Queen Calafia’s Island
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In 1533, Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes landed on what he thought was an island off the coast of Mexico and named it California after the mythic island of California, hoping to find gold and precious stones. California is actually a peninsula located between latitudes 32 and 42 degrees north on the Pacific coast. The earliest inhabitants of California were Native Americans who consisted of many tribes and autonomous communities that represented great linguistic and cultural diversity.
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The document provides a summary of the naming of California and its origins from a 16th century Spanish novel. It notes that Spanish explorers in 1533 landed in what they believed was an island called California, described in a fictional story, but later learned it was a peninsula. The name California came from this mistaken identification from the novel. It also briefly introduces the mythical Queen Calafia and character Esplandian from the story that inspired the name.
California part 1
The document discusses the history of California over multiple time periods. It begins with the mythical story of Queen Calafia and the island of California. It then describes the landscape of California and the native tribes that inhabited the region. It discusses the Treaty of Guadalupe that transferred California to the US and the discovery of gold which led to a major population increase and gold rush. It also describes the internment of Japanese Americans during World War 2 and the opening of Disneyland in 1955.
California part 1
The document discusses the history of California over multiple time periods. It begins with California originally being the name of a mythical island inhabited by black Amazons in a story. When Hernán Cortés discovered California, he thought it was an island. California was inhabited by many native tribes who spoke over 135 languages and respected the bear. The Treaty of Guadalupe in 1848 gave the US control over California after the Mexican-American War. James Marshall's discovery of gold in 1848 triggered the California Gold Rush, increasing the population dramatically. During World War 2, over 110,000 Japanese people were placed in internment camps in California due to racism and fears after Pearl Harbor. Disneyland opened in 1955 and helped develop Orange County as a
California
California began as a mythical land described in Spanish literature, populated by Queen Calafia and her black Amazons. Native Americans lived across what would become California prior to European contact in 1542. Spain established Catholic missions across California in the 18th century to colonize and convert indigenous peoples. The discovery of gold in 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush and massive migration that shaped the population. A transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 to connect California with the eastern United States, employing large numbers of Chinese immigrant laborers.
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The missions were located along the coast near Indian villages or trails to make it easier to bring Indians into the missions. These locations also usually had fresh water and fertile soil for farming. The Spanish learned about the coast of Alta California from a sea expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo.
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California is a geographically diverse state with unique attributes that have contributed to its growth and development. It has varied topography ranging from rugged coastal mountains to fertile valleys. Its Mediterranean climate concentrates rainfall in winter months, creating a seasonal agricultural economy dependent on snowmelt and irrigation. The state's location on the Pacific coast exposed it to global influences that have made it one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the world.
California
The document provides a history of California from 1533 to 1945. It discusses how California started as a peninsula mistaken for an island, then details its diverse geography and native populations. It also summarizes the major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century that brought water to Los Angeles and San Francisco. During World War II, over 110,000 Japanese people were placed in internment camps, and military bases were established across the state as California's economy and population boomed due to wartime industrial growth.
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This document contains information about various geographic locations, regions, peoples, explorers, and events related to the exploration and settlement of North America. It discusses the motivations and accomplishments of European explorers such as their establishment of settlements, claiming of territories, and interactions with Native Americans. It also provides details about the locations and environments of indigenous groups like the Iroquois, Inuit, and Pueblo people. Major geographic features of North America such as rivers, mountain ranges, and plains are identified along with their importance to trade, transportation, and economic development.
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This document provides background information on early European explorers and settlers in North America, including:
- Francisco Vazquez de Coronado led an expedition from Mexico into what is now New Mexico in the 1540s in search of the "Seven Golden Cities of Cibola" but found only small pueblos inhabited by Zuni Indians, disappointing his men who expected gold and wealth.
- Coronado split his large expedition party into smaller groups to travel different routes to Cibola, and many men died along the difficult journey from encounters with wildlife and ambushes.
- When they found the Zuni pueblos, the Zuni attacked the conquistadors and Coronado won the battle
GLOD RUSH
The California Gold Rush began on January 24, 1848 when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill. Nearly 300,000 people immigrated to California from around the world in hopes of striking it rich. The population of California skyrocketed from 1,600 to over 100,000 in just one year. Two routes were taken by prospectors - an arduous months-long sea voyage around South America or an overland journey of over 2,000 miles along the Oregon-California Trail. While some prospectors did find gold and become wealthy, most did not strike it rich. The massive influx of immigrants transformed California economically and politically, leading to its statehood in 1850.
