NOTES

1. Group – A (Answer all the questions)
a.
Define sensitivity in measuring system.
In the context of a measuring system, sensitivity refers to the system's ability to detect small changes in the quantity being measured. It essentially quantifies how responsive the
measuring system is to variations in the input.
Mathematically, sensitivity can be expressed as the ratio of the change in output to the corresponding change in input. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and a small
change in temperature causes a noticeable change in the sensor's output, the sensor is said to have high sensitivity.
b.
What are the stages of measuring system?
Here are the common stages of a measuring system:
1. Input Stage: This is where the quantity to be measured is introduced into the measuring system. It could be a physical parameter like temperature, pressure, or voltage.
2. Sensor or Transducer: This stage converts the input quantity into a suitable form for measurement. Sensors or transducers can take various forms depending on the type of
measurement being performed. Examples include thermocouples for temperature measurement, strain gauges for force measurement, and photodiodes for light intensity
measurement.
3. Signal Conditioning: In this stage, the signal from the sensor or transducer is conditioned to improve its quality for further processing. This may involve amplification, filtering,
linearization, or other signal processing techniques to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the measurement.
4. Data Acquisition: The conditioned signal is then acquired by a data acquisition system, which converts it into digital data that can be processed and analyzed by a computer or
other electronic devices. This stage may involve analog-to-digital conversion and data sampling.
5. Data Processing and Analysis: Once the data is acquired, it may undergo further processing and analysis to extract useful information or insights. This stage may involve
mathematical calculations, statistical analysis, or other algorithms depending on the requirements of the measurement.
6. Output Stage: Finally, the results of the measurement are presented to the user in a meaningful format. This could be a digital display, a graph, a chart, or any other form of
output that conveys the measured quantity and any relevant information derived from the measurement process.
c.
Define strain gauge and mention its types.
A strain gauge is a device used to measure the deformation or strain of an object. It works on the principle that the electrical resistance of certain materials changes when
subjected to mechanical strain. By attaching a strain gauge to a structure, the strain experienced by the structure can be measured by monitoring the changes in resistance.
There are several types of strain gauges, including:
1. Wire Strain Gauge:
2. Metal Foil Strain Gauge:
3. Semiconductor Strain Gauge
4. Bonded vs. Unbonded:
d.
Differentiate between analog and digital
Transducers.
e. State the difference between allowance and tolerance.
f. Write different static characteristics of a measuring instrument.
Group-B (Answer any one bit from each Question)
Q. No. Questions
2.
a. Differentiate between precision and accuracy with neat diagrams.
b.
Explain line, end and wavelength
Standards of measurement systems.
3.
a.
Differentiate the variable reluctance
Transducers and capacitive transducers.
b. Explain the ballast circuit used for strain measurement.
4. a.
Describe the flow measurement using
Venturimeter.

2. b. Explain the working of a Bourdon tube pressure gauge with a neat sketch.