This document discusses cause-effect diagrams, also known as Ishikawa or fishbone diagrams. These diagrams identify the potential causes for a specific effect or problem. The document provides an example fishbone diagram analyzing the causes of students arriving late to class. The three root causes identified are: students not taking responsibility, students experiencing psychological or emotional problems, and a lack of consequences for lateness. The document then provides solutions to address each of these root causes, such as clearly communicating attendance policies and using campus resources to help students with psychological issues.

1. CAUSE-EFFECT DIGRAMS

2. What are cause-effect diagrams???
O These are casual diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa
that shows the causes of a specific event.
O These are also known as fishbone diagrams, Ishikawa
diagrams , herringbone diagrams and fishikawa
diagrams.
O Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product
design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential
factors causing an overall effect.

3. What are cause-effect diagrams???
INTRODUCTION TO CAUSES
O Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation.
O Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify
these sources of variation. The categories typically include:
1. People
2. machines
3. Methods
4. Materials
5. Measurements
6. Environment

4. Way of drawing a
cause-effect diagram

5. Subject:
Late arrival of students
(cause-effect diagram of late arrival of
students)

6. Cause-Effect Diagram
Late for
the
classes
Students Methods Measurements
Machines Environmen
t
Materials
Demotivated
Irresponsible
Lazy
Physically not
wellpsychological problems
Challenging
instructor’s authority
Alarm Clock
Waking time
Route to
classesAttentiveness
Alarm clock
Coffee machine
Instrument for making
breakfastMotorbike/any transport
Cellphones/laptops
Traffic jam
fog
Rituals at home
Rain
Holidays
Family circumstances
Good grades
Clocking in
incentiveness
Attendance record
Late for classes
record
Food
Clothes
electricity
Assignments
Books

7. Three Root Causes!!!!
O Students don’t take responsibility for themselves.
O Students are experiencing emotional or
psychological problems.
O There is no consequence to being late.

8. Three Root Causes!!!!
O Students don’t take responsibility for
themselves:
While the majority of students are responsible and mature,
there are some who struggle with the independence
college provides and who fail to do what they need to do
(e.g., set an alarm clock, allow sufficient time to get ready
in the morning, figure out the bus schedule) to get to class
on time.

9. Three Root Causes!!!!
O Students are experiencing emotional or
psychological problems:
Several psychological and emotional conditions can
undermine students’ motivation to get to class on
time. Indeed, a hallmark symptom of conditions such as
depression includes a decreased motivation to engage in
normal daily activities. In addition, prescription medications
can interfere with motivation and may disrupt sleep
patterns, which may indirectly affect students’ ability to get
to class in a timely manner.

10. Three Root Causes!!!!
O There is no consequence to being late:
The consequences associated with a behaviour help
determine whether or not that behaviour will be repeated. If
the consequences are negative, the behaviour is less likely
to reoccur. This applies to coming late to class. If
instructors fail to respond to or penalize lateness, or do so
inconsistently, the behaviour is likely to continue.

11. Solutions To Root Causes!!!
O Students to take responsibility for themselves:
1. Making the expectations explicit: Clearly and
unequivocally articulate your policy about lateness in your syllabus
and on the first day of class.
2. Encourage communication: Make sure students know
it is their responsibility to communicate with the authority if
they are experiencing a legitimate problem that will cause
them to be late or otherwise miss class time.

12. Solutions To Root Causes!!!
O Students are experiencing emotional or
psychological problems:
1. Decide how students should make up the work: If
teacher decide a student has a legitimate reason to come late, he
can choose to allow it. However, he should decide what the
student’s responsibilities should be vis-à-vis material missed.
2. Use campus resources: If a student who seems to be
experiencing emotional problems that are interfering with his or her
ability to get to class on time (or otherwise function as you would
expect), consult with Counselling and Psychological services or
the Dean of students affairs for advice.

13. Solutions To Root Causes!!!
O There is no consequence to being late:
1. Make your policy on lateness explicit: Articulate policy
about lateness in syllabus and on the first day of class. It will be
easier to respond firmly and authoritatively to lateness if policy is
clear and in writing.
2. Have consequences for lateness: There are a number
of ways to penalize lateness. Some instructors institute a lateness
policy along with their attendance policy.
3. Make the beginning of class meaningful: Make sure there is
a clear benefit for students who are on time by getting started on
time and beginning with important, relevant material. Don’t waste
the first few minutes of class; this only encourages lateness!

14. Lessons Learned!!!!!
O Consequences of being late in the class
O Art of making cause-effect Diagrams.
O Handling different situations related to attendance
of classes
O Importance of attending classes.