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Question 1 · To be statistically significant, Pearson's r should be greater than 0.90. Answer True False Question 2 · The relative frequencies in the cells of a 2 × 2 table can be evaluated with a phi coefficient. Answer True False Question 3 · The scatterplot for a positive relationship will graph from the upper left to the lower right. Answer True False Question 4 · When scores vary in the same direction on two variables, the relationship is positive. Answer True False Question 5 · For a Pearson's r, both variables must be linear. Answer True False Question 6 · To compute a Pearson r correlation coefficient, we must have Answer a. · · A pair of scores for one individual. · b. · · A single set of scores for a single group of individuals. · c. · · Scores on two different variables for a single set of individuals. · d. · · Scores on two different variables for two different groups of individuals. Question 7 · In a correlational study, there is/are _______ group(s) of subjects, and each subject is measured on _______ variable(s). Answer · · a. · 1, 1. · · b. · 1, 2. · · c. · 2, 1. · · d. · 2, 2. · 10 points Question 8 · The two variables in a correlational study are called the Answer · · a. · Predictor and predicted. · · b. · Predictor and criterion. · · c. · Independent and dependent. · · d. · Relator and relatist. Question 9 · In a scatter diagram, if one of the points does not fall on the straight line of best fit to the data points, then r cannot be Answer · a. 0. · · b. +1.00 or -1.00. · · c. Positive. · · d. Negative. Question 10 · A study reports: r(95) = +0.92, p < 0.01. How confident can you be that the obtained correlation is real and not due to mere chance? Answer · · a. · 92% confident. · · b. · 95% confident. · · c. · 99% confident. · · d. · There is not enough information to Question 1 · If the overall F is statistically significant, at least one pair of means must also be statistically significant. Answer True False Question 2 · F can never be negative. Answer True False Question 3 · One drawback of ANOVA is that it allows type 1 error to escalate for every additional group tested. Answer True False Question 4 · If a study has 3 groups of 25 subjects each, the degrees of freedom are 2 and 24. Answer True False Question 5 · All F values are positive. Answer True False Question 6 In ANOVA, where should you look for the treatment effect? Answer . In the within-group variance. · In the between-group variance. · In the total variance. · Within a single individual's score. Question 7 · When and why would you conduct post hoc tests as a follow up to the overall F test? Answer · a. When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine which of the pairs of groups may be significant. · b. When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine why the overall F test is not significant. · · c. · When the overall ...
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Testing a claim about a standard deviation or variance
This document discusses hypothesis testing of claims about population standard deviations and variances. It provides the steps to conduct hypothesis tests of such claims using the chi-square distribution. The chi-square test can be used to test if a sample variance or standard deviation is significantly different from a claimed population variance or standard deviation. Examples show how to identify the null and alternative hypotheses, calculate the test statistic, find the critical value, and make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic and critical value.
ME SP 11 Q4 1602 PS.pptx
This document provides an overview of how to interpret the results of a hypothesis test for a population proportion. It discusses key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, types of tests (one-tailed and two-tailed), significance levels, critical values, and rejection regions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to set up the hypotheses, determine critical values, identify the rejection region, and make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic value. The goal is to help learners understand how to correctly interpret the outcome of a test on a population proportion.
The quiz has two portions Multiple Choice (8 problems, 32 p.docx
The quiz has two portions:
Multiple Choice
(8 problems, 32 points).
Show work/explanation as appropriate
.
Short Answer
(3 problems, 38 points)
Show work
.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
(
4 points
) If the P-value of a hypothesis test comparing two means was 0.25, what can you conclude? (Select all that apply):
A. You can accept the null hypothesis
B. There was a significant difference between the means
C. You failed to reject the null hypothesis
D. There did not appear to be significant difference between the means
(
4 points
) Imagine a researcher wanted to test the effect of the new drug on reducing blood pressure. In this study, there were 50 participants. The researcher measured the participants’ blood pressure before and after the drug intake. If we want to compare the mean blood pressure from the two time periods with a two-tailed t test, how many degrees of freedom are there?
A. 49
B. 50
C. 99
D. 100
(
4 points
) When sample size increases, ____
A. Power increases a great degree at first, reaches its peak, and then slowly decreases
B. Power decreases a great degree at first, reaches its lowest point, and then slowly increases
C. Power increases a great degree at first, and then increases slowly
D. Power decreases a great degree at first, and then decreases slowly
(
4 points
) α=0.05 for a two-tailed test. Assume that the data has a normal distribution and the number of observations is greater than fifty. Find the critical z value used to test a null hypothesis.
A. ±1.768
B. ±1.764
C. ±1.96
D. ±2.575
(
4 points
) In a sample of 47 adults selected randomly from one town, it is found that 9 of them have been exposed to a particular strain of the flu. Find the P-value for a test of the claim that the proportion of all adults in the town that have been exposed to this strain of the flu is 8%.
A. 0.0024
B. 0.0524
C. 0.0228
D. 0.0048
(
4 points
) For a simple random sample, the size is n=17, σ is not known, and the original population is normally distributed. Determine whether the give conditions justify testing a claim about a population mean µ.
A. Yes
B. No
(
4 points
) A medical researcher claims that 20% of children suffer from a certain disorder. Indentify the type I error for the test.
A. Fail to reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when the percentage is actually 20%.
B. Reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when that percentage is actually 20%.
C. Fail to reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when that percentage is actually different from 20%.
D.Reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is different from 20% when that percentage really is different f.
Directions The purpose of Project 8 is to prepare you for the final.docx
Directions: The purpose of Project 8 is to prepare you for the final, comprehensive exam and is set up EXACTLY the same. Questions 1 and 2 are not graded in this exercise, but are on the final. Be sure to answer them still so you can receive feedback. Once done with these, move into the calculation questions.
Be advised that you will need to decide which type of test to use in most of the problems. Please write out all pertinent information for each of the 4 steps of hypothesis testing. For the calculations, you only need to provide the values of all statistics for that test. There is no need to show work.
List the four Steps of the Hypothesis test:
Step 1 –
Step 2 –
Step 3 –
Step 4 –
This semester we have discussed the following statistical analyses.
Z-test
One-Sample
t
-test
Independent Groups
t
-test
Repeated Measures
t
-test
One-Way ANOVA
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Correlation
When do you use them? Please type your answer in the Test Used column.
ơ is given
µ is given
Groups Compared
Test Used
No
No
Looks at the same group at 2 different times or across two different conditions
Yes
Yes
Sample against population
Examines the degree to which two variables relate to one another
No
No
Looks at the same group at 2 or more times or across 2 or more conditions
No
No
Examines mean differences between two different groups
No
Yes
Sample against population
No
No
Examines mean differences between 2 or more groups
1. A researcher for a cereal company wanted to demonstrate the health benefits of eating oatmeal. A sample of 9 volunteers was obtained and each participant ate a fixed diet without any oatmeal for 30 days. At the end of the 30-day period, cholesterol was measured for each individual. Then the participants began a second 30-day period in which they repeated exactly the same diet except that they added 2 cups of oatmeal each day. After the second 30-day period, cholesterol levels were measured again and the researcher recorded the difference between the two scores for each participant. For this sample, cholesterol scores average M = 16 points lower with the oatmeal diet with SS = 538 for the difference scores.
10 points
·
Are the data sufficient to indicate a significant change in cholesterol level? Use a two-tailed test with α = .01.
·
Compute r
2
to measure the size of the treatment effect.
2. One possible explanation for why some birds migrate and others maintain year round residency in a single location is intelligence. Specifically, birds with smaller brain, relative to their body size, are not simply smart enough to find food during the winter and must migrate to warmer climates where food is easily available. Birds with bigger brains, on the other hand, are more creative and can find food even when the weather turns harsh. Following are hypothetical data similar to the actual results. The numbers represent relative brain size for the individual birds in each sample.
10 points
Non-Migrating
S.
LECTURE 3.1.pdf
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing using t-tests, including the steps, assumptions, and examples of single sample, paired sample, and independent samples t-tests. It discusses key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, characteristics of the comparison distribution, determining critical values, calculating the test statistic, and making a decision. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to conduct and report the results of each type of t-test.
Part 1 Please circle the correct answer.1. Which of t.docx
Part 1: Please circle the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is most sensitive to outliers?
a. interquartile range b.standard deviation. c. median
d. mode
2. James and George took a math exam. George’s percentile score on the exam was 80; James’s
percentile score was 40 on the same test. We know that
a) George correctly answered twice as many questions than James. b) They both scored better than 40 of their classmates.
c) George correctly answered more questions than James. d) James did not pass the test.
3. Find the mean and standard deviation for a binomial experiment where n 260,
p 0.675 .
a) 260 , b) 260 ,
7.55
57.04
c) 175.50 ,
7.55
d) 97.50 ,
e) 175.50 ,
13.25
9.19
4. If we were to create a box plot, which of the following statement(s) would be true?
A. The median would be located somewhere within the box.
B. The median value would be larger than the third quartile value (Q3) C. The median would always be centered in the middle of the box.
D. The median would indicate where the 50th percentile would be.
a) A and B
b) All of them. c) A and D
d) C and D.
e) None of them.
5. Which of these statements are false?
a. There is a strong linear relationship between gender and height because we found a correlation of .55.
b. Plant height and leaf height were found to be negatively correlated because the correlation coefficient is -1.41.
c. Since the correlation between X and Y is 0, this means there is no relationship whatsoever between these two variables.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
6. Some methods may be used to make a confidence interval wider or narrower. Circle the two
methods that would decrease the width of a confidence interval for a mean, if all else stays the same.
a. Increase the sample size. b. decrease the sample size.
c. increase the level of confidence. d. decrease the level of confidence.
7. Two researchers are going to take a sample of data from the same population of physics students. Researcher A will select a random sample of students from among all students taking physics. Researcher B's sample will consist only of the students in her class. Both researchers will construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean score on the physics final exam using their own sample data. Which researcher's method has a 95% chance of capturing the true mean of the population of all students taking physics?
a. Both methods have a 95% chance of capturing the true mean b. Researcher A
c. Research B
d. Neither
8. A 98% confidence interval indicates that:
a. 98% of the intervals constructed using this process based on samples from this population will include the population mean
b. 98% of the time the interval will include the sample mean
c. 98% of the possible population means will be included by the interval
9. A one-tailed hypothesis test is performed using a 0.10 level of significance. .
Testing of hypothesis - large sample test
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
Parametric test
This document provides an overview of parametric statistical tests, including the z-test, t-tests, chi-square test, F-test, and Bartlett's test. It discusses the history and development of the Student's t-test, including its creation by William Gosset under the pseudonym "Student." The t-test is used to compare means between two samples or between a sample and a theoretical population. The document outlines the assumptions, calculations, and interpretations of one-sample, unpaired, and paired t-tests.
Recommended
Testing a claim about a standard deviation or variance
This document discusses hypothesis testing of claims about population standard deviations and variances. It provides the steps to conduct hypothesis tests of such claims using the chi-square distribution. The chi-square test can be used to test if a sample variance or standard deviation is significantly different from a claimed population variance or standard deviation. Examples show how to identify the null and alternative hypotheses, calculate the test statistic, find the critical value, and make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic and critical value.
ME SP 11 Q4 1602 PS.pptx
This document provides an overview of how to interpret the results of a hypothesis test for a population proportion. It discusses key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, types of tests (one-tailed and two-tailed), significance levels, critical values, and rejection regions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to set up the hypotheses, determine critical values, identify the rejection region, and make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic value. The goal is to help learners understand how to correctly interpret the outcome of a test on a population proportion.
The quiz has two portions Multiple Choice (8 problems, 32 p.docx
The quiz has two portions:
Multiple Choice
(8 problems, 32 points).
Show work/explanation as appropriate
.
