bed the following morning. Which of the following disorders accounts for
approximately 5% of cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and is the most likely cause of this unfortunate
infant's death?
A. Glutaric aciduria Type I
B. Glycogen storage disease Type III
C. MCAD deficiency
D. OTC deficiency
E. Propionic academia
MCAD presents with hypoketotic hypoglycemia and can resemble Reye syndrome or SIDs. Although initially it was thought
that a higher percentage of cases of SIDS were likely due to defects in fatty acid oxidation, prospective and retrospective
studies now demonstrate that this accounts for ~5% of SIDs. While OTC and propionic acidemia patients can occasionally die
unexpectedly, there are usually some warning signs - vomiting, lethargy, irritability. GA I presents with MR, a movement
disorder, and macrocephaly. GA II could be a rare cause of
sudden death.
The correct answer is C.
15. You are asked to evaluate a one month old asymptomatic girl who had an elevated tyrosine on newborn screening.
Succinylacetone testing was subsequently positive. Which of the following interventions is the best initial course of
action for this infant?
A. Place the infant on a low phenyalanine diet
B. Place the infant on NTBC and a low tyrosine diet
C. Reassure the family that the infant had transient tyrosinemia of the newborn
D. Refer the infant for evaluation for a liver transplant
E. Repeat tyrosine levels at monthly intervals
The elevated tyr + succinylacetone is diagnostic for Type I tyrosinemia. Current standard treatment is NTBC + low tyr diet
(tyrex formula). The advent of newborn screening and NTBC has resulted in a markedly reduced need for liver
transplantation.
The correct answer is B
Malignancy is a major risk in which of the following metabolic disorders?
A. Cystinosis
B. Hurler syndrome
C. Maple syrup urine disease
D. Propionic acidemia
E. Tyrosinemia
Some autosomal recessive disorders with substantial risk of malignancy are glycogen storage disease type I, tyrosinemia,
hemochromatosis, and others less prominently. Immunodeficiency disorders and DNA repair disorders also relevant.
The correct answer is E.
Which of the following abnormalities is the most likely diagnosis in a 3-day-old infant who develops lethargy,
vomiting, respiratory alkalosis and hyperammonemia with undetectable plasma citrulline and massive orotic
aciduria?
A. argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency
B. carbamylphosphate synthase I deficiency
C. nonketotic hyperglycinemia
D. ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
E. propionic acidemia
The clinical features are classic for a urea cycle disorder. Levels of citrulline on amino acids are key to deciding which disorder
is present. Undetectable citrulline is found in males with OTC and CPS deficiencies. In OTC, carbamyl phosphate is shunted to
pyrimidine synthesis resulting in high orotic acid. In CPS deficiency, no carbamyl phosphate is made and so there is no
elevation in orotic acid.
The correct answer is D.
16. An asymptomatic infant who is found to have hyperphenylalaninemia on newborn screening should
be tested for which of the following associated problems?
A. biopterin synthetic defects
B. catechol-o-methyltransferase
C. liver disease
D. microdeletion deficiency of chromosome 12
E. porphyria cutanea tarda
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase (along with oxygen) that converts phe to tyr ~2% of infants
with inherited hnyperphenylalaninemia have a defect in the synthesis or recycling of the biopterin cofactor. All infants with
confirmed hyperphe should be tested for a biopterin defect by blood and urine pterin screening.
The correct answer is A.
Which of the following disorders is the most likely diagnosis in an infant with progressive liver failure, elevated serum
alpha-fetoprotein and succinylacetone in the urine?
A. 1-antitrypsin deficiency
B. hepatitis C
C. hepatorenal tyrosinemia
D. tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency
E. acetyl CoA-carboxylase deficiency
Hepatorenal tyrosinemia is also called tyrosinemia type I and results from a defect in last step of tyrosine degradation
fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH).
The correct answer is C.
Intermittent treatment with metronidazole is recommended in patients with propionic academia or methylmalonic
acidemia for which of the following therapeutic effects?
A. gut flora produce substantial amounts of propionate
B. it promotes normal bowel function
C. it provides a source of reducing equivalents
D. it reduces the incidence of sepsis
E. reduction of enteric bacteria synthesis of valine and isoleucine
Metronidazole is an antibiotic used against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Some gut flora can generate propionate (which
can be converted to MMA). Thus, some doctors advocate using medtronidazole to reduce gut flora and propionate
production in PA or MMA.
The correct answer is A
17. Neonatal hypotonia, seizures, apnea and hiccups are features of which of the following inborn errors of metabolism?
A. citrullinemia
B. galactosemia
C. isovaleric acidemia
D. maple syrup urine disease
E. nonketotic hyperglycinemia
These are classic findings in nonketotic hyperglycinemia, particularly the seizures and hiccups, which may occur prenatally.
The correct answer is E.
A six month old girl is referred for megaloblastic anemia. She is otherwise healthy and has been exclusively breast
fed. Metabolic screening reveals mildly elevated methylmalonic acid in her urine and a plasma total homocysteine
level of 27 uM (nl 5-8). The mother states that her older daughter, now age 3, who is the patient's maternal half-
sister, had similar anemia as an infant, but is "now fine." Which of the following assessments is the best course of
action in the evaluation of this patient?
