The document discusses the rights of an unpaid seller under business law. It defines an unpaid seller as one who has not received full payment for goods sold, either for cash or after a credit period has expired. An unpaid seller has two key rights - rights against the goods, and rights against the buyer personally. Rights against the goods include lien, stoppage of goods in transit, and resale. Rights against the buyer allow the seller to seek payment of the outstanding debt. The document provides details on the conditions and limitations of each of these rights.

1. Name:-Dabhi Rahul B.
Div.:- A (Finance) Roll No.:- 06
Sub: - Business law Collage: - DBIM (VNSGU)
6. (A) What are quasi contracts? Enumerate the quasi contracts dealt with
under the Act. Also explain the term quantum meruit. When does the claim
on quantum meruit arise?
Ans :- Under certain circumstances, a person may receive a benefit to which the
law regards another person as better entitled for which the law consider , he should
pay to another person even though there is no contract between the parties. Such
relationship are termed, quasi contract because although there is no contract or
agreement between the parties. They are put as same position if there contract are
constructive contract are made between them under the law.
A legal agreement created by the courts between two parties who did not have a
previous obligation to each other. A normal contract requires two parties to consent
to mutually agreeable terms. Under a quasi-contract, neither party is originally
intended to create an agreement. Instead, an arrangement is imposed by a judge to
rectify an occurrence of unjust enrichment.
Types of quasi contract:-
(1) supply of necessaries (sec. 68)
“if a person is incapable of entering into a contract or any one whom he is legally
bound of support is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his
condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies, is entitled to be
reimbursed from the property to such incapable person”
e.g. A supplies B, a lunatic with necessaries suitable to his condition in life, A is
entitled to be reimbursed from B’s property.

2. (2) PAYMENT BY AN INTERSTED PERSON (sec. 69)
A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound by
law to pay, and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other.
The conditions of the liability under sec. 69 are:
1. There must be a person who is bounded by law to make a certain payment.
2. There must be another person who is interested in such payment being made.
3. Payment must be have actually been made.
(3) OBLIGATION TO PAY FOR NON-GRATUITOUS ACTS (Sec. 70)
When a person lawfully does anything for another person or delivers anything
to him, not intending to do so gratuitously, and such other person enjoys the
benefit thereof, the latter is bound to make compensation to the former in
respect of, or to restore, the things so done or delivered.
A, a tradesman, leaves goods at B's house by mistake. B treats the goods as his
own. He is bound to pay for them to A.
Before any right of action under sec. 70 arises, 3 conditions must be satisfied:
(1) The thing must have been done lawfully.
(2) The person doing the act should not have intended to do it gratuitously.
(3) The person for whom the act is done must have enjoyed the benefit of the
act[union of India vs. Sita ram, AIR 1977,S.C. 329]
(4) RESPONSIBILITIES OF FINDER OF GOODS (Sec. 71)
A person, who finds goods to another and takes them into his custody, is subject
to the same responsibilities as a bailee. He is bound to take as much care of the
goods as a man of ordinary prudence would, under similar circumstances, take
of his own goods of the same bulk, quality and value. If he does not, he will be
guilty of wrongful conversion of the property. Till the owner is found out, the
property in goods will vest in the finder and he can retain the goods as his own
against the whole world.
Ex. F picks up a diamond on the floor on k's shop. He hands it over to K to keep

3. it till true owner is found out. No one appears to claim it for quite some weeks
in spite of the wide advertisement in the newspapers. F claims the diamond
from K Who refuses to return. K is bound to return the diamond to F who is
entitled to retain the diamond against the whole world except the true owner.
(5) Delivery by mistake or under coercion (sec. 72)
A person to whom money has been paid, or anything delivered, by mistake or
under coercion, must repay or return it to the person who paid it by mistake or
under coercion.
Ex. (1) A pays some money to B by mistake. It is really due to C. B must refund
the money to A. C, however, cannot recover the amount from C is no privity of
contract between B and C.
(2) A railway company refuses to deliver up certain goods to the consignee,
except upon the payment of an illegal charge for carriage. The consignee pays
the sum charged in order to obtain the goods. He is entitled to recovers so much
of the charge as is illegally excessive.
Sec. 72 does not draw any distinction between a mistake of fact and mistake of
law {D. cawasji & co. vs. state, AIR. 1969 mys.23}
Ex.(1). K paid sales tax on his forward transactions of bullion. Subsequently
this tax was declared ultra vires. Held, K could recover the amount of sales tax
and that sec. 72 is wide enough to cover not only mistake of fact but also
mistake of law.{sales tax officer, benares vs. kanhaiya lal mukand lal safaf,
1959 S.C.J. 53}.
(2) An insurance company paid the amount on a policy under the mistake that
the goods had been destroyed by a peril insured against. The goods infact had
been sold. Held, the money could be recovered by the insurance company
{Norwich etc. society ltd. vs. price W.H. LTD 1934 A.C. 455}

4. (3) An insurance co. paid the amount on a policy which had lapsed by a reason
of non- payment of premiums by the assured. The company knew this fact but it
was overlooked at the time of payment. Held, the company could recover the
amount "however careless the party (company paying money) may have been
omitting to use the diligence to inquire into the fact"{Kelly vs. solari 1841 9 M.
&W. 54}
(6) Quantum meruit:-
Latin for "as much as he deserved," the actual value of services performed.
Quantum meruit determines the amount to be paid for services when no
contract exists or when there is doubt as to the amount due for the work
performed but done under circumstances when payment could be expected.
This may include a physician's emergency aid, legal work when there was no
contract, or evaluating the amount due when outside forces cause a job to be
terminated unexpectedly. If a person sues for payment for services in such
circumstances the judge or jury will calculate the amount due based on time and
usual rate of pay or the customary charge, based on quantum meruit by
implying a contract existed.
The claims for quantum meruits are arise in below situation
1. When an agreement is found to be void. (sec. 65)
2. When some is done without any intention to do so gratuitously. (sec. 70)
3. When there is an expression or implied contract to render service but
there is no agreement as to remuneration.
4. When contract is divisible.