Short Answer
(3 problems, 38 points)
Show work
.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
(
4 points
) If the P-value of a hypothesis test comparing two means was 0.25, what can you conclude? (Select all that apply):
A. You can accept the null hypothesis
B. There was a significant difference between the means
C. You failed to reject the null hypothesis
D. There did not appear to be significant difference between the means
(
4 points
) Imagine a researcher wanted to test the effect of the new drug on reducing blood pressure. In this study, there were 50 participants. The researcher measured the participants’ blood pressure before and after the drug intake. If we want to compare the mean blood pressure from the two time periods with a two-tailed t test, how many degrees of freedom are there?
A. 49
B. 50
C. 99
D. 100
(
4 points
) When sample size increases, ____
A. Power increases a great degree at first, reaches its peak, and then slowly decreases
B. Power decreases a great degree at first, reaches its lowest point, and then slowly increases
C. Power increases a great degree at first, and then increases slowly
D. Power decreases a great degree at first, and then decreases slowly
(
4 points
) α=0.05 for a two-tailed test. Assume that the data has a normal distribution and the number of observations is greater than fifty. Find the critical z value used to test a null hypothesis.
A. ±1.768
B. ±1.764
C. ±1.96
D. ±2.575
(
4 points
) In a sample of 47 adults selected randomly from one town, it is found that 9 of them have been exposed to a particular strain of the flu. Find the P-value for a test of the claim that the proportion of all adults in the town that have been exposed to this strain of the flu is 8%.
A. 0.0024
B. 0.0524
C. 0.0228
D. 0.0048
(
4 points
) For a simple random sample, the size is n=17, σ is not known, and the original population is normally distributed. Determine whether the give conditions justify testing a claim about a population mean µ.
A. Yes
B. No
(
4 points
) A medical researcher claims that 20% of children suffer from a certain disorder. Indentify the type I error for the test.
A. Fail to reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when the percentage is actually 20%.
B. Reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when that percentage is actually 20%.
C. Fail to reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is equal to 20% when that percentage is actually different from 20%.
D.Reject the claim that the percentage of children who suffer from the disorder is different from 20% when that percentage really is different f.
Directions The purpose of Project 8 is to prepare you for the final.docx
Directions: The purpose of Project 8 is to prepare you for the final, comprehensive exam and is set up EXACTLY the same. Questions 1 and 2 are not graded in this exercise, but are on the final. Be sure to answer them still so you can receive feedback. Once done with these, move into the calculation questions.
Be advised that you will need to decide which type of test to use in most of the problems. Please write out all pertinent information for each of the 4 steps of hypothesis testing. For the calculations, you only need to provide the values of all statistics for that test. There is no need to show work.
List the four Steps of the Hypothesis test:
Step 1 –
Step 2 –
Step 3 –
Step 4 –
This semester we have discussed the following statistical analyses.
Z-test
One-Sample
t
-test
Independent Groups
t
-test
Repeated Measures
t
-test
One-Way ANOVA
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Correlation
When do you use them? Please type your answer in the Test Used column.
ơ is given
µ is given
Groups Compared
Test Used
No
No
Looks at the same group at 2 different times or across two different conditions
Yes
Yes
Sample against population
Examines the degree to which two variables relate to one another
No
No
Looks at the same group at 2 or more times or across 2 or more conditions
No
No
Examines mean differences between two different groups
No
Yes
Sample against population
No
No
Examines mean differences between 2 or more groups
1. A researcher for a cereal company wanted to demonstrate the health benefits of eating oatmeal. A sample of 9 volunteers was obtained and each participant ate a fixed diet without any oatmeal for 30 days. At the end of the 30-day period, cholesterol was measured for each individual. Then the participants began a second 30-day period in which they repeated exactly the same diet except that they added 2 cups of oatmeal each day. After the second 30-day period, cholesterol levels were measured again and the researcher recorded the difference between the two scores for each participant. For this sample, cholesterol scores average M = 16 points lower with the oatmeal diet with SS = 538 for the difference scores.
10 points
·
Are the data sufficient to indicate a significant change in cholesterol level? Use a two-tailed test with α = .01.
·
Compute r
2
to measure the size of the treatment effect.
2. One possible explanation for why some birds migrate and others maintain year round residency in a single location is intelligence. Specifically, birds with smaller brain, relative to their body size, are not simply smart enough to find food during the winter and must migrate to warmer climates where food is easily available. Birds with bigger brains, on the other hand, are more creative and can find food even when the weather turns harsh. Following are hypothetical data similar to the actual results. The numbers represent relative brain size for the individual birds in each sample.
10 points
Non-Migrating
S.
LECTURE 3.1.pdf
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing using t-tests, including the steps, assumptions, and examples of single sample, paired sample, and independent samples t-tests. It discusses key concepts like the null and alternative hypotheses, characteristics of the comparison distribution, determining critical values, calculating the test statistic, and making a decision. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to conduct and report the results of each type of t-test.
Part 1 Please circle the correct answer.1. Which of t.docx
Part 1: Please circle the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is most sensitive to outliers?
a. interquartile range b.standard deviation. c. median
d. mode
2. James and George took a math exam. George’s percentile score on the exam was 80; James’s
percentile score was 40 on the same test. We know that
a) George correctly answered twice as many questions than James. b) They both scored better than 40 of their classmates.
c) George correctly answered more questions than James. d) James did not pass the test.
3. Find the mean and standard deviation for a binomial experiment where n 260,
p 0.675 .
a) 260 , b) 260 ,
7.55
57.04
c) 175.50 ,
7.55
d) 97.50 ,
e) 175.50 ,
13.25
9.19
4. If we were to create a box plot, which of the following statement(s) would be true?
A. The median would be located somewhere within the box.
B. The median value would be larger than the third quartile value (Q3) C. The median would always be centered in the middle of the box.
D. The median would indicate where the 50th percentile would be.
a) A and B
b) All of them. c) A and D
d) C and D.
e) None of them.
5. Which of these statements are false?
a. There is a strong linear relationship between gender and height because we found a correlation of .55.
b. Plant height and leaf height were found to be negatively correlated because the correlation coefficient is -1.41.
c. Since the correlation between X and Y is 0, this means there is no relationship whatsoever between these two variables.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
6. Some methods may be used to make a confidence interval wider or narrower. Circle the two
methods that would decrease the width of a confidence interval for a mean, if all else stays the same.
a. Increase the sample size. b. decrease the sample size.
c. increase the level of confidence. d. decrease the level of confidence.
7. Two researchers are going to take a sample of data from the same population of physics students. Researcher A will select a random sample of students from among all students taking physics. Researcher B's sample will consist only of the students in her class. Both researchers will construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean score on the physics final exam using their own sample data. Which researcher's method has a 95% chance of capturing the true mean of the population of all students taking physics?
a. Both methods have a 95% chance of capturing the true mean b. Researcher A
c. Research B
d. Neither
8. A 98% confidence interval indicates that:
a. 98% of the intervals constructed using this process based on samples from this population will include the population mean
b. 98% of the time the interval will include the sample mean
c. 98% of the possible population means will be included by the interval
9. A one-tailed hypothesis test is performed using a 0.10 level of significance. .
Testing of hypothesis - large sample test
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
Parametric test
This document provides an overview of parametric statistical tests, including the z-test, t-tests, chi-square test, F-test, and Bartlett's test. It discusses the history and development of the Student's t-test, including its creation by William Gosset under the pseudonym "Student." The t-test is used to compare means between two samples or between a sample and a theoretical population. The document outlines the assumptions, calculations, and interpretations of one-sample, unpaired, and paired t-tests.
Question 17 of 402.5 PointsA long-distance telephone company cla.docx
Question 17 of 40
2.5 Points
A long-distance telephone company claims that the mean duration of long-distance telephone calls originating in one town was greater than 9.4 minutes, which is the average for the state. Determine the conclusion of the hypothesis test assuming that the results of the sampling do not lead to rejection of the null hypothesis.
A. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is less than 9.4 minutes.
B. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is greater than 9.4 minutes.
C. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is equal to 9.4 minutes.
D. Conclusion: Do not support the claim that the mean is greater than 9.4 minutes.
Reset Selection
Question 18 of 40
2.5 Points
A nationwide study of American homeowners revealed that 65% have one or more lawn mowers. A lawn equipment manufacturer, located in Omaha, feels the estimate is too low for households in Omaha. Find the P-value for a test of the claim that the proportion with lawn mowers in Omaha is higher than 65%. Among 497 randomly selected homes in Omaha, 340 had one or more lawn mowers. Use Table 5.1 to find the best answer.
A. 0.0559
B. 0.1118
C. 0.0252
D. 0.0505
Reset Selection
Question 19 of 40
2.5 Points
A psychologist claims that more than 29 percent of the professional population suffers from problems due to extreme shyness. Assuming that a hypothesis test of the claim has been conducted and that the conclusion is failure to reject the null hypothesis, state the conclusion in non-technical terms.
A. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is less than 29 percent.
B. There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is greater than 29 percent.
C. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is equal to 29 percent.
D. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is greater than 29 percent.
Question 20 of 40
2.5 Points
In the past, the mean running time for a certain type of flashlight battery has been 9.8 hours. The manufacturer has introduced a change in the production method and wants to perform a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean running time has increased as a result. The hypotheses are:
H
0
: µ
= 9.8 hours
H
a
: µ
> 9.8 hours
Suppose that the results of the sampling lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. Classify that conclusion as a Type I error, a Type II error, or a correct decision, if in fact the mean running time has not increased.
A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Correct decision
D. Can not be determined from this information
Reset Selection
Question 21 of 40
2.5 Points
The following data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.
A
B
C
34
27
19
26
23
21
31
29
22
28
21
12
Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the groups A, B, and C are independent.
B. The purpose of the analysis is to test the hypothesis that the p.
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the .docx
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the trait being measured as someone who scores 60 is appropriate for:
a variable measured on an interval scale
a variable measured on a ratio scale
any continuous variable
any test whose scores are normally distributed
Question 2 0.5 pts
Which of these is a discrete measure?
How many points you earn on a test
How many inches you grew in a year
How many term papers are due this semester
How many hours you study for an exam
Question 3 0.5 pts
It is not possible to report the average score for data measured on what type of scale?
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Question 4 0.5 pts
Jane’s percentile rank on a science exam is 78. This means that:
Jane answered 78% of the questions correctly on the exam
Jane's score was equal to or greater than 78% of the other students' scores
Jane achieved a score of 78% on the exam
Jane scored the same as 78% of the other students
Question 5 0.5 pts
Rudy scores 83% on a test. From that, we know that:
Rudy's percentile rank is 83%
83% of the people who took the test scored the same or lower than Rudy
Rudy scored above average
Out of 100 possible points, Rudy scored 83 pointsQuestion 6 0.5 pts
Here is a set of scores: 3,6,2,9,4,7,5,7,7,5. If the scores were entered into a frequency table, what would be the cumulative frequency?
7
9
10
55
Question 7 0.5 pts
Your data consist of the average family size for all families within each of six different income levels. What type of visual display would best convey the data?
histogram
line graph
bar chart
frequency table
Question 8 0.5 pts
You are constructing a histogram for scores that range from 70 to 100 in whole points. Frequencies range from 3 to 10; that is, every whole-point score between 60 and 100 occurs at least 3 times, and at least one score occurs 10 times. Which of these would probably be the best range and size for the score intervals along the X-axis?
1-point intervals from 70 and 100
1-point intervals from 0 and 100
5-point intervals from 70 and 100
10-point intervals from 70 and 100
Question 9 10 pts
You are looking at a frequency table for a large number of scores. Without doing any further calculating, which measure of central tendency can you immediately report?
mode
median
mean
none of these
Question 10 10 pts
In a set of raw scores for a teacher-constructed test, what will be the shape of the distribution around the mean?
normal
.
Question 1 1. Assume that the data has a normal distribution .docx
Question 1
1.
Assume that the data has a normal distribution and the number of observations is greater than fifty. Find the critical z value used to test a null hypothesis. = 0.09 for a right-tailed test.
Answer
±1.96
1.34
±1.34
1.96
5 points
Question 2
1.
Find the value of the test statistic z using z = The claim is that the proportion of drowning deaths of children attributable to beaches is more than 0.25, and the sample statistics include n = 681 drowning deaths of children with 30% of them attributable to beaches.
