Question 1. A group of researchers is replicating an earlier experiment that indicated that participants who received task-specific feedback were more likely to persist at a task than participants who received more general, encouraging feedback. In an effort to ensure that participants are not treated differently based on the condition that they are in, the researchers automate all of the procedures and follow a written protocol when interacting with the participants. The researchers are trying to minimize: placebo effects. demand characteristics. experimenter expectancy effects. participant suspicion effects. Question 2. In a study examining the effects of heredity on intelligence, researchers compare the correlation of intelligence test scores of identical twins with the correlation of intelligence test scores for fraternal twins. In this experiment, the researcher is assuming that the comparison of identical and fraternal twins is a measure of heredity. This is an example of a ________________ inference. construct statistical generalizability Causal Question 3 Researchers interested in studying the effect of happiness on various health outcomes randomly assign each person who comes in to the laboratory to one of two study conditions. However, several people in the study are friends and drove to the study together. The group of friends indicates that they need to be in the same condition of the study so that they can all leave at the together to get home. Accommodating the subjects' request might threaten validity because of the effect of: regression to the mean. attrition. maturation. selection. Question 4 In an experiment on the effects of everyday stress on memory, a researcher has participants record every hour how much stress they are feeling and then complete a short-term memory task. The results of the study reveal that everyday stress may affect short-term memory. After evaluating the results of the study, however, the researcher is concerned that people who have high scores on neuroticism questionnaires are more likely to report stress and exhibit memory problems than people who have low scores. The researcher is worried about __________ validity. construct internal statistical conclusion external Question 5 __________ validity concerns the generalizability of findings beyond the present study. Ecological Construct Statistical conclusion External Question 6 A researcher is investigating the ability of aversive punishment to decrease students' disruptive behaviors in class. She is worried that the number of punishments will vary from student to student and thus will bias the results of the study. The researcher would do well to: run a pilot test before conducting the study. manipulate participants' knowledge about the study. use a yoked control-group. use a red herring technique. Question 7 A psychologist is examini ...

1. Question 1.
A group of researchers is replicating an earlier experiment that
indicated that participants who received task-specific feedback
were more likely to persist at a task than participants who
received more general, encouraging feedback. In an effort to
ensure that participants are not treated differently based on the
condition that they are in, the researchers automate all of the
procedures and follow a written protocol when interacting with
the participants. The researchers are trying to minimize:
placebo effects.
demand characteristics.
experimenter expectancy effects.
participant suspicion effects.
Question 2.
In a study examining the effects of heredity on intelligence,
researchers compare the correlation of intelligence test scores
of identical twins with the correlation of intelligence test scores
for fraternal twins. In this experiment, the researcher is
assuming that the comparison of identical and fraternal twins is
a measure of heredity. This is an example of a
________________ inference.
construct
statistical

2. generalizability
Causal
Question 3
Researchers interested in studying the effect of happiness on
various health outcomes randomly assign each person who
comes in to the laboratory to one of two study conditions.
However, several people in the study are friends and drove to
the study together. The group of friends indicates that they need
to be in the same condition of the study so that they can all
leave at the together to get home. Accommodating the subjects'
request might threaten validity because of the effect of:
regression to the mean.
attrition.
maturation.
selection.
Question 4
In an experiment on the effects of everyday stress on
memory, a researcher has participants record every hour how
much stress they are feeling and then complete a short-term
memory task. The results of the study reveal that everyday
stress may affect short-term memory. After evaluating the
results of the study, however, the researcher is concerned that
people who have high scores on neuroticism questionnaires are
more likely to report stress and exhibit memory problems than
people who have low scores. The researcher is worried about
__________ validity.
construct