Calfornia History Lexie
The document summarizes the history and geography of California. It describes the different regions of California including the desert, valley, mountain, and coast regions. It discusses the missions established by Spanish missionaries to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Ranchos, or large farms, emerged and raised livestock. Important figures that shaped early California included John Sutter, who established Sutter's Fort, and Levi Strauss, who saw a need for durable work pants.
Calfornia History Lexie
The document summarizes key aspects of California's history by region and important events/figures:
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The document summarizes the key indigenous groups that inhabited four culture areas in North America: the Arctic, Subarctic, Northeast, and Southeast. The Arctic area was home to nomadic Inuit and Aleut peoples who spoke related languages and subsisted on seals, whales, and fish. The Subarctic stretched across Alaska and Canada and contained Athabaskan and Algonquian language groups. The Northeast contained Iroquoian and Algonquian villages along the Atlantic coast and inland waterways. The Southeast was an agricultural region inhabited by Muskogean language peoples like the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.
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The document provides an overview of the peopling and early history of North America. It describes how the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Various groups migrated across a land bridge between Asia and North America around 35,000 years ago to populate the Americas. Corn was domesticated in Mexico around 5,000 BC, allowing for settled farming communities and the rise of early civilizations like the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. Europeans began exploring and colonizing the Americas around 500 years ago, bringing both old and new world plants, animals, and diseases, radically transforming the populations and environments of both regions.
Alta California New And Historiography
1. The document discusses the history of California and its native peoples from the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century. It covers topics like the Franciscan missions, lack of acknowledging native voices, women's history, and diverse indigenous groups and their ways of life.
2. Scholars' understanding of California history has evolved over time from seeing native peoples as primitive to recognizing their cultural diversity and adaptations to the land.
3. The missions aimed to transform native peoples into colonists but tensions arose between the goals of the church, soldiers, and native peoples themselves.
Ch 1 Contact Of Civilizations
The Spanish used a three pronged approach to colonize Texas - establishing presidios for military protection, missions to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, and civilian settlements to populate the frontier. This system was implemented at locations like San Antonio de Bexar and Presidio La Bahia to establish a buffer against French encroachment. However, some efforts like the settlements at San Gabriel River and San Saba River failed due to lack of support and attacks from hostile Native American tribes who resisted religious conversion and loss of traditional lands. Overall the Spanish colonization system aimed to incorporate indigenous populations into Spanish Texas but struggled to maintain control of the vast frontier territory.
Ch 1 Contact Of Civilizations
The Spanish used a three pronged approach to colonize Texas - establishing presidios for military protection, missions to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, and civilian settlements to populate the frontier. This system was implemented at locations like San Antonio de Bexar and Presidio La Bahia to establish a buffer against French influence and incorporate indigenous groups like the Caddos. However, not all settlements succeeded as isolation and conflicts with tribes like the Apaches led to the abandonment of efforts on the San Gabriel and San Saba Rivers. Overall the Spanish colonization process in Texas aimed to bring the region and its native peoples under Spanish influence.
Ch 1 Contact Of Civilizations
The document provides an overview of the indigenous peoples and early European contact in what is now Texas. It discusses the origins and cultures of various Native American groups in Texas, such as the Karankawas, Caddos, Jumanos, Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas. It then covers the early Spanish exploration of the region beginning in the 16th century, including expeditions led by Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, and de Soto. Finally, it outlines the Spanish colonial process in Texas, which involved the establishment of presidios, missions, and civilian settlements to control the territory and convert indigenous groups to Catholicism.
Ch 1 Contact Of Civilizations
The Spanish used a three pronged approach to colonize Texas - establishing presidios for military protection, missions to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, and civilian settlements to populate the frontier. This system was implemented at locations like San Antonio de Bexar and Presidio La Bahia to establish a buffer against French influence and control the lucrative buffalo trade. However, some efforts like the settlements at San Gabriel River and San Saba River failed due to Indian attacks and an inability to convert local tribes like the Tonkawas and Apaches. Overall the Spanish colonization system aimed to incorporate indigenous lands into Spanish control through religious conversion or force.