Answer
3.01
2.85
-2.85
-3.01
5 points
Question 3
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). The test statistic in a left-tailed test is z = -1.83.
Answer
0.0672; reject the null hypothesis
0.0336; reject the null hypothesis
0.9664; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0672; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 4
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). With H1: p < 3/5, the test statistic is z = -1.68.
Answer
0.093; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; reject the null hypothesis
0.9535; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 5
1.
Formulate the indicated conclusion in nontechnical terms. Be sure to address the original claim. The owner of a football team claims that the average attendance at games is over 694, and he is therefore justified in moving the team to a city with a larger stadium. Assuming that a hypothesis test of the claim has been conducted and that the conclusion is failure to reject the null hypothesis, state the conclusion in nontechnical terms.
Answer
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
5 points
Question 6
1.
Assume that a hypothesis test of the given claim will be conducted. Identify the type I or type II error for the test. A consumer advocacy group claims that the mean mileage for the Carter Motor Company's new sedan is less than 32 miles per gallon. Identify the type I error for the test.
Answer
Fail to reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually greater than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually less than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per ...
TitleABC123 Version X1Practice Set 5QNT275 Version.docx
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Practice Set 5
QNT/275 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix Material
Practice Set 5
Practice Set 5
1. This distribution has only one parameter. The curve is skewed to the right for small df and
becomes symmetric for large df. The entire distribution curve lies to the right of the vertical
axis. The distribution assumes nonnegative values only
A. t distribution
B. Normal distribution
C. Chi-square distribution
D. Linear regression.
2. Find the value of x2 for 12 degrees of freedom and an area of .025 in the right tail of the chi-
square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places
3. Determine the value of x2 for 14 degrees of freedom and an area of .10 in the left tail of the
chi-square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places
4. Determine the value of x2 for 23 degrees of freedom and an area of .990 in the left tail of the
chi-square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places.
5. Α ____________ compares the observed frequencies from a multinomial experiment with
expected frequencies derived from a certain pattern or theoretical distribution. The test
evaluates how well the observed frequencies fit the expected frequencies.
A. Goodness-of-fit test
B. Chi-square test
C. Linear regression
6. The __________ are the frequencies obtained from the performance of a
multinomial experiment. The expected frequencies are the frequencies that we expect to obtain
if the null hypothesis is true.
A. Observed frequencies
B. Expected frequencies
C. Fluctuating frequencies
7. The expected frequency of a category is given by Ε = np where n is the sample size and p is the
probability that an element belongs to that category if the null hypothesis is true. The
________ for a goodness–of–fit test are k – 1, where k denotes the number of possible
outcomes (or categories) for the experiment.
A. Number of observations
B. Degrees of freedom
C. Total population
8. This model includes only two variables, one independent and one dependent, is called a _____1______. The ___2____ is the one being explained, and the ___3___ is the one used to explain the variation in the dependent variable. Select the correct letter that would make the sentence true.
1. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
2. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
3. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
A. Linear model
B. Qualitative variable
C. Multivariate analysis of variance
D. Independent variable
E. Simple regression model
F. One-way Analysis of Variance
G. Dependent variable
H. Quantitative variable
9. A population data set produced the following information.
N=460, ∑x=3920, ∑y=2650, ∑xy=26,570, ∑x2=48,530
Find the population regression line. R ...
Name________________________________PSU ID______________________.docx
Name________________________________
PSU ID_____________________________
STAT 100 Lesson 13 Assignment
Answer the following questions and submit for grading. Each question or part of a question is worth 1 point except: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3E, 4E, 5D, & 6C are worth 2 points; 7- 7 is worth 6 points.
1.
An ESP experiment is done in which a participant guesses which of 8 cards the researcher has randomly picked, where each card is equally likely to be selected. This is repeated for 200 trials. The null hypothesis is that the subject is guessing, while the alternative is that the subject has ESP and can guess at higher than the chance rate. Write out the type 1 and type 2 errors in terms of this problem.
2.
For each of the following, write out the null and alternative hypotheses. Also identify what type of data is found. Refer to the information inTable 13.1.
a.
Do female students, on the average, have a higher GPA?
b.
Is there a linear relationship between height and weight?
c.
Is there a difference in the proportions of male and female college students who smoke?
3.
A Researcher asked a sample of 50 1st grade teachers and a sample of 50 12th grade teachers how much of their own money they spent on school supplies in the previous school year. The researcher wanted to see if the mean spending at one grade level is different from the mean spending at another grade level.
Two-sample T for 1st_Grade vs 12th_Grade
N Mean StDev SE Mean
1st_Grade 50 111.2 88.9 13
12th_Grade 50 49.5 38.8 5.5
Difference = mu 1st_Grade - mu 12th_Grade
Estimate for difference: 61.7
95% CI for difference: (34.3, 89.1)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 4.50 P-Value = 0.000 DF = 66
Figure A.1.
a.
What is the response variable in this problem?
b.
What is the explanatory variable in this problem?
c.
What type of variable is the response variable? categorical or measurement
d.
What is the appropriate population value for this problem? population mean or population proportion
e.
Write out the null and alternative hypotheses in terms of the appropriate population value.
f.
On the output in Figure A.1 the test statistic is 4.50. Use this test statistic to write a one-sentence interpretation of the p-value in terms of this problem.
g.
What conclusion can be made in terms of this problem? Why?
h.
Using the 95% confidence interval of the difference as your basis, do you think practical significance has been found with regard to the mean amount spent when comparing 1st grade teachers to 12th grade teachers? Include reasoning. Hint: Refer to Example 13.10.
4.
A survey asked 2000 people whether or not they frequently exceed the speed limit. The collected data is summarized in the following contingency table. The goal is to determine if there is a difference in the population proportion that say “yes” when comparing those who are under 40 years in age to those who are at least 40 years in age.
.
Hypo
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to statistical estimation and hypothesis testing, including:
- The difference between point estimation and interval estimation, and examples like confidence intervals for the mean and proportion.
- How to calculate and interpret confidence intervals.
- The roles of the null and alternative hypotheses in hypothesis testing and how to interpret p-values.
- Types I and II errors and how the significance level affects these.
- When to use parametric vs. nonparametric tests and examples of selected nonparametric tests like the chi-square test of goodness of fit.
Practice Test 5B Multinomial Experiments and Contingency Tables
1. The document discusses multinomial experiments, contingency tables, tests of independence and homogeneity. It provides definitions and explanations of goodness-of-fit tests in multinomial experiments, contingency tables, and how to calculate expected frequencies and test statistics.
2. Examples are given of goodness-of-fit tests on observed frequency distributions to test if outcomes have equal probabilities. A contingency table example tests if survival on the Titanic is independent of gender.
3. Guidance is provided on how to distinguish between a test of homogeneity and independence using contingency tables, based on whether predetermined sample sizes were used for different populations or one random sample.
Practice Test 5B Multinomial Experiments and Contingency Tables
1. The document discusses multinomial experiments, contingency tables, tests of independence and homogeneity. It provides definitions and explanations of goodness-of-fit tests in multinomial experiments, contingency tables, and how to calculate expected frequencies and test statistics.
2. Examples are given of goodness-of-fit tests on observed frequency distributions to determine if they fit the claimed distributions. The chi-square test statistic and degrees of freedom are used to compare to critical values.
3. Contingency tables represent frequencies of two variables in a table with rows and columns. Tests of independence examine if row and column variables are related, while tests of homogeneity examine if populations have the same proportions.
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of .docx
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the trait being measured as someone who scores 60 is appropriate for:
a variable measured on an interval scale
a variable measured on a ratio scale
any continuous variable
any test whose scores are normally distributed
Question 2 0.5 pts
Which of these is a discrete measure?
How many points you earn on a test
How many inches you grew in a year
How many term papers are due this semester
How many hours you study for an exam
Question 3 0.5 pts
It is not possible to report the average score for data measured on what type of scale?
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Question 4 0.5 pts
Jane’s percentile rank on a science exam is 78. This means that:
Jane answered 78% of the questions correctly on the exam
Jane's score was equal to or greater than 78% of the other students' scores
Jane achieved a score of 78% on the exam
Jane scored the same as 78% of the other students
Question 5 0.5 pts
Rudy scores 83% on a test. From that, we know that:
Rudy's percentile rank is 83%
83% of the people who took the test scored the same or lower than Rudy
Rudy scored above average
Out of 100 possible points, Rudy scored 83 pointsQuestion 6 0.5 pts
Here is a set of scores: 3,6,2,9,4,7,5,7,7,5. If the scores were entered into a frequency table, what would be the cumulative frequency?
7
9
10
55
Question 7 0.5 pts
Your data consist of the average family size for all families within each of six different income levels. What type of visual display would best convey the data?
histogram
line graph
bar chart
frequency table
Question 8 0.5 pts
You are constructing a histogram for scores that range from 70 to 100 in whole points. Frequencies range from 3 to 10; that is, every whole-point score between 60 and 100 occurs at least 3 times, and at least one score occurs 10 times. Which of these would probably be the best range and size for the score intervals along the X-axis?
1-point intervals from 70 and 100
1-point intervals from 0 and 100
5-point intervals from 70 and 100
10-point intervals from 70 and 100
Question 9 10 pts
You are looking at a frequency table for a large number of scores. Without doing any further calculating, which measure of central tendency can you immediately report?
mode
median
mean
none of these
Question 10 10 pts
In a set of raw scores for a teacher-constructed test, what will be the shape of the distribution around the mean?
normal
bimodal
skewed
it could be distributed in any of these ways
Question 11 0.5 pts
From the standard deviation, we know something about the:
general location of most scores within a scores distribution
spread of scores within the scores distribution
shape of the scores distribution
frequency at each score value
Question 12 0.5 pts
You select a sample of 50 scores from a population of 2,000 scores. You compute the range and standard deviation on the sample of 50 scores. You then select another sample of 50 scor ...
Statistics and Probability Q4_M1_LAS .docx
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make decisions using experimental data. It involves testing an assumption about a population parameter. Examples of questions that can be answered with hypothesis testing include whether the average height or test score differs from a claimed value. The elements of hypothesis testing are the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance, critical value, rejection region, Type I and Type II errors. Parameters that can be tested include means, proportions, correlations, and differences between groups.
Practice final answer
This document provides a practice final exam for a Statistics 311 course. It includes instructions for students taking the exam, an honor pledge, and 36 multiple choice and written response questions covering a range of statistical topics. The exam is intended to help students prepare for the format and level of questions that may appear on the actual final exam. It notes that the practice exam does not contain the exact questions or topics that will be on the real exam.
Testing of hypothesis and Goodness of fit
Testing of Hypothesis and Goodness of Fit
This document discusses hypothesis testing and goodness of fit. It defines hypothesis testing as a procedure to determine if sample data agrees with a hypothesized population characteristic. The key steps are stating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, determining the test distribution, defining rejection regions, performing the statistical test, and drawing a conclusion. Common hypothesis tests discussed include the Student's t-test and chi-square test of goodness of fit.
One Sample T Test
1. The document discusses hypothesis testing using a one-sample t-test when the population variance is unknown.
2. It provides examples of when to use a z-test or t-test, and walks through the steps of conducting a one-sample t-test including stating hypotheses, determining critical values, computing test statistics, and making conclusions.
3. An example problem demonstrates these steps, testing if a therapy reduces test anxiety below a population mean of 20, finding the sample mean is significantly lower.
test 3 AAMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best comple.docx
test 3 AA
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. For an ANOVA comparing three treatment conditions, what is stated by the alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a.
There are no differences between any of the population means.
b.
At least one of the three population means is different from another mean.
c.
All three of the population means are different from each other.
d.
None of the other choices is correct.
____ 2. On average, what value is expected for the F-ratio if the null hypothesis is true?
a.
0
c.
k – 1
b.
1.00
d.
N – k
____ 3. A research study comparing three treatments with n = 5 in each treatment produces T1 = 5, T2 = 10, T3 = 15, with SS1 = 6, SS2 = 9, SS3 = 9, and SX2 = 94. For this study, what is SSbetween?
a.