3. internal
statistical conclusion
external
Question 5
__________ validity concerns the generalizability of findings
beyond the present study.
Ecological
Construct
Statistical conclusion
External
Question 6
A researcher is investigating the ability of aversive
punishment to decrease students' disruptive behaviors in class.
She is worried that the number of punishments will vary from
student to student and thus will bias the results of the study.
The researcher would do well to:
run a pilot test before conducting the study.
manipulate participants' knowledge about the study.
use a yoked control-group.
use a red herring technique.
Question 7

4. A psychologist is examining whether a new type of therapy is
effective in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions. The
psychologist administers a questionnaire to several patients with
schizophrenia and selects those patients with the most severe
psychotic symptoms. She randomly assigns the participants to
the experimental condition in which they receive a new
experimental drug, or the control condition in which they
receive the standard medication. She then administers the same
test of psychotic symptoms to assess delusional and
hallucinations in the two groups at the end of the study. Which
of the following threats are not ruled out in the above study?
history
regression to the mean
testing
attrition
Question 8
A researcher is studying the effects of a new medication that
promises to be extremely effective in the treatment of
schizophrenia. She randomly assigns severely psychotic patients
to three different conditions (standard medication; experimental
medication; a wait-list control group) and measures delusional
symptoms with the same questionnaire both before and after the
study. The researcher uses a wait-list control group in order to:
ensure the ethical treatment of the patients.
rule out history effects.
decrease maturation effects.

5. rule out testing effects.
Question 9
A researcher found that whether or not a person is tired
impacts how much soda one drinks. She also found that the
effect of tiredness was magnified when the soda was cold
(versus room temperature). Since the way tiredness impacted
soda consumption was different based on the temperature of
soda, the researcher reported that there was a(n):
dependent effect.
independent effect.
interaction effect.
multi-factor effect.
Question 10
A disordinal interaction is represented by lines that:
intersect and are parallel.
have similar slopes, but are not parallel.
intersect and are not parallel.
have opposite slopes and are parallel.
Question 11
In an experiment examining the effects of stress on decision
making, researchers use two independent variables with two

6. levels each. The first independent variable is temperature of the
room (65 degrees and 95 degrees) and the second is noise in the
room (present or absent). Researchers randomly assign
participants to one of the two temperature conditions and then
have the participants perform decision-making tasks in both
conditions of the noise variable (present and absent). The
researchers allow subjects to rest in between exposure to the
noise variable and use counterbalancing of the noise conditions.
This experiment uses a(n) _____ design, since subjects are
randomly assigned to one independent variable, but exposed to
all conditions of the second independent variable.
mixed-factorial
between-subjects factorial
within-subjects factorial
mixed-subjects factorial
Question 12
A researcher is looking at the effects of goal striving (i.e.,
low, medium, and high) and neuroticism (i.e., low, high) on
achievement. The researcher is interested in examining the
difference between high and low goal striving for high
neuroticism individuals. The researcher is examining a(n):
three-way interaction.
simple contrast.
simple main effect.
two simple contrasts.

7. Question 13
Studies with factorial designs are better than students with
single-factor designs at capturing the real-life complexity of the
real world because they:
include mediator variables.
include more than one independent variables.
eliminate confounding variables.
include several control variables.
Question 14
Researchers conduct a study to understand whether pre-
existing self-esteem and time of day impact how frequently a
student raises her/his hand in class to answer a question.
Results suggest that both self-esteem and time of day impact
hand raising. Pre-existing self-esteem in this study is a(n)
_____ variable.
control
selected independent
situational
confounding
Question 15
A researcher is conducting an experiment on two predictors
of conformity: group size and the presence of a defector
(absent, present). The participants are randomly assigned to two

8. different group sizes, one composed of 3 participants and one
composed of 8 participants, and then participate in absent and
present defector conditions. This is an example of a(n):
between-subjects factorial design with a within-subject
variable.
mixed-factorial design.
within-subjects factorial design.
within-subjects factorial design with an experimentally
manipulated variable.
Question 16
A psychologist who is investigating the effects of different
levels of sweetness on fluid consumption would like to use the
same participants in each condition. She is worried, however,
that the order of the conditions may influence participants'
responses and decides to use the complete counterbalancing
design. In earlier studies, she used 120 participants. In the
current study, she would like to use 7 conditions and finds that
the number of participants needed increases:
exponentionally.
arithmetically.
hardly at all.
not at all.
Question 17
If a researcher wanted to be sure that experimental groups