A. Cobalamin complementation studies on the patient's fibroblasts
B. Measurement of serum B12 level and total homocysteine in the mother
C. Measurement of serum B12 level and total homocysteine in the sister
D. Measurement of transcobalamin II levels in the patient
E. Sequencing the methylmalonyl CoA mutase gene in the patient
This is likely a transient B12 deficiency in the patient and her sister secondary to B12 deficiency in the mother. The fact that
the sisters have different fathers makes a defect in cobalamin metabolism itself in the patient or her sister much less likely.
While transcobalamin II deficiency can produce megaloblastic anemia in infants (often with FTT and other sx), this is very rare
and is also an autosomal recessive disorder. The reason for B12 deficiency in the mother is often undiagnosed pernicious
anemia, but it can also occur in strict vegans.
The correct answer is B.
Very long branch-chain fatty acids undergo -oxidation in which of the cellular organelles?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
D. nuclear envelope
E. peroxisomes
The correct answer is E.
18. Metabolic defects that cause Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia usually involve which of the following enzyme
deficiencies?
A. Androgen receptor deficiency
B. Aromatase deficiency
C. Cholesterol desmolase deficiency
D. 5-α-Reductase deficiency.
E. 21-Hydroxylase deficiency
21-Hydroxylase deficiency causes ~95% of cases of CAH. Aromatase deficiency causes inability to synthesize estrogen and
affected females have ambiguous genetalia and primary amenorrhea.
5-• -Reductase deficiency converts testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone. Affected males can have
pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias Androgen receptor deficiency causes androgen insensitivity and feminization of
affected males.
The correct answer is E.
Thrombosis and strokes are a frequent complication of which one of the following diseases?
A. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
B. Galactosemia
C. Homocystinuria
D. Medium Chain AcylCoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
E. Phenylketonuria
The correct answer is C.
Thromboembolic events cause the death of 50% of individuals affected by Homocystinuria by 20 yrs.
Which of the following NBS acylcarnitine profiles is most suggestive of MCAD deficiency?
A. Increased C3 and C4
B. Increased C5-OH
C. Increased C6, C8 and C8/ C10 ratio
D. Increased C14-OH, C16-OH, C18-OH and C18:1-OH
E. Increased C14:1 and C14:1/ C12:1 ratio
The correct answer is C.
Increased C6, C8 and C8/ C10 ratio is the profile for MCAD and
these are derived from medium chain fatty acids. Increased C14-OH, C16-OH, C18-OH and C18:1-OH is the profile for LCHAD
Deficiency. Increased C14:1 and C14:1/ C12:1 ratio is the profile for VLCAD deficiency. Increased C3 and C4 These are seen in
Propionic academia and SCAD deficiency, respectively.
19. A neonate, Sam, was referred for an elevated Gal-1-P and E Coli sepsis at 8 days of age. Sam is four-weeks-old and he
is on Prosobee (lactose free) formula. Which of the following laboratory tests is most likely to yield information that
will guide dietary recommendations for Sam?
A. A total galactose level in his blood
B,. A red blood cell galactose-1-phosphate level
C. A galactose-1-P uridyltransferase activity level
D. N1314D and -119GTCA deletion genotyping
E. Q188R genotyping
Sam's GPUT (GALT) enzyme level should clarify if he has classical galactosemia which is associated with both an elevated Gal-
1-P and E Coli sepsis. A. and B.— Since Sam may have been on a lactose free formula for several weeks his galactose and
galactose-1-phosphate levels are likely normal and will not clarify if he has classical galactosemia. D. and E..— Determining if
he has Duarte (N1314D and -119GTCA deletion) or Gal (Q188R) genotypes alone would only clarify dietary recommentations
for Sam if he should he be found to be homozygous for the Q188R mutation.
The correct answer is C.
Sarah is a five-week-old girl who is brought to clinic by her foster parents. She is on regular formula. Her foster
parents just received Sarah's newborn screening results that show Sarah had phenylalanine levels of 660 and 1220
μmol/L at 3 and 32 days of age, respectively. After obtaining plasma amino acids, which of the following interventions
is the best management plan in this situation?
A. Start Sarah on a phenylalanine-free formula
B. Start Sarah on large neutral amino acids
C. Start Sarah on PEGylated phenylalanine ammonium lyase injections
D. Obtain urine pterins and start Sarah on a phenylalanine-free formula
E. Obtain urine pterins and start Sarah on tetrahydrobiopterin (Sapropterin)
Sarah's Phenylalanine level of 1220 μmol/L strongly suggests that she has Phenylketonuria (PKU). You should obtain a
confirmatory test (plasma amino acid levels of Phe & Tyr), exclude BH4 disorders (urine pterins) and start a Phe free formula
while waiting for the test results. A. Starting a Phenylalanine free formula doesn't exclude BH4 disorders. B. or C. Similarly
starting her on large neutral amino acids or PEGylated Phenylalanine Ammonium Lyase rather than a Phe
free formula are also not standard care. E. Starting her on BH4 (Sapropterin) at 20 mgm/kg/day rather than a Phe free
formula is not standard care.