10
c.
34
b.
24
d.
68
____ 4. An analysis of variance produces SSbetween = 30, SSwithin = 60, and an F-ratio with df = 2, 15. For this analysis, what is the F-ratio?
a.
30/60 = 0.50
c.
15/4 = 3.75
b.
60/30 = 2.00
d.
4/15 = 0.27
____ 5. If an analysis of variance is used for the following data, what would be the effect of changing the value of M1 to 20?
Sample Data
M1 = 15 M2 = 25
SS1 = 90 SS2 = 70
a.
Increase SSbetween and increase the size of the F-ratio
b.
Increase SSbetween and decrease the size of the F-ratio
c.
Decrease SSbetween and increase the size of the F-ratio
d.
Decrease SSbetween and decrease the size of the F-ratio
____ 6. In general, what factors are most likely to reject the null hypothesis for an ANOVA?
a.
Small mean differences and small variances
b.
Small mean differences and large variances
c.
Large mean differences and small variances
d.
Large mean differences and large variances
____ 7. A two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B uses a separate group of n = 5 participants in each treatment condition. How many participants are needed for the entire study?
a.
5
c.
25
b.
10
d.
30
____ 8. The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. Note that one mean is not given. What value for the missing mean would result in no A´B interaction?
B1 B2
A1
20
30
A2
10
?
a.
10
c.
30
b.
20
d.
40
____ 9. If a two-factor analysis of variance produces a statistically significant interaction, what can you conclude about the main effects?
a.
Either the main effect for factor A or the main effect for factor B is also significant
b.
Both the man effect for factor A and the main effect for factor B are significant
c.
Neither the main effect for factor A nor the main effect for factor B is significant
d.
The significance of the main effects is not related to the significance of the interaction
____ 10. What is indicated by a positive value for a correlation?
a.
Increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y
b.
Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y
c.
A much ...
NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS.pptx
• Non parametric tests are distribution free methods, which do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. As such it is the opposite of parametric statistics
• In non- parametric tests we do not assume that a particular distribution is applicable or that a certain value is attached to a parameter of the population.
When to use non parametric test???
1) Sample distribution is unknown.
2) When the population distribution is abnormal
Non-parametric tests focus on order or ranking
1) Data is changed from scores to ranks or signs
2) A parametric test focuses on the mean difference, and equivalent non-parametric test focuses on the difference between medians.
1) Chi – square test
• First formulated by Helmert and then it was developed by Karl Pearson
• It is both parametric and non-parametric test but more of non - parametric test.
• The test involves calculation of a quantity called Chi square.
• Follows specific distribution known as Chi square distribution
• It is used to test the significance of difference between 2 proportions and can be used when there are more than 2 groups to be compared.
Applications
1) Test of proportion
2) Test of association
3) Test of goodness of fit
Criteria for applying Chi- square test
• Groups: More than 2 independent
• Data: Qualitative
• Sample size: Small or Large, random sample
• Distribution: Non-Normal (Distribution free)
• Lowest expected frequency in any cell should be greater than 5
• No group should contain less than 10 items
Example: If there are two groups, one of which has received oral hygiene instructions and the other has not received any instructions and if it is desired to test if the occurrence of new cavities is associated with the instructions.
2) Fischer Exact Test
• Used when one or more of the expected counts in a 2×2 table is small.
• Used to calculate the exact probability of finding the observed numbers by using the fischer exact probability test.
3) Mc Nemar Test
• Used to compare before and after findings in the same individual or to compare findings in a matched analysis (for dichotomous variables).
Example: comparing the attitudes of medical students toward confidence in statistics analysis before and after the intensive statistics course.
4) Sign Test
• Sign test is used to find out the statistical significance of differences in matched pair comparisons.
• Its based on + or – signs of observations in a sample and not on their numerical magnitudes.
• For each subject, subtract the 2nd score from the 1st, and write down the sign of the difference.
It can be used
a. in place of a one-sample t-test
b. in place of a paired t-test or
c. for ordered categorial data where a numerical scale is inappropriate but where it is possible to rank the observations.
5) Wilcoxon signed rank test
• Analogous to paired ‘t’ test
6) Mann Whitney Test
• similar to the student’s t test
7) Spearman’s rank correlation - similar to pearson's correlation.
Research methodology module 3
This document contain all topics of research methodology of module-3 according to the syllabus of BPUT odisha. The document is done for the PG and PHD students who are doing research.
NAT Review for Stat.pptx
This document contains a review for a statistics and probability exam for senior high school students. It includes 34 multiple choice questions covering topics like random variables, probability distributions, the central limit theorem, hypothesis testing, and sampling. The questions assess understanding of key concepts in statistics such as means, variances, standard deviations, z-scores, t-tests, and the normal distribution.
Please help with the following practice questionsQuesti.pdf
Please help with the following practice questions:
Question 1
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 2
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 3
One drawback of ANOVA is that it allows type 1 error to escalate for every additional group
tested. Answer a.
True. b.
False.
Question 4
The sum of within-groups variance and between-group variance is the total variance. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 5
An ANOVA with one independent variable but four groups is known as a one-way ANOVA.
a.
True. b.
False.
Question 6
In ANOVA, where should you look for the treatment effect? a.
In the within-group variance. b.
In the between-group variance. c.
In the total variance. d.
Within a single individual\'s score.
Question 7
When the null hypothesis is true, the calculated F should be close to a.
0. b.
1. c.
Infinity. d.
There is not enough information to tell.
Question 8
The appropriate statistic to use when testing the hypothesis for a study with three treatment
groups is a a.
One-sample t test. b.
Two-sample t test. c.
ANOVA F test. d.
Either b or c is appropriate.
Question 9
The Tukey HSD is the a.
Smallest amount by which any two means must differ in order to be statistically significant.
b.
Smallest amount by which any two means actually do differ. c.
Largest amount by which any two means actually do differ. d.
Largest amount by which any two means can possibly differ.
Question 10
When and why would you conduct post hoc tests as a follow up to the overall F test? a.
When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine which of the pairs of groups may be
significant. b.
When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine why the overall F test is not significant.
c.
When the overall F test is significant; to determine between which pairs of groups the significant
difference lies. d.
When the overall F test IS significant; to determine if the significance is only the result of
chance.
Please help with the following practice questions:
Question 1
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative.
F can never be negative.
True.
False.
Question 2
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F.
True.
False.
Question 3
One drawback of ANOVA is that it al.
Steps of hypothesis testingSelect the appropriate testSo far.docx
Steps of hypothesis testing
Select the appropriate test
So far we’ve learned a couple variation on z- and t-tests
See next slide for how to select
State your research hypothesis and your null hypothesis
State them in English
Then in math
Describe the NULL distribution
Starting here is where you be a skeptic and assume the null is true!
For one-sample tests, you will need to determine μ
(For two-tailed tests, you don’t need to worry about μ)
Compute the relevant standard error
Determine your critical value(s)
Keep in mind whether it is a directional or non-directional test
Compute the test statistic
Compare the test stat to the critical value(s) and make your decision
When to use each test
All of these tests require that the sampling distribution is normal
Either because population is normal or, thanks to central limit theorem, sample size is very large
All of these tests require that the measures be quantitative variables, that is interval/ratio
(Not all quantitative variables are normal, BUT all normal variables are quantitative. So if someone tells you a variable is normal, you know it is also quantitative.)
When to use each test, cont’d
1 Sample z-test
Comparing one sample mean to a population mean
And you do know σ (population SD)
2 sample z-test
Comparing two sample means to each other
And you do know σM1-M2 (standard error of difference of means)
1 sample t-test
Comparing one sample mean to a population mean
You only know s (sample SD)
2 sample t-test
Comparing two sample means to each other
You only know s1 and s2 (sample SDs)
Dependent sample t-test
You have two scores coming from each person, such as if you measured them before and after an experimental manipulation.
Compute the differences between the two scores, then treat like a 1 sample t
What is α?
Put on your skeptic’s hat: you believe the null hypothesis is true
But you’re willing to be convinced you’re wrong
If the test statistic is sufficiently improbable, you will change your mind and decide the null hypothesis is false
What is “sufficiently” improbable?
When your test statistic is more extreme than your critical values
Critical values are selected so that only a small fraction of the entire distribution is more extreme than the critical values
This “small fraction” is called α
Conventionally, α is usually set to .05, that is 5%
Directionality of a test
Is a test simply about whether there a difference, regardless of direction?
If so, it is a non-directed, or undirected, or two-tailed test
Your α must be evenly split between the two tails
For the conventional α = .05, that means each tail should have .025 or 2.5% of the total distribution
Is the test predicting one mean will be bigger than another? Or is it predicting one mean will be less than another?
If so, it a directional, or directed, or one-tailed test
Put all your α in a single tail
Special note on one-tailed tests
Step 3 of our procedure is a little awkward when we have one-tailed tests
How do you descr.
As a way of experiencing the Humanities beyond your classroom, c.docx
As a way of experiencing the Humanities beyond your classroom, computer, and textbook, you are asked to attend a “cultural event” and report on your experience. This assignment requires the following:
Submit your cultural event choice to the instructor for approval before the end of Week 5.
Visit a museum or gallery exhibition of modern art before the end of Week 9.
Write a report of the visit.
Summarize the report in a PowerPoint presentation.
**Please be sure to use a gallery or museum from Columbia SC**
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) in which you:
Identify the date visited, location, name, and background of the museum or specific exhibition. (If virtual, identify the Website along with the other information.)
Describe three (3) works, noting the artist, title, subject, and the time period of each work.
Compare the style, influences, and meaning or intent of each piece, highlighting any changes (if any) from the first to last piece.
Explain your reasons for selecting the pieces in a discussion of the reasons for the artist’s popularity and / or impact on the art world.
Summarize the main points of three (3) works discussed in your paper in a PowerPoint presentation of at least three (3) slides. Each of the slides should have three to four (3-4) short bullet points and notes about the works in the slide notes section. Include a cover page for the PowerPoint. Add the slides with notes to your paper.
Include four (4) references that help support your claims. (The text may be used as one (1) reference.)
Visiting a Museum
It makes sense to approach a museum the way a seasoned traveler approaches visiting a city for the first time. Find out what is available to see. In the museum, find out what sort of exhibitions are currently housed in the museum and start with the exhibits that interest you. If there is a travelling exhibition, it’s always a good idea to see it while you have the chance. Then, if you have time, you can look at other things in the museum.
Make notes as you go through the museum and accept any handouts or pamphlets that the museum provides free. While you should not quote anything from the printed material when you do your report, the handouts may help to refresh your memory later.
The quality of your experience is not measured by the amount of time you spend in the galleries or the number of works of art that you actually see. The most rewarding experiences can come from finding three (3) pieces of art or exhibits that intrigue you and then considering those works in leisurely contemplation. Most museums even have benches where you can sit and study a particular piece.
If you are having a difficult time deciding which pieces to write about, ask yourself these questions: (1) If the museum you are visiting suddenly caught fire, which three (3) pieces of art or exhibits would you most want to see saved from the fire? (2) Why would you choose those two (2) particular pieces?
.
As a social worker, you will meet children and adolescents who a.docx
As a social worker, you will meet children and adolescents who are in complicated family situations and may require a variety of resources for support. There are many times when these situations involve drug abuse, domestic violence, child abuse, and/or neglect. If these factors are present within a child’s or adolescent’s environment, it will impact their development. As mandated reporters, social workers are legally required to report any suspicion they have of child abuse or neglect to local authorities in an effort to ensure a healthier environment within which they can grow.
For this Discussion, review the case study “Working With Clients With Addictions: The Case of Barbara and Jonah.” Consider this week’s reading in the Learning Resources.
.
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Question 17 of 402.5 PointsA long-distance telephone company cla.docx
Question 17 of 40
2.5 Points
A long-distance telephone company claims that the mean duration of long-distance telephone calls originating in one town was greater than 9.4 minutes, which is the average for the state. Determine the conclusion of the hypothesis test assuming that the results of the sampling do not lead to rejection of the null hypothesis.
A. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is less than 9.4 minutes.
B. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is greater than 9.4 minutes.
C. Conclusion: Support the claim that the mean is equal to 9.4 minutes.
D. Conclusion: Do not support the claim that the mean is greater than 9.4 minutes.
Reset Selection
Question 18 of 40
2.5 Points
A nationwide study of American homeowners revealed that 65% have one or more lawn mowers. A lawn equipment manufacturer, located in Omaha, feels the estimate is too low for households in Omaha. Find the P-value for a test of the claim that the proportion with lawn mowers in Omaha is higher than 65%. Among 497 randomly selected homes in Omaha, 340 had one or more lawn mowers. Use Table 5.1 to find the best answer.
A. 0.0559
B. 0.1118
C. 0.0252
D. 0.0505
Reset Selection
Question 19 of 40
2.5 Points
A psychologist claims that more than 29 percent of the professional population suffers from problems due to extreme shyness. Assuming that a hypothesis test of the claim has been conducted and that the conclusion is failure to reject the null hypothesis, state the conclusion in non-technical terms.
A. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is less than 29 percent.
B. There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is greater than 29 percent.
C. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is equal to 29 percent.
D. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true proportion is greater than 29 percent.
Question 20 of 40
2.5 Points
In the past, the mean running time for a certain type of flashlight battery has been 9.8 hours. The manufacturer has introduced a change in the production method and wants to perform a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean running time has increased as a result. The hypotheses are:
H
0
: µ
= 9.8 hours
H
a
: µ
> 9.8 hours
Suppose that the results of the sampling lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. Classify that conclusion as a Type I error, a Type II error, or a correct decision, if in fact the mean running time has not increased.
A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Correct decision
D. Can not be determined from this information
Reset Selection
Question 21 of 40
2.5 Points
The following data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.
A
B
C
34
27
19
26
23
21
31
29
22
28
21
12
Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the groups A, B, and C are independent.
B. The purpose of the analysis is to test the hypothesis that the p.
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the .docx
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the trait being measured as someone who scores 60 is appropriate for:
a variable measured on an interval scale
a variable measured on a ratio scale
any continuous variable
any test whose scores are normally distributed
Question 2 0.5 pts
Which of these is a discrete measure?
How many points you earn on a test
How many inches you grew in a year
How many term papers are due this semester
How many hours you study for an exam
Question 3 0.5 pts
It is not possible to report the average score for data measured on what type of scale?
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Question 4 0.5 pts
Jane’s percentile rank on a science exam is 78. This means that:
Jane answered 78% of the questions correctly on the exam
Jane's score was equal to or greater than 78% of the other students' scores
Jane achieved a score of 78% on the exam
Jane scored the same as 78% of the other students
Question 5 0.5 pts
Rudy scores 83% on a test. From that, we know that:
Rudy's percentile rank is 83%
83% of the people who took the test scored the same or lower than Rudy
Rudy scored above average
Out of 100 possible points, Rudy scored 83 pointsQuestion 6 0.5 pts
Here is a set of scores: 3,6,2,9,4,7,5,7,7,5. If the scores were entered into a frequency table, what would be the cumulative frequency?
7
9
10
55
Question 7 0.5 pts
Your data consist of the average family size for all families within each of six different income levels. What type of visual display would best convey the data?
histogram
line graph
bar chart
frequency table
Question 8 0.5 pts
You are constructing a histogram for scores that range from 70 to 100 in whole points. Frequencies range from 3 to 10; that is, every whole-point score between 60 and 100 occurs at least 3 times, and at least one score occurs 10 times. Which of these would probably be the best range and size for the score intervals along the X-axis?
1-point intervals from 70 and 100
1-point intervals from 0 and 100
5-point intervals from 70 and 100
10-point intervals from 70 and 100
Question 9 10 pts
You are looking at a frequency table for a large number of scores. Without doing any further calculating, which measure of central tendency can you immediately report?
mode
median
mean
none of these
Question 10 10 pts
In a set of raw scores for a teacher-constructed test, what will be the shape of the distribution around the mean?
normal
.
Question 1 1. Assume that the data has a normal distribution .docx
Question 1
1.
Assume that the data has a normal distribution and the number of observations is greater than fifty. Find the critical z value used to test a null hypothesis. = 0.09 for a right-tailed test.
Answer
±1.96
1.34
±1.34
1.96
5 points
Question 2
1.
Find the value of the test statistic z using z = The claim is that the proportion of drowning deaths of children attributable to beaches is more than 0.25, and the sample statistics include n = 681 drowning deaths of children with 30% of them attributable to beaches.
Answer
3.01
2.85
-2.85
-3.01
5 points
Question 3
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). The test statistic in a left-tailed test is z = -1.83.
Answer
0.0672; reject the null hypothesis
0.0336; reject the null hypothesis
0.9664; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0672; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 4
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). With H1: p < 3/5, the test statistic is z = -1.68.
Answer
0.093; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; reject the null hypothesis
0.9535; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 5
1.
Formulate the indicated conclusion in nontechnical terms. Be sure to address the original claim. The owner of a football team claims that the average attendance at games is over 694, and he is therefore justified in moving the team to a city with a larger stadium. Assuming that a hypothesis test of the claim has been conducted and that the conclusion is failure to reject the null hypothesis, state the conclusion in nontechnical terms.
Answer
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
5 points
Question 6
1.
Assume that a hypothesis test of the given claim will be conducted. Identify the type I or type II error for the test. A consumer advocacy group claims that the mean mileage for the Carter Motor Company's new sedan is less than 32 miles per gallon. Identify the type I error for the test.
Answer
Fail to reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually greater than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually less than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per ...
TitleABC123 Version X1Practice Set 5QNT275 Version.docx
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Practice Set 5
QNT/275 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix Material
Practice Set 5
Practice Set 5
1. This distribution has only one parameter. The curve is skewed to the right for small df and
becomes symmetric for large df. The entire distribution curve lies to the right of the vertical
axis. The distribution assumes nonnegative values only
A. t distribution
B. Normal distribution
C. Chi-square distribution
D. Linear regression.
2. Find the value of x2 for 12 degrees of freedom and an area of .025 in the right tail of the chi-
square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places
3. Determine the value of x2 for 14 degrees of freedom and an area of .10 in the left tail of the
chi-square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places
4. Determine the value of x2 for 23 degrees of freedom and an area of .990 in the left tail of the
chi-square distribution curve. What is the value of chi-square? Round to three decimal places.
5. Α ____________ compares the observed frequencies from a multinomial experiment with
expected frequencies derived from a certain pattern or theoretical distribution. The test
evaluates how well the observed frequencies fit the expected frequencies.
A. Goodness-of-fit test
B. Chi-square test
C. Linear regression
6. The __________ are the frequencies obtained from the performance of a
multinomial experiment. The expected frequencies are the frequencies that we expect to obtain
if the null hypothesis is true.
A. Observed frequencies
B. Expected frequencies
C. Fluctuating frequencies
7. The expected frequency of a category is given by Ε = np where n is the sample size and p is the
probability that an element belongs to that category if the null hypothesis is true. The
________ for a goodness–of–fit test are k – 1, where k denotes the number of possible
outcomes (or categories) for the experiment.
A. Number of observations
B. Degrees of freedom
C. Total population
8. This model includes only two variables, one independent and one dependent, is called a _____1______. The ___2____ is the one being explained, and the ___3___ is the one used to explain the variation in the dependent variable. Select the correct letter that would make the sentence true.
1. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
2. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
3. Select a letter from the list to make this statement true.
A. Linear model
B. Qualitative variable
C. Multivariate analysis of variance
D. Independent variable
E. Simple regression model
F. One-way Analysis of Variance
G. Dependent variable
H. Quantitative variable
9. A population data set produced the following information.
N=460, ∑x=3920, ∑y=2650, ∑xy=26,570, ∑x2=48,530
Find the population regression line. R ...
Name________________________________PSU ID______________________.docx
Name________________________________
PSU ID_____________________________
STAT 100 Lesson 13 Assignment
Answer the following questions and submit for grading. Each question or part of a question is worth 1 point except: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3E, 4E, 5D, & 6C are worth 2 points; 7- 7 is worth 6 points.
1.
An ESP experiment is done in which a participant guesses which of 8 cards the researcher has randomly picked, where each card is equally likely to be selected. This is repeated for 200 trials. The null hypothesis is that the subject is guessing, while the alternative is that the subject has ESP and can guess at higher than the chance rate. Write out the type 1 and type 2 errors in terms of this problem.
2.
For each of the following, write out the null and alternative hypotheses. Also identify what type of data is found. Refer to the information inTable 13.1.
a.
Do female students, on the average, have a higher GPA?
b.
Is there a linear relationship between height and weight?
c.
Is there a difference in the proportions of male and female college students who smoke?
3.
A Researcher asked a sample of 50 1st grade teachers and a sample of 50 12th grade teachers how much of their own money they spent on school supplies in the previous school year. The researcher wanted to see if the mean spending at one grade level is different from the mean spending at another grade level.
Two-sample T for 1st_Grade vs 12th_Grade
N Mean StDev SE Mean
1st_Grade 50 111.2 88.9 13
12th_Grade 50 49.5 38.8 5.5
Difference = mu 1st_Grade - mu 12th_Grade
Estimate for difference: 61.7
95% CI for difference: (34.3, 89.1)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 4.50 P-Value = 0.000 DF = 66
Figure A.1.
a.
What is the response variable in this problem?
b.
What is the explanatory variable in this problem?
c.
What type of variable is the response variable? categorical or measurement
d.
What is the appropriate population value for this problem? population mean or population proportion
e.
Write out the null and alternative hypotheses in terms of the appropriate population value.
f.
On the output in Figure A.1 the test statistic is 4.50. Use this test statistic to write a one-sentence interpretation of the p-value in terms of this problem.
g.
What conclusion can be made in terms of this problem? Why?
h.
Using the 95% confidence interval of the difference as your basis, do you think practical significance has been found with regard to the mean amount spent when comparing 1st grade teachers to 12th grade teachers? Include reasoning. Hint: Refer to Example 13.10.
4.
A survey asked 2000 people whether or not they frequently exceed the speed limit. The collected data is summarized in the following contingency table. The goal is to determine if there is a difference in the population proportion that say “yes” when comparing those who are under 40 years in age to those who are at least 40 years in age.
.
Hypo
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to statistical estimation and hypothesis testing, including:
- The difference between point estimation and interval estimation, and examples like confidence intervals for the mean and proportion.
- How to calculate and interpret confidence intervals.
- The roles of the null and alternative hypotheses in hypothesis testing and how to interpret p-values.
- Types I and II errors and how the significance level affects these.
- When to use parametric vs. nonparametric tests and examples of selected nonparametric tests like the chi-square test of goodness of fit.
Practice Test 5B Multinomial Experiments and Contingency Tables
1. The document discusses multinomial experiments, contingency tables, tests of independence and homogeneity. It provides definitions and explanations of goodness-of-fit tests in multinomial experiments, contingency tables, and how to calculate expected frequencies and test statistics.
2. Examples are given of goodness-of-fit tests on observed frequency distributions to test if outcomes have equal probabilities. A contingency table example tests if survival on the Titanic is independent of gender.
3. Guidance is provided on how to distinguish between a test of homogeneity and independence using contingency tables, based on whether predetermined sample sizes were used for different populations or one random sample.
Practice Test 5B Multinomial Experiments and Contingency Tables
1. The document discusses multinomial experiments, contingency tables, tests of independence and homogeneity. It provides definitions and explanations of goodness-of-fit tests in multinomial experiments, contingency tables, and how to calculate expected frequencies and test statistics.
2. Examples are given of goodness-of-fit tests on observed frequency distributions to determine if they fit the claimed distributions. The chi-square test statistic and degrees of freedom are used to compare to critical values.
3. Contingency tables represent frequencies of two variables in a table with rows and columns. Tests of independence examine if row and column variables are related, while tests of homogeneity examine if populations have the same proportions.