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The document provides information about various geographic regions, indigenous groups, explorers, and events in United States history. It describes key details about the Coastal Plain region along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, the Great Plains west of the Interior Lowlands, the Canadian Shield with its ancient rock formations, and the Pueblo people who inhabited the Southwest. It also lists obstacles to European exploration, motivating forces, accomplishments, and the roles of various European powers like England, Spain, France, and Portugal in the exploration era.
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The document discusses the many causes of wars in Latin America during the 19th century, including race wars, independence ideologies, boundary disputes, resource wars, and foreign interventions. It also provides background on specific Latin American independence movements and wars, such as the Haitian war of independence and wars of independence across Latin America that stemmed from political, economic, and social frustrations under colonial rule. The document then briefly outlines current political and economic situations in several Latin American countries.
Comparative History
The document summarizes key events of World War II and the postwar period that led to the end of American isolationism and the emergence of American rivalry with Japan. It discusses how the US initially remained neutral but eventually entered the war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. It also outlines the Atlantic Charter signed by the US and Britain that established their alliance and principles for postwar peace. Finally, it examines how globalization accelerated after the war and how the US took on a dominant global role as the sole superpower after the fall of the Soviet Union.
The Jesuit Relations
The document summarizes the role and activities of Jesuit missionaries in Northeastern North America during the early colonial period. It discusses how the Jesuits lived with and studied indigenous groups like the Hurons and Iroquois to convert them to Catholicism. It also describes how the Jesuits recorded native cultures but did not approve of indigenous medical practices. Additionally, it mentions how disease epidemics devastated native populations and some Jesuit missionaries were captured and tortured by the Iroquois.
Paul Revere’s Ride
1) The document discusses Paul Revere's midnight ride on April 18, 1775 to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were coming to capture them.
2) It describes how the American system of intelligence was organized from the bottom up in contrast to the British system which was controlled from the top down.
3) Revere was eventually captured by the British but continued spreading his warning which alarmed the British officers and contributed to the outbreak of fighting in Lexington the next day.
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- Carolina was established in the 1670s as a new English colony north of Florida and south of the Chesapeake Bay, named after King Charles II. It belonged to eight Lords Proprietor but featured a broad coastal plain and rivers well-suited for plantation agriculture.
- The Carolinians feared slave rebellions combined with attacks from native Indians, so they offered colonists incentives like religious freedom, political representation, land grants, and autonomy over slaves to attract settlers and secure the colony.
- The Carolina colonists established trade relationships with local Indian tribes, relying on guns, ammunition, and slaves to gain control over the frontier and native networks while beginning large-scale cultivation of cash crops like rice
American Colonies Theme 7
- The "Glorious Revolution" saw William of Orange invade England in 1688 and depose King James II, establishing himself and his wife Mary as joint sovereigns. This revolution was led by a foreign army and established Parliament's power over the monarch.
- In the American colonies, the Dominion of New England which consolidated colonial governments was dissolved. Colonies revived their old charters and elected regimes. Protestants promised to support King William and Queen Mary.
- By the early 1700s, increased shipping improved transatlantic communication. Colonists were more informed about European events but still felt isolated. Newspapers also proliferated in major colonial ports.
English Colonies of North America
After successfully colonizing Ireland, England sought to expand its colonial holdings by establishing colonies along the North American coast, which they called Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth I. The first English families settled in Chesapeake Bay in 1587 and encountered about 24,000 Native Americans divided into various tribes. In the 1670s, English aristocrats established the colony of Carolina further south to grow rice and indigo and engage in the lucrative slave trade, recruiting Native Americans to capture runaway slaves in exchange for guns. By the 1750s, Carolina had become a wealthy plantation colony and leading producer of crops like rice, rivaling the colonies in the Chesapeake and West Indies.
The French Colonies of North America
The document summarizes the French colonies in North America between the 16th and 18th centuries. It describes how the French settled in areas like Canada and Louisiana, establishing colonies called New France. The French relied heavily on fur trading with local indigenous groups and formed alliances with Algonquian and Huron tribes. However, conflicts arose with the Iroquois tribe and over competition in the fur trade. The French colonies focused on trade but faced threats from growing English colonies and tensions with native populations.
The People of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies
The document profiles several individuals from Portuguese, Spanish, and Aztec colonies in the Americas between the 16th-18th centuries. It describes a nun in Brazil who became a successful businesswoman; a priest in Brazil who was banished for practicing astrology and fortune telling; and a printer from Spain who struggled against obstacles faced by educated immigrants in colonial Mexico. It also discusses a Native Peruvian priest who maintained his indigenous religious beliefs; an Aztec princess in Mexico who had several husbands after converting to Catholicism; and a shoemaker in Argentina who tried to form a union to regulate his trade.
The Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire originated during the Age of Exploration and consisted of territories in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania administered by Spain. Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 led to Spain settling the Caribbean and conquering the Aztec and Inca empires in North and South America in the 16th century. At its peak in the 18th century, Spain had expanded across North America and the Pacific, though most of its remaining colonies like Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in the 19th century after the Spanish-American War.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire originated from settlements along the Douro River in northern Portugal. Portugal developed naval technologies that enabled exploration and colonization beginning in the 15th century. At its peak, Portugal ruled territories in South America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, it gradually lost wealth and territories to other European powers. Portugal's last colony, Brazil, gained independence in 1822. Portugal focused on rebuilding after disasters like earthquakes and the Napoleonic Wars. It later joined NATO and the EU.
The Panama Canal and The Los Angeles Aqueducts
The document summarizes two major civil engineering projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It discusses their origins, construction processes, challenges faced, key people involved, impacts and significance. The Panama Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, while the Los Angeles Aqueduct provided a reliable water source for the growing city. Both required massive amounts of labor and overcoming health and technical issues but ultimately transformed trade and enabled urban growth.
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California
1. In 1533, Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes landed on what he thought was an island off the coast of modern-day California and named it after the mythical island of California, hoping to find gold and precious stones.
2. California is actually a peninsula located between latitudes 32-42 degrees north on the west coast of North America, facing the Pacific Ocean. It has a diverse landscape formed by tectonic plate collisions, volcanoes, glaciers, and erosion.
3. California has a long history of earthquakes and is known for innovations in science, technology, and entertainment that developed in places like Silicon Valley, Hollywood, and research universities across the state.
American Urbanization & New York City
1) New York City grew rapidly in the late 19th century due to economic and population growth, becoming the most populous city in the US.
2) Jacob Riis documented the squalid living conditions of immigrants in tenement housing in his landmark book "How the Other Half Lives," bringing attention to reforms needed.
3) In the 1920s, New York City became the focal point of American culture as a cosmopolitan melting pot, though the Great Depression soon followed.
The Journey of Man
1) The document discusses human migration patterns out of Africa starting 60,000 years ago, as driven by desires for resources, settlement, and new climates.
2) Scientists have traced human migration routes across the world through DNA studies of thousands of people, showing movements from Africa to India, Australia, Central Asia, and into northern Asia and the Americas.
3) Dr. Spencer Wells found genetic evidence connecting all humans today as descendants from an "African skin" and tracing key DNA samples from four regions - Arizona, Russia, Central Asia, and Australia - to complete the journey begun by early humans migrating out of Africa.
Brazil 1
Brazil is the largest country in South America and has a population of over 190 million people. It has a diverse geography that includes coastlines, hills, mountains, rainforests, and grasslands. Most Brazilians are descended from indigenous peoples, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves. Brazil was a Portuguese colony until the early 19th century and has had a long history of economic development based around sugar and later gold mining. It is now a federative republic with a rapidly growing economy.
Brazil 2
Brazil's name comes from brazilwood, a tree traded by early Portuguese sailors. The dominant language is Portuguese, though indigenous languages are still spoken in remote areas. Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century writings of Portuguese explorers. Cuisine varies regionally but is largely based on rice, beans, beef, and local fruits, with coffee and cachaça as popular drinks. Brazil's culture derives from its Portuguese, African, and indigenous roots, seen in architecture, music, dance, religion, and arts like Baroque to modern styles. Music genres include samba, bossa nova, and regional styles with African, European, and indigenous influences.
How the Americas Change 19th century
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the Americas gained independence from European colonial powers. Building new societies based on ideals like freedom and equality proved enormously challenging given the regions' diversity. The independence era was characterized by rapid economic growth, mass migration, and social/political conflicts including the U.S. Civil War and battles over racial and gender equality.
Big History
- Big History aims to understand history as a whole by looking for common themes across time from the Big Bang to modern times using a multidisciplinary approach.
- The development of agriculture around 11,500 years ago allowed human populations to expand and civilizations to form with advanced technologies and large organized workforces.
- Geographic differences between continents influenced the uneven development of societies, with Eurasia developing key technologies like guns, steel, and horses before other regions due to its ecology.
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