The correct answer is D.
20. Your state Newborn Screening (NBS) Laboratory sends you a batch report of five abnormal NBS results on neonates
discharged from your facility two days ago. Which of the following abnormal NBS results warrants your immediate
attention for finding the patient and performing definitive
testing?
A. Biotinidase enzyme level was 1.2 times the normal cutoff
B. C6 and C8 levels were 1.2 times the normal cutoff
C. GALT enzyme level was 1.2 times the normal cutoff
D. Immunoreactive Trypsinogen level 0.8 times the normal cutoff
E. Phenylalanine level was 1.2 times the normal cutoff
C6 and C8 levels at 1.2 times the normal cutoffs suggests that the baby may have MCAD Deficiency which can cause lethal
hypoketotic hypoglycemia following fasting, gastroenteritis or poor feeding. This baby should be evaluated as soon as
possible, the NBS repeated, the parents be given instructions for what to do if the baby has poor feeding or lethargy, and
diagnostic tests for MCAD considered.
A. Increased biotinidase enzyme levels do not indicate biotinidase deficiency. C. Increased GALT enzyme levels do not indicate
galactosemia. D. Decreased Immunoreactive Trypsinogen levels do not indicate cystic fibrosis. E. A mildly increased Phe level
should be repeated but PKU is not a life-threatening disorder like MCAD.
The correct answer is B.
Which ONE of the following is the most common mode of inheritance for inborn errors of metabolism?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked
D. Mitochondrial (maternal)
E. Sporadic
A
Which ONE of the following is the most common mode of inheritance for mitochondrial disorders?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked
D. Mitochondrial (maternal)
E. Sporadic
A
21. Which of the following disorders is characterized by the biochemical finding: high ammonia?
A. Lesch-Nyhan disease
B. Acute intermittent porphyria
C. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
D. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
E. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency
E
Which ONE of the following is not typical of the presentation of an organic acidemia (e.g., propionic acidemia,
methylmalonic acidemia)?
A. Coma
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Nausea and vomiting
D. Liver failure
E. High ammonia levels (hyperammonemia)
D
Which ONE of the following disorders/groups of disorders is not part of "expanded newborn screening" by tandem-
mass spectrometry?
A. Amino acid disorders
B. Lysosomal storage diseases
C. Organic acidemias
D. Galactosemia
E. Fatty acid oxidation defects
B
Which ONE of the following disorders does not generally show liver disease as a presenting symptom?
A. Galactosemia
B. Homocystinuria
C. Tyrosinemia type I
D. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
E. Neonatal hemochromatosis
B
22. Which ONE of the following statements about metabolic disease is true?
A. The clinical features in metabolic diseases are due only to the accumulation of precursor substrate
B. The phenotype of a metabolic disease is generally constant regardless of the age of onset
C. Malformations can occur in metabolic disease when the onset of disease occurs prenatally
D. Most mitochondrial diseases are inherited by maternal (mitochondrial) inheritance
E. The onset of dietary therapy for PKU once symptoms have begun offers no benefit to the patient
C
Which of the following disorders is characterized by the clinical feature: cataracts?
A. Cystinuria
B. Hunter syndrome
C. Krabbe disease
D. Gaucher disease
E. Galactosemia
E
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for Biotinidase deficiency?
A. Enzyme replacement therapy
B. Bone marrow transplantation
C. Sodium benzoate & phenylacetate
D. Vitamin supplementation
E. Regular feedings
D
Most metabolic disorders are not associated with a predisposition to sepsis or infection. Which ONE of the following
diseases is associated with an increased risk of infection?
A. Tyrosinemia
B. Galactosemia
C. Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
D. Metachromatic leukodystrophy
E. Cystinuria
B
23. Which ONE the following acid-base scenarios is classically associated with the higher ammonia levels that occur in
patients with urea cycle disorders?
A. Primary metabolic acidosis
B. Primary metabolic alkalosis
C. Primary respiratory acidosis
D. Primary respiratory alkalosis
D. This is characteristic of urea cycle disorders.
Measurement of ammonia can be helpful as a diagnostic test in considering all the following groups of metabolic
diseases but one. Which ONE disease group is not associated with an abnormal ammonia level?
A. Organic acidemias
B. Urea cycle disorders
C. Mitochondrial disease
D. Fatty acid oxidation defects
E. Lysosomal storage diseases
E
Trichorrhexis nodosa (or "kinky hair") is an abnormal hair finding seen in patients with Menkes disease. Which ONE of
the following diseases is also associated with this clinical feature?
A. Homocystinuria
B. Methylmalonic academia
C. Hereditary fructose intolerance
D. Niemann-Pick disease
E. Argininosuccinic aciduria
E
Choose the most appropriate clinical feature associated with Homocystinuria.
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Episodic pain
C. Renal Fanconi syndrome
D. Cardiomyopathy
E. Aversion to certain foods
A