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of .docx
The statement that a person who scores 120 has twice as much of the trait being measured as someone who scores 60 is appropriate for:
a variable measured on an interval scale
a variable measured on a ratio scale
any continuous variable
any test whose scores are normally distributed
Question 2 0.5 pts
Which of these is a discrete measure?
How many points you earn on a test
How many inches you grew in a year
How many term papers are due this semester
How many hours you study for an exam
Question 3 0.5 pts
It is not possible to report the average score for data measured on what type of scale?
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Question 4 0.5 pts
Jane’s percentile rank on a science exam is 78. This means that:
Jane answered 78% of the questions correctly on the exam
Jane's score was equal to or greater than 78% of the other students' scores
Jane achieved a score of 78% on the exam
Jane scored the same as 78% of the other students
Question 5 0.5 pts
Rudy scores 83% on a test. From that, we know that:
Rudy's percentile rank is 83%
83% of the people who took the test scored the same or lower than Rudy
Rudy scored above average
Out of 100 possible points, Rudy scored 83 pointsQuestion 6 0.5 pts
Here is a set of scores: 3,6,2,9,4,7,5,7,7,5. If the scores were entered into a frequency table, what would be the cumulative frequency?
7
9
10
55
Question 7 0.5 pts
Your data consist of the average family size for all families within each of six different income levels. What type of visual display would best convey the data?
histogram
line graph
bar chart
frequency table
Question 8 0.5 pts
You are constructing a histogram for scores that range from 70 to 100 in whole points. Frequencies range from 3 to 10; that is, every whole-point score between 60 and 100 occurs at least 3 times, and at least one score occurs 10 times. Which of these would probably be the best range and size for the score intervals along the X-axis?
1-point intervals from 70 and 100
1-point intervals from 0 and 100
5-point intervals from 70 and 100
10-point intervals from 70 and 100
Question 9 10 pts
You are looking at a frequency table for a large number of scores. Without doing any further calculating, which measure of central tendency can you immediately report?
mode
median
mean
none of these
Question 10 10 pts
In a set of raw scores for a teacher-constructed test, what will be the shape of the distribution around the mean?
normal
bimodal
skewed
it could be distributed in any of these ways
Question 11 0.5 pts
From the standard deviation, we know something about the:
general location of most scores within a scores distribution
spread of scores within the scores distribution
shape of the scores distribution
frequency at each score value
Question 12 0.5 pts
You select a sample of 50 scores from a population of 2,000 scores. You compute the range and standard deviation on the sample of 50 scores. You then select another sample of 50 scor ...
Statistics and Probability Q4_M1_LAS .docx
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make decisions using experimental data. It involves testing an assumption about a population parameter. Examples of questions that can be answered with hypothesis testing include whether the average height or test score differs from a claimed value. The elements of hypothesis testing are the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance, critical value, rejection region, Type I and Type II errors. Parameters that can be tested include means, proportions, correlations, and differences between groups.
Practice final answer
This document provides a practice final exam for a Statistics 311 course. It includes instructions for students taking the exam, an honor pledge, and 36 multiple choice and written response questions covering a range of statistical topics. The exam is intended to help students prepare for the format and level of questions that may appear on the actual final exam. It notes that the practice exam does not contain the exact questions or topics that will be on the real exam.
Testing of hypothesis and Goodness of fit
Testing of Hypothesis and Goodness of Fit
This document discusses hypothesis testing and goodness of fit. It defines hypothesis testing as a procedure to determine if sample data agrees with a hypothesized population characteristic. The key steps are stating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, determining the test distribution, defining rejection regions, performing the statistical test, and drawing a conclusion. Common hypothesis tests discussed include the Student's t-test and chi-square test of goodness of fit.
One Sample T Test
1. The document discusses hypothesis testing using a one-sample t-test when the population variance is unknown.
2. It provides examples of when to use a z-test or t-test, and walks through the steps of conducting a one-sample t-test including stating hypotheses, determining critical values, computing test statistics, and making conclusions.
3. An example problem demonstrates these steps, testing if a therapy reduces test anxiety below a population mean of 20, finding the sample mean is significantly lower.
test 3 AAMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best comple.docx
test 3 AA
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. For an ANOVA comparing three treatment conditions, what is stated by the alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a.
There are no differences between any of the population means.
b.
At least one of the three population means is different from another mean.
c.
All three of the population means are different from each other.
d.
None of the other choices is correct.
____ 2. On average, what value is expected for the F-ratio if the null hypothesis is true?
a.
0
c.
k – 1
b.
1.00
d.
N – k
____ 3. A research study comparing three treatments with n = 5 in each treatment produces T1 = 5, T2 = 10, T3 = 15, with SS1 = 6, SS2 = 9, SS3 = 9, and SX2 = 94. For this study, what is SSbetween?
a.
10
c.
34
b.
24
d.
68
____ 4. An analysis of variance produces SSbetween = 30, SSwithin = 60, and an F-ratio with df = 2, 15. For this analysis, what is the F-ratio?
a.
30/60 = 0.50
c.
15/4 = 3.75
b.
60/30 = 2.00
d.
4/15 = 0.27
____ 5. If an analysis of variance is used for the following data, what would be the effect of changing the value of M1 to 20?
Sample Data
M1 = 15 M2 = 25
SS1 = 90 SS2 = 70
a.
Increase SSbetween and increase the size of the F-ratio
b.
Increase SSbetween and decrease the size of the F-ratio
c.
Decrease SSbetween and increase the size of the F-ratio
d.
Decrease SSbetween and decrease the size of the F-ratio
____ 6. In general, what factors are most likely to reject the null hypothesis for an ANOVA?
a.
Small mean differences and small variances
b.
Small mean differences and large variances
c.
Large mean differences and small variances
d.
Large mean differences and large variances
____ 7. A two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B uses a separate group of n = 5 participants in each treatment condition. How many participants are needed for the entire study?
a.
5
c.
25
b.
10
d.
30
____ 8. The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. Note that one mean is not given. What value for the missing mean would result in no A´B interaction?
B1 B2
A1
20
30
A2
10
?
a.
10
c.
30
b.
20
d.
40
____ 9. If a two-factor analysis of variance produces a statistically significant interaction, what can you conclude about the main effects?
a.
Either the main effect for factor A or the main effect for factor B is also significant
b.
Both the man effect for factor A and the main effect for factor B are significant
c.
Neither the main effect for factor A nor the main effect for factor B is significant
d.
The significance of the main effects is not related to the significance of the interaction
____ 10. What is indicated by a positive value for a correlation?
a.
Increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y
b.
Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y
c.
A much ...
NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS.pptx
• Non parametric tests are distribution free methods, which do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. As such it is the opposite of parametric statistics
• In non- parametric tests we do not assume that a particular distribution is applicable or that a certain value is attached to a parameter of the population.
When to use non parametric test???
1) Sample distribution is unknown.
2) When the population distribution is abnormal
Non-parametric tests focus on order or ranking
1) Data is changed from scores to ranks or signs
2) A parametric test focuses on the mean difference, and equivalent non-parametric test focuses on the difference between medians.
1) Chi – square test
• First formulated by Helmert and then it was developed by Karl Pearson
• It is both parametric and non-parametric test but more of non - parametric test.
• The test involves calculation of a quantity called Chi square.
• Follows specific distribution known as Chi square distribution
• It is used to test the significance of difference between 2 proportions and can be used when there are more than 2 groups to be compared.
Applications
1) Test of proportion
2) Test of association
3) Test of goodness of fit
Criteria for applying Chi- square test
• Groups: More than 2 independent
• Data: Qualitative
• Sample size: Small or Large, random sample
• Distribution: Non-Normal (Distribution free)
• Lowest expected frequency in any cell should be greater than 5
• No group should contain less than 10 items
Example: If there are two groups, one of which has received oral hygiene instructions and the other has not received any instructions and if it is desired to test if the occurrence of new cavities is associated with the instructions.
2) Fischer Exact Test
• Used when one or more of the expected counts in a 2×2 table is small.
• Used to calculate the exact probability of finding the observed numbers by using the fischer exact probability test.
3) Mc Nemar Test
• Used to compare before and after findings in the same individual or to compare findings in a matched analysis (for dichotomous variables).
Example: comparing the attitudes of medical students toward confidence in statistics analysis before and after the intensive statistics course.
4) Sign Test
• Sign test is used to find out the statistical significance of differences in matched pair comparisons.
• Its based on + or – signs of observations in a sample and not on their numerical magnitudes.
• For each subject, subtract the 2nd score from the 1st, and write down the sign of the difference.
It can be used
a. in place of a one-sample t-test
b. in place of a paired t-test or
c. for ordered categorial data where a numerical scale is inappropriate but where it is possible to rank the observations.
5) Wilcoxon signed rank test
• Analogous to paired ‘t’ test
6) Mann Whitney Test
• similar to the student’s t test
7) Spearman’s rank correlation - similar to pearson's correlation.
Research methodology module 3
This document contain all topics of research methodology of module-3 according to the syllabus of BPUT odisha. The document is done for the PG and PHD students who are doing research.
NAT Review for Stat.pptx
This document contains a review for a statistics and probability exam for senior high school students. It includes 34 multiple choice questions covering topics like random variables, probability distributions, the central limit theorem, hypothesis testing, and sampling. The questions assess understanding of key concepts in statistics such as means, variances, standard deviations, z-scores, t-tests, and the normal distribution.
Please help with the following practice questionsQuesti.pdf
Please help with the following practice questions:
Question 1
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 2
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 3
One drawback of ANOVA is that it allows type 1 error to escalate for every additional group
tested. Answer a.
True. b.
False.
Question 4
The sum of within-groups variance and between-group variance is the total variance. a.
True. b.
False.
Question 5
An ANOVA with one independent variable but four groups is known as a one-way ANOVA.
a.
True. b.
False.
Question 6
In ANOVA, where should you look for the treatment effect? a.
In the within-group variance. b.
In the between-group variance. c.
In the total variance. d.
Within a single individual\'s score.
Question 7
When the null hypothesis is true, the calculated F should be close to a.
0. b.
1. c.
Infinity. d.
There is not enough information to tell.
Question 8
The appropriate statistic to use when testing the hypothesis for a study with three treatment
groups is a a.
One-sample t test. b.
Two-sample t test. c.
ANOVA F test. d.
Either b or c is appropriate.
Question 9
The Tukey HSD is the a.
Smallest amount by which any two means must differ in order to be statistically significant.
b.
Smallest amount by which any two means actually do differ. c.
Largest amount by which any two means actually do differ. d.
Largest amount by which any two means can possibly differ.
Question 10
When and why would you conduct post hoc tests as a follow up to the overall F test? a.
When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine which of the pairs of groups may be
significant. b.
When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine why the overall F test is not significant.
c.
When the overall F test is significant; to determine between which pairs of groups the significant
difference lies. d.
When the overall F test IS significant; to determine if the significance is only the result of
chance.
Please help with the following practice questions:
Question 1
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative. a.
True. b.
False.
F can never be negative.
F can never be negative.
True.
False.
Question 2
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F. a.
True. b.
False.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F.
If the HSD is 22, a paired mean difference of 23 would indicate that that pair contributed toward
the significant F.
True.
False.
Question 3
One drawback of ANOVA is that it al.
Steps of hypothesis testingSelect the appropriate testSo far.docx
Steps of hypothesis testing
Select the appropriate test
So far we’ve learned a couple variation on z- and t-tests
See next slide for how to select
State your research hypothesis and your null hypothesis
State them in English
Then in math
Describe the NULL distribution
Starting here is where you be a skeptic and assume the null is true!
For one-sample tests, you will need to determine μ
(For two-tailed tests, you don’t need to worry about μ)
Compute the relevant standard error
Determine your critical value(s)
Keep in mind whether it is a directional or non-directional test
Compute the test statistic
Compare the test stat to the critical value(s) and make your decision
When to use each test
All of these tests require that the sampling distribution is normal
Either because population is normal or, thanks to central limit theorem, sample size is very large
All of these tests require that the measures be quantitative variables, that is interval/ratio
(Not all quantitative variables are normal, BUT all normal variables are quantitative. So if someone tells you a variable is normal, you know it is also quantitative.)