5. (B) When is a seller of goods deemed to be an unpaid seller? What are his
rights against (i) the goods, and (ii) the buyer personally?
Ans:- definition of unpaid seller :-
A seller of goods is deemed to be an unpaid seller –
1. When the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered; or
2. When a conditional payment was made by a bill of exchange or other negotiable
instrument and the instrument has been dishonored. In other words, an unpaid
seller is one who has sold goods on cash terms and has not received the whole of
the price. It does not include a seller who has sold goods on credit, unless the
period of credit has expired and the whole price has not been paid. A seller is an
unpaid seller even if a part of the price remains unpaid.
Rights of an unpaid seller: An unpaid seller has two-fold rights, namely –
1> Rights against goods; and
2> Rights against the buyer personally
An unpaid seller has the following rights against goods notwithstanding the
fact that the property in goods has passed to the buyer
1. Right of lien,
2. Right of stoppage of goods in transit
3. Right of resale
Right of lien
‘Lien’ is the right to retain possession of goods and refuse to deliver them to the
buyer until the price due in respect of them is paid or tendered. An unpaid seller in
possession of goods sold is entitled to exercise his lien on the goods in the
following conditions:
a) Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit;
b) Where the goods have been sold on credit, but the period of credit has expired;
and

6. c) Where the buyer becomes insolvent, even though the period of credit may not
have expired.
The right of lien can be exercised only for the non-payment of the price and not for
any other charges, e.g. maintenance or custody charges which the seller may have
incurred in respect of the goods
s already stated, lien depends on the physical possession of goods. Once the
possession is lost, the lien is also lost. In following cases, the unpaid seller loses
his right of lien:
a) When he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee for the purpose of
transmission to the buyer without reserving the right of disposal of goods; or
b) When the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods; or
c) When the seller expressly or impliedly waives his right of lien.
Right of stoppage of goods in transit
It is a right of stopping further transit of the goods while they are with a carrier for
the purpose of transmission to the buyer, resuming possession of the goods and
retaining the possession until the price is paid. Thus, in a way this right is an
extension of the right of lien.
An unpaid seller can exercise this right only when-
a. The buyer becomes insolvent;
b. The property (ownership) has passed to the buyer;
c. The goods are in the course of transit.
It must be noted that this right can be exercised only when the goods are still in
transit to the buyer; and this right comes to end when the buyer has obtained
possession of the goods. Therefore, it is necessary to know as to what is the
duration of transit.

7. Right of Resale
The third right available to unpaid seller is the right of resale. It is called right of
resale because there has been already a sale by which the ownership has passed to
the buyer. This right is perhaps more valuable than the other two rights. In the
absence of this right, the other rights would be useless for the simple reason that
other two rights entitle the unpaid seller only to retain or regain possession of
goods. However, if the buyer continues to be in default, the seller would be
helpless particularly in the case of perishable goods. An unpaid seller can resell the
goods in the following cases:
a) Where the goods are of a perishable nature; or
b) Where such a right is expressly reserved in the contract in case the buyer should
make a default; or
c) Where the seller has given notice to the buyer of his intention to resell and the
buyer does not pay or tender the price within a reasonable time.
If on a resale, there is a loss to the seller, he can recover the same from the
defaulting buyer. But if there is a surplus, the seller can keep it with him because
the defaulting buyer cannot take advantage of his own wrong. However, if no
notice is given by the seller to the buyer of his intention to resell (notice is required
when the goods are not perishable and right of resale is not expressly reserved in
the contract of sale), the seller cannot recover any loss that he may incur on resale.
Additionally, if he makes any surplus on the resale, he has to share it with the
buyer.
An unpaid seller has the following rights against rights against the buyer
personally
In addition to the rights against the goods which we have discussed above, the
unpaid seller has the following rights against the buyer personally: 1. Suit for price.
Where the property in the goods has passed to the buyer, the seller is entitled to sue
for price, whether the possession is with the buyer or the seller. Similarly, where
the price is payable on a certain day irrespective of delivery, the seller may sue for
the price, if it is not paid on that day, although the property in goods has not passed
.2. Suit for damages for non-acceptance. Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or

8. refuses to accept and pay for the goods, the seller has a right to sue the buyer for
damages for non-acceptance. Here, the seller seeks to recover the loss sustained by
him due to breach of contract by the buyer rather than the price of the goods.
The Act lays down the rules for calculating the damages payable to seller in such
case. Accordingly, where there is a ready market for the goods, the damages would
be equal to the difference between the contract-price and the market-price. Where
there is no available or ready market for the goods, the measure of damages would
depend on the facts of each case. Such damages may be equal to the full price of
the goods plus reasonable charge for the care and custody of the goods.