9. were equivalent, the best method would be to use a
_______________ design.
random-groups
matched-groups
between-subjects
within-subjects
Question 18
In order to reduce the impact of differences in participant
characteristics, a researcher ensures that each participant has an
equal probability of assignment to any one of the conditions in
the experiment. This is an example of:
counterbalancing.
random assignment.
researcher experience.
participant bias.
Question 19
A researcher wants to measure the effects of the presence of
other people on performance. She has the same participants
engage in both experimental conditions, so that each participant
performs the task alone and in the presence of other people.
This is an example of a study with a ______________ design.
between-subjects

10. random-groups
within-subjects
independent-groups
Question 20
A researcher is investigating the impact of different levels of
anxiety on the performance of a speech task. The researcher
finds that at moderate levels of anxiety the students perform
very well. However, at both lower and higher levels of anxiety,
the students perform very poorly. This is an example of a
_________________ effect.
carryover
progressive
multicausal
nonlinear
Question 21
Unlike other types of counterbalancing, one type of design
does not try to ensure that each condition appears equally often
in each position. In a(n) _____________ design, the logic is
that on average, for any order of the conditions, each condition
will end up in the same average position.
Latin Square
random-selected-orders
block randomization

11. ABBA
Question 22
A researcher wants to assess whether a person's mood affects
mathematical reasoning. Participants will complete 50 basic,
intermediate and difficult math problems. _______________
may be particularly important in this study because participant
fatigue may be a factor.
Bias
Counterbalancing
Random assignment
Covariation
Question 23
One of the ways that researchers can control for order effects
is to use:
random assignment.
counterbalancing.
the same subjects.
random sampling.
Question 24
An industrial organization psychologist is hired by a
company to investigate whether a new employee management

12. strategy has resulted in greater employee productivity. A major
concern for this psychologist should be:
why the company wanted to initiate the study.
how the results of the study will affect his own theories
about efficiency.
ensuring the confidentiality of the employees' responses.
whether there is even a problem with employee productivity.
Question 25
A researcher has been hired by a non-profit organization to
evaluate the best strategy for implementing and delivering a
program designed to treat the needs of the homeless population
in the community. The researcher has been hired to conduct
a(n):
efficiency assessment.
program theory and design assessment.
process evaluation.
needs assessment.
Question 26
In a posttest-only design with a nonequivalent control group,
participants in one condition:
and a nonequivalent group are exposed to the treatment, and
scores from both groups are obtained after the treatment ends.

13. and a nonequivalent group are exposed to the treatment, and
scores from both groups are obtained before and after the
treatment ends.
are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not
exposed to the treatment, and scores from both groups are
obtained after the treatment ends.
are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not
exposed to the treatment, and scores from both groups are
obtained before and after the treatment ends.
Question 27
_____________ occurs when knowledge, services, or other
experiences intended for one group are unintentionally received
by another group.
Contamination
Adoption
Diffusion
Crossover
Question 28
The procedure for the control group appears ______________
the dashed line.
above
to the left of
below

14. to the right of
Question 29
In order to improve internal validity in a simple interrupted
time-series design, researchers need to:
use at least 100 observation periods.
have enough observations to establish pretest and posttest
trends in the dependent variable.
have equal number of pretest and posttest observations.
add another treatment intervention.
Question 30
A researcher examining the effects of a new mathematics
instructional technique measures the math scores of the students
in the intervention classroom ten times before the intervention
and ten times after the intervention. Which of the following still
remains a threat to validity?
regression to the mean
history
maturation
testing