When to use each test, cont’d
1 Sample z-test
Comparing one sample mean to a population mean
And you do know σ (population SD)
2 sample z-test
Comparing two sample means to each other
And you do know σM1-M2 (standard error of difference of means)
1 sample t-test
Comparing one sample mean to a population mean
You only know s (sample SD)
2 sample t-test
Comparing two sample means to each other
You only know s1 and s2 (sample SDs)
Dependent sample t-test
You have two scores coming from each person, such as if you measured them before and after an experimental manipulation.
Compute the differences between the two scores, then treat like a 1 sample t
What is α?
Put on your skeptic’s hat: you believe the null hypothesis is true
But you’re willing to be convinced you’re wrong
If the test statistic is sufficiently improbable, you will change your mind and decide the null hypothesis is false
What is “sufficiently” improbable?
When your test statistic is more extreme than your critical values
Critical values are selected so that only a small fraction of the entire distribution is more extreme than the critical values
This “small fraction” is called α
Conventionally, α is usually set to .05, that is 5%
Directionality of a test
Is a test simply about whether there a difference, regardless of direction?
If so, it is a non-directed, or undirected, or two-tailed test
Your α must be evenly split between the two tails
For the conventional α = .05, that means each tail should have .025 or 2.5% of the total distribution
Is the test predicting one mean will be bigger than another? Or is it predicting one mean will be less than another?
If so, it a directional, or directed, or one-tailed test
Put all your α in a single tail
Special note on one-tailed tests
Step 3 of our procedure is a little awkward when we have one-tailed tests
How do you descr.
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As a way of experiencing the Humanities beyond your classroom, computer, and textbook, you are asked to attend a “cultural event” and report on your experience. This assignment requires the following:
Submit your cultural event choice to the instructor for approval before the end of Week 5.
Visit a museum or gallery exhibition of modern art before the end of Week 9.
Write a report of the visit.
Summarize the report in a PowerPoint presentation.
**Please be sure to use a gallery or museum from Columbia SC**
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) in which you:
Identify the date visited, location, name, and background of the museum or specific exhibition. (If virtual, identify the Website along with the other information.)
Describe three (3) works, noting the artist, title, subject, and the time period of each work.
Compare the style, influences, and meaning or intent of each piece, highlighting any changes (if any) from the first to last piece.
Explain your reasons for selecting the pieces in a discussion of the reasons for the artist’s popularity and / or impact on the art world.
Summarize the main points of three (3) works discussed in your paper in a PowerPoint presentation of at least three (3) slides. Each of the slides should have three to four (3-4) short bullet points and notes about the works in the slide notes section. Include a cover page for the PowerPoint. Add the slides with notes to your paper.
Include four (4) references that help support your claims. (The text may be used as one (1) reference.)
Visiting a Museum
It makes sense to approach a museum the way a seasoned traveler approaches visiting a city for the first time. Find out what is available to see. In the museum, find out what sort of exhibitions are currently housed in the museum and start with the exhibits that interest you. If there is a travelling exhibition, it’s always a good idea to see it while you have the chance. Then, if you have time, you can look at other things in the museum.
Make notes as you go through the museum and accept any handouts or pamphlets that the museum provides free. While you should not quote anything from the printed material when you do your report, the handouts may help to refresh your memory later.
The quality of your experience is not measured by the amount of time you spend in the galleries or the number of works of art that you actually see. The most rewarding experiences can come from finding three (3) pieces of art or exhibits that intrigue you and then considering those works in leisurely contemplation. Most museums even have benches where you can sit and study a particular piece.
If you are having a difficult time deciding which pieces to write about, ask yourself these questions: (1) If the museum you are visiting suddenly caught fire, which three (3) pieces of art or exhibits would you most want to see saved from the fire? (2) Why would you choose those two (2) particular pieces?
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as buying or selling stocks of businesses using information that comes from an
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Respond to the following:
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As discussed, science and technology are not mutually exclusive but certain aspects are intertwined and one can and often does drive the advancement of the other. Robotics for example began as science fiction and has evolved into a reality because of advances in both science and technology. Recently the emergence of Soft Robotics has melded the two into an almost indistinguishable area of study. One where both technology and science play an integral role.
Various sciences have had significant impact on the advancements of soft robotics. More specifically materials science, biology and physics (continuum mechanics). Nearly every field of engineering plays a role in the technological advancement of soft robotics. Mechanical engineering, electrical and electronic engineering and fluid dynamics are just to name a few areas that without their application of technological advances in-of-themselves we soft robotics would not be where it is today.
The word Robot comes from the Slavic root word “rabota (Работа)” meaning to work. It first appeared in a Czech play in the 1920’s and was further developed into other works of science fiction. Human beings have forever been fascinated by the fine line between Science Fiction and Science Fact. We have used science fiction to catapult our imaginations into a tangible reality. Our desire to reach further and further into space has also sped up the evolution of soft robotics as seen in new space suits under development and the exploration of our nearby planets. The data collection that these robots will provide to further scientific research here on earth will prove to be invaluable in the future. Further employment of soft robotics in existing industries would create the supply and demand effect needed to fund further research and development.
References:
Rus, Daniela and Michael T. Tolley. “Design, Fabrication and Control of Soft Robots.” Nature 521, no. 7553 (May 27, 2015): 467–475.
Hines, Lindsey; Petersen, Kirstin; Lum, Guo Zhan; Sitti, Metin (2017). "Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics". Advanced Materials.
Mather, P. T.; Qin, H.; Liu, C. (2007-04-10). "Review of progress in shape-memory polymers". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 17 (16): 1543–1558.
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As an epic journey to Hell and back,
The Inferno
clearly traces its ancestry, in part, to
The Aeneid
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Confessions
. We come to this book, then, uniquely well-versed in its literary antecedents. Where do you see the influence of
The Aeneid
in Dante's poem? Of
Confessions
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- At least 500 words
- use MLA style
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As a Registered Nurse since 1998, I have seen many changes among patient populations. They are getting older, sicker, and resistant pathogens have become more common, extensive, and profound. Not just restricted to heavy use of antibiotics, but environmental pollution with extensive biocides and heavy metals also created resistant pathogens (Singer, 2019).
Environmental pollution poses many dangers to human health, which my potential future role as a nurse practitioner (NP) would serve to research trends, educate, and treat public maladies. Healthcare has become more technological and economically challenging, with the unfortunate complication of making primary care too expensive and unobtainable among populations, including the working poor and working middle class. Medications have become very complex; life-sustaining drugs are subsequently exorbitantly expensive. For example, insulin underuse leading to serious disease complications was one in four, especially in urban areas due to lack of affordability (Bhatia, Chang, & Bilal, 2019). Human populations with such profound needs, including issues with resistant organisms, can be potentially met as an Adult-Gerontology Primary Care Nurse (GPCN) with research, education, and affordable medical management
;
credentialing is essential to get issues across for underserved and ignored populations. Walden University School of Nursing (SON) integrates the nursing process with cost-effective treatment strategies (2019a).
Networking and accessing resources are essential for the GPCN role. This personal mission and vision are in alliance with Walden University’s goal and values, including student-centeredness, quality, and integrity; such opportunities would enable me to achieve such credentialing as GPCN, providing convenient educational opportunities accommodating my work schedule (Walden University, 2019). Walden University further enriches the spirit of evidence-based research, discovery, and critical thinking, effecting social changes improving living conditions for individuals, communities, and society (2019). Walden University’s SON has similar objectives, lending opportunities for specialist nurse practice enabling social change (2019a). As a GPCN, we are professionals that utilize the nursing process integrating assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementing, and evaluation of healthcare strategies enabling access to healthcare to even the socioeconomic disadvantaged (Walden University, 2019a). For example, there are approximately 12 million undocumented immigrants (Beck, Le, Henry-Ikafor, & Shah, 2019). Consider the spread of tuberculosis among the impoverished, being a disease of poverty, the undocumented encounter barriers such as fear of deportation and cost in which the GPCN can bring access to these populations, thereby preventing the spread of disease, and delivering treatment to the afflicted by fostering trust
(
Beck et al., 2019). Making medical access more affordable for unders.
As a social worker, you will often work with clients that are percei.docx
As a social worker, you will often work with clients that are perceived as "others." This "otherness" often leads to marginalization and barriers or limitations promoted by society and social institutions. Marginalization is arguably the most dangerous form of oppression (Adams et al., 2013) because it eventually leads to social expulsion and material deprivation. Social work is a unique profession because it empowers those who are affected by the socially constructed barriers and biases that have perpetuated long-standing inequalities. As you begin your work with clients both as an intern and social worker, it is imperative to consider not only the individual (micro) concerns the client brings to the session but the
environmental
or
macro
factors that may have either created or perpetuated the concern. You can empower your clients by helping them identify and define the oppression they experienced throughout their lifetime. Social work's commitment to social justice includes a hyperawareness of the social constructions that are used to limit some groups' autonomy and viability while supporting others.
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the dimensions of oppression and marginalization that might impact your future clients. Be specific in identifying the types of clients with whom you might work and provide a specific example of a social injustice, economic injustice, and environmental injustice that clients might experience. In your analysis, explain how the concepts of multiculturalism, power, and privilege are relevant to social work practice.
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As a social worker, you will meet children and adolescents who are in complicated family situations and may require a variety of resources for support. There are many times when these situations involve drug abuse, domestic violence, child abuse, and/or neglect. If these factors are present within a child’s or adolescent’s environment, it will impact their development. As mandated reporters, social workers are legally required to report any suspicion they have of child abuse or neglect to local authorities in an effort to ensure a healthier environment within which they can grow.
For this Discussion, review the case study “Working With Clients With Addictions: The Case of Barbara and Jonah.” Consider this week’s reading in the Learning Resources.
By Day 3
Post
an explanation of influences of Barbara's and Scott’s substance use on Jonah’s future development. Describe an intervention that you would use for Jonah if you were the social worker in this case. Please use the Learning Resources to support your answer.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014).
Social work case studies: Foundation year
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Working With Clients With Addictions: The Case of Barbara and Jonah
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As a business owner, your ability to directly supervise employees decreases as the company grows. This gives employees more independence but also increases the risk of negligence since you cannot monitor them as closely. The legal principle of respondeat superior means employers can be held liable for negligent acts committed by employees on the job. To minimize this liability risk, businesses need plans to reduce negligence even when supervision is remote.
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As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, once you have selected and identified a social problem, you begin the process of creating and implementing a policy that addresses that social problem. One of the first things you do in the implementation process is an analysis of the social policy you identified.
In Part 3 of your ongoing Wiki assignment, your group analyzes the selected social policy.
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As a newly appointed network administrator, you have been reques.docx
As a newly appointed network administrator, you have been requested to provide a presentation that will be shown to all employees to stress the importance of securing the organization's data against external threats.
Using the library, the Internet, and other materials, prepare a PowerPoint presentation that outlines the following items:
Slide 1:
Title slide
Slide 2:
Presentation overview
Slides 3–4
:
Identify and outline the function of digital certificates.
Slides 5–6
:
Explain the concepts of encrypting data and securing e-mail transmissions.
Slides 7–8
:
Explain what is meant by
social engineering
and the methods that must be taken to secure against these types of attempted attacks.
Slides 9–10
:
References
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As a Planning Associate, you have been asked to develop a plan t.docx
As a Planning Associate, you have been asked to develop a plan to reduce crime in your community. This two-page plan should discuss some of the more common or frequent crimes in your area. Use at least two sources. Your plan should address the following:
The root cause of the issue
Stakeholders
Outreach
Community involvement
Social capital, and
Recommended resolution technique
Community crimes: Car break-ins, home break-ins
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As a profession, police are unique in the amount of power they c.docx
As a profession, police are unique in the amount of power they can exercise with the general population. Because of this position of power and trust, police also have great need for training and understanding related to cultural sensitivity and awareness. They deal with populations across the community, and although there has been a recent focus on hiring criminal justice professionals that are representative of the populations they serve on the job, no one officer or group can be representative of all community members. This is where leadership related to police–community relations and cultural sensitivity can bridge the gaps and facilitate awareness.
Consider the following scenario: You have been hired as the chief of police in a community where there are strained police–community relations due to several instances of cultural insensitivity. In addition, police department morale is low due to complaints regarding cultural insensitivity among the police officers.
The Assignment
Create a 4- to 5-page professional report in which you outline a plan to a) improve police–community relations and b) address the morale and cultural insensitivity issues in the police force.
Part I:
Explain two specific steps or programs that you would implement to improve police–community relations. Be specific, and provide evidence from the literature to support your choice of these steps or programs. (2–3 pages)
Part II:
Explain two steps or programs that you would implement within the police force to address morale and cultural insensitivity. Be specific and provide evidence from the literature to support your choice of these steps or programs. (2–3 pages)
Provide at least three scholarly resources to support your recommendations.
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As a health care manager, you will have many opportunities to presen.docx
As a health care manager, you will have many opportunities to present data to various stakeholders in your organization. Understanding how to communicate this information effectively is a key skill for a manager.
Evaluation Title: Data Presentation
Collect data for any health care related topic.
You may use the CDC databases or other reliable sources.
Be sure to cite the source of your data.
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation to share the data with an audience of your choice.
Include an introduction slide, summarizing the data collected, and who your audience is. This information is for your instructor to use as a background when assessing your presentation.
Illustrate your data using two different display methods (graph, pie chart, etc.)
As part of your presentation (included in speaker’s notes) explain to your audience which display method best represents the message behind the data presented.
Include speaker’s notes, recorded audio, or a separate transcript of the presentation speech. For assistance with speaker notes or recording audio, utilize the following links:
Microsoft Support. (2018).
Add speaker notes to a slide (Links to an external site.)
[Website].
Microsoft Support. (2018).
Record a slide show with narration and slide timings (Links to an external site.)
[Website].
Include references (minimum of two) on a final slide in APA format
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As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical Nat.docx
As a new research intern for the National Anthrax Eradication Program, the individual must present a detailed summary of anthrax including: what organism causes the disease and how; the four locations anthrax infections can occur and why; scientific prevention and cure methods tried in the past decade; and why anthrax is a potent bioterrorism weapon due to its characteristics. The summary must cite sources and provide references in APA format.
As a manager, discuss how you would use or have used the concepts .docx
Cost-volume-profit analysis (CVP) is a tool that breaks down the relationship between costs, production volume, and profits. It is useful for planning and decision making. Variable costing focuses on costs that vary with production volume like materials and labor. It provides information on costs per unit and contribution margins. Managers can use CVP and variable costing together to determine break-even points, decide whether to expand or reduce production, and evaluate options like purchasing vs manufacturing products. The analyses rely on assumptions like fixed and variable costs being accurately classified.
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with o.docx
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with other health care professionals. The best way to create a positive patient experience is to be able to understand the role that each healthcare professional plays in the care of a patient. For this assignment, select two of the following allied health professions (physician, dentist, pharmacist, nurses, advance practice nurse, or health services administrator) and take a deeper look into their specific functions and contributions to health care.
In a paper of 750-1,000 words please discuss the following:
What is their function/medical training?
In what type of setting can each profession be found traditionally? Is this changing today?
Discuss how the expanding roles of allied health in health care delivery have affected each profession.
How has the health care workforce shortage affected each profession?
Provide a minimum of two references.
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As a DNP-prepared nurse, you will likely encounter many different me.docx
As a DNP-prepared nurse, you will likely encounter many different methods of disseminating the findings and implications of an evidence-based project. Each method has unique benefits. As discussed in this course, oral presentations can be an effective medium for delivering the findings of DNP projects.
For this Discussion, consider what makes an oral presentation effective. How might presentation approaches vary for an academic presentation versus a practice-based presentation?
To prepare:
Review various forms of disseminating the findings of an evidence-based project, as well as strategies for delivering effective presentations in this week’s Learning Resources.
If applicable, reflect on your experiences practicing with colleagues in a small group and presenting in other professional or academic situations. Conduct additional research as necessary to enhance your awareness of what makes a presentation most effective.
Consider how the needs or dispositions of the intended audience may inform your presentation
PLEASE ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS
Share two or more insights related to presentation approaches and explain how this information may be used to promote the delivery of an effective DNP Project presentation. Be sure to note any considerations related to the intended audience that are important.
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As a DNP, you will be interacting with individual who have acute.docx
As a DNP, you will be interacting with individual who have acute, chronic or acute on chronic disease process. For this case study, research a disease process that can either be controlled by mobile application and/or through the use of a telehealth program.
1. Discuss the technology you choose to use to research to manage the disease process.
2. Also address how your role as a DNP can be used to monitor and serve a population through a mobile application and/or a telehealth program.
3.Include how you would protect the patient health information when using these technologies
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Question 1· To be statistically significant, Pearsons .docx
- 1. Question 1 · To be statistically significant, Pearson's r should be greater than 0.90. Answer True False Question 2 · The relative frequencies in the cells of a 2 × 2 table can be evaluated with a phi coefficient. Answer True False Question 3 · The scatterplot for a positive relationship will graph from the upper left to the lower right. Answer True False Question 4 · When scores vary in the same direction on two variables, the relationship is positive. Answer True False Question 5 · For a Pearson's r, both variables must be linear. Answer True False Question 6 · To compute a Pearson r correlation coefficient, we must have Answer a. ·
- 2. · A pair of scores for one individual. · b. · · A single set of scores for a single group of individuals. · c. · · Scores on two different variables for a single set of individuals. · d. · · Scores on two different variables for two different groups of individuals. Question 7 · In a correlational study, there is/are _______ group(s) of subjects, and each subject is measured on _______ variable(s). Answer · · a. · 1, 1. · · b. · 1, 2. · · c. · 2, 1. · · d. · 2, 2. · 10 points Question 8 · The two variables in a correlational study are called the Answer
- 3. · · a. · Predictor and predicted. · · b. · Predictor and criterion. · · c. · Independent and dependent. · · d. · Relator and relatist. Question 9 · In a scatter diagram, if one of the points does not fall on the straight line of best fit to the data points, then r cannot be Answer · a. 0. · · b. +1.00 or -1.00. · · c. Positive. · · d. Negative. Question 10 · A study reports: r(95) = +0.92, p < 0.01. How confident can you be that the obtained correlation is real and not due to mere chance? Answer · · a.
- 4. · 92% confident. · · b. · 95% confident. · · c. · 99% confident. · · d. · There is not enough information to Question 1 · If the overall F is statistically significant, at least one pair of means must also be statistically significant. Answer True False Question 2 · F can never be negative. Answer True False Question 3 · One drawback of ANOVA is that it allows type 1 error to escalate for every additional group tested. Answer True False Question 4 · If a study has 3 groups of 25 subjects each, the degrees of freedom are 2 and 24. Answer True False Question 5 · All F values are positive. Answer True False
- 5. Question 6 In ANOVA, where should you look for the treatment effect? Answer . In the within-group variance. · In the between-group variance. · In the total variance. · Within a single individual's score. Question 7 · When and why would you conduct post hoc tests as a follow up to the overall F test? Answer · a. When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine which of the pairs of groups may be significant. · b. When the overall F test is NOT significant; to determine why the overall F test is not significant. · · c. · When the overall F test is significant; to determine between which pairs of groups the significant difference lies. · · d. When the overall F test IS significant; to determine if the significance is only the result of chance. · Question 8 · We use an F test rather than a t test for multi-group studies primarily to Answer · · a. · Avoid calculating standard deviations from the variances. · · b. · Be able to use a single formula regardless of differing sample
- 6. sizes between groups. · · c. · Reduce calculation time. · · d. · Avoid escalating type 1 error rates. Question 9 · The appropriate statistic to use when testing the hypothesis for a study with three treatment groups is a Answer · · a. · One-sample t test. · · b. · Two-sample t test. · · c. · ANOVA F test. · · d. · Either b or c is appropriate. Question 10 · When the null hypothesis is true, the calculated F should be close to Answer · · a. · 0. · · b. · 1. · · c. · Infinity.
- 7. · · d. · There is not enough information to tell. Question 1 · The primary contributor to the standard error of the difference between the means is the standard error of the means of the two populations. Answer True False Question 2 · Assume a research report says t(43) = 2.37, α <0.02. For this study, confidence is <0.02. Answer True False Question 3 · If a single set of subjects serves in both treatment groups, the study should be analyzed with an independent subjects t test. Answer True False Question 4 · The region of rejection is in the tails of the distribution. Answer True False Question 5 · If tabled t is 2.23 and calculated t is 2.24, the calculated t can be considered statistically significant. Answer True False Question 6
- 8. · In a two-sample t test, α =0.05 and t(74) = +2.15. How many subjects are in this study? Answer · 72. · 73. · 74. · 76. · There is not enough information to tell. Question 7 · What is the purpose of a two-sample t test? Answer · a. To determine whether two means are more different than expected by chance. · b. To compare the actual mean difference between groups with the difference desired by the researcher. · c. To equate groups on one or more extraneous variables. · d. To be twice as confident of your results as you would be in a one-sample t test. Question 8 · In a two-sample t test, if the observed difference between the sample means turns out to be one that would rarely occur when the null hypothesis is true, what should we do? Answer a. · Reject the null hypothesis. b. · Retain the null hypothesis. c. · Repeat the test until we get a more probable difference
- 9. between the sample means. d. · Change the level of significance (type 1 error). 10 points Question 9 · Suppose that a researcher decides that he must obtain a type 1 error level of no more than 0.01 to reject the null hypothesis. After analyzing his data he finds that the results are significant at p = 0.05 but not at p = 0.01. If he is not able to change the maximum allowed type 1 error level, then the researcher should Answer · a. · Retain the null hypothesis because 0.05 is greater than 0.01. · · b. · Retain the null hypothesis because 0.05 is merely sampling error. · · c. · Reject the null hypothesis because 0.05 is close to 0.01. · · d. · Reject the null hypothesis because 0.05 is greater than 0.01. Question 10 · What is the purpose of the change in formula from an independent sample t test to a related sample t test? Answer · · a. To simplify the calculation process when samples are dependent. ·
- 10. · b. · To remove the unwanted correlation introduced by the dependence of subjects between the IV conditions. · · c. · To remove the influence of unwanted or outlier cases in each sample. · · d. To weight the contribution of each sample by the number of cases present in that sample. Chapter 6 Question 1 · If p = 0.03, confidence also = 0.03. Answer True False Question 2 · It is possible to conduct a one-sample t test even when the population standard deviation is not known. Answer True False Question 3 · A normal deviate Z test requires that we know the population standard deviation. Answer True False Question 4 · In a one-sample t test with a sample size of 30, there are 30 degrees of freedom. Answer
- 11. True False Question 5 · The mean of any sampling distribution of the mean is the population mean. Answer True False Question 6 · A z score tests the location of _________, while a Z test tests the location of ____________. Answer · · a. · An individual score, a sample mean. · · b. · An individual score, a population mean. · · c. · A sample mean, a population mean. · · d. · A random score, a nonrandom score. Question 7 · In a one-sample t test, α =0.05 and t (52) = +2.46. How many degrees of freedom are in this study? Answer · 0 · 5 · 5 · 2 ·
- 12. Question 8 · · The rejection region typically falls where in the sampling distribution of the mean? Answer · · a. · In the center. · · b. · In the tails. · · c. · Sometimes in the center and sometime in the tails. · · d. · Close to the population mean. · Question 9 · What is the mean of any sampling distribution of the mean? Answer · · a. · 0. · · b. · The sample mean. · · c. · The population mean. · · d. · It depends on the value of the raw scores in the distribution. Question 10 · A research report says that t (63) = 1.99; p = 0.03. From that information, can you reject the null hypothesis with 95%
- 13. confidence? Answer · · a. · Yes. · · b. · No. · · c. · It depends on the sample size. · · d. · It depends on the size of the type 1 error.