The document discusses infrastructure and its components. It defines infrastructure as the basic systems and facilities needed for an organization, city, or society to function, including buildings, roads, bridges, water and sewer systems, and telecommunications. It provides details on different types of buildings, canals, and canal structures used in civil engineering infrastructure projects.
This document discusses different types of bridges. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its basic purpose of providing passage over an obstacle. There are many different designs of bridges depending on factors like the terrain and materials used. Bridges can be categorized based on their structural elements. Common types include beam, truss, cantilever, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Each type of bridge serves a particular purpose based on the loads and forces acting on it.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
The document classifies and describes different types of urban roads: expressways for heavy traffic without pedestrians, arterial streets for important traffic within cities, sub-arterial streets with less traffic than arterials, collector streets for collecting traffic to arterials, and local streets for open access. It also discusses common urban road patterns like rectangular, radial, and grid patterns. Railways are compared to roadways, with roadways having lower construction and maintenance costs but higher accident rates and tractive resistance than railways. Finally, it notes that road transport has become more popular than rail transport over time due to flexibility and lower costs.
Marine transport & railway transportMugishaMuta
Marine transport can move bulky commodities at relatively low cost over long distances, though it is slower than other modes. It includes inland waterways like rivers and oceans. Railway transport conveys passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, handling large tonnages over long distances quickly and safely in most weather. Both are important for trade but have disadvantages like weather impacts for marine and lack of flexibility for rail. Maintaining infrastructure like ports and tracks requires significant capital costs.
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering.
Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed.
Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies.
In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed.
The document discusses submerged floating tunnels (SFTs). SFTs are tube structures made of steel and concrete that float underwater, supported by cables anchored to the seafloor or pontoons at the surface. SFTs are considered for crossing bodies of water that are too deep for conventional bridges or tunnels. They can be constructed using positive or negative buoyancy and their shape is optimized to reduce stresses during installation and operation. SFTs provide advantages over bridges such as allowing crossings in extremely deep water and having minimal environmental impacts.
The document discusses infrastructure and its components. It defines infrastructure as the basic systems and facilities needed for an organization, city, or society to function, including buildings, roads, bridges, water and sewer systems, and telecommunications. It provides details on different types of buildings, canals, and canal structures used in civil engineering infrastructure projects.
This document discusses different types of bridges. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its basic purpose of providing passage over an obstacle. There are many different designs of bridges depending on factors like the terrain and materials used. Bridges can be categorized based on their structural elements. Common types include beam, truss, cantilever, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Each type of bridge serves a particular purpose based on the loads and forces acting on it.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
The document classifies and describes different types of urban roads: expressways for heavy traffic without pedestrians, arterial streets for important traffic within cities, sub-arterial streets with less traffic than arterials, collector streets for collecting traffic to arterials, and local streets for open access. It also discusses common urban road patterns like rectangular, radial, and grid patterns. Railways are compared to roadways, with roadways having lower construction and maintenance costs but higher accident rates and tractive resistance than railways. Finally, it notes that road transport has become more popular than rail transport over time due to flexibility and lower costs.
Marine transport & railway transportMugishaMuta
Marine transport can move bulky commodities at relatively low cost over long distances, though it is slower than other modes. It includes inland waterways like rivers and oceans. Railway transport conveys passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, handling large tonnages over long distances quickly and safely in most weather. Both are important for trade but have disadvantages like weather impacts for marine and lack of flexibility for rail. Maintaining infrastructure like ports and tracks requires significant capital costs.
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering.
Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed.
Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies.
In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed.
The document discusses submerged floating tunnels (SFTs). SFTs are tube structures made of steel and concrete that float underwater, supported by cables anchored to the seafloor or pontoons at the surface. SFTs are considered for crossing bodies of water that are too deep for conventional bridges or tunnels. They can be constructed using positive or negative buoyancy and their shape is optimized to reduce stresses during installation and operation. SFTs provide advantages over bridges such as allowing crossings in extremely deep water and having minimal environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of factors to consider when designing urban road networks. It discusses the classification of different types of roads including primary distributors, district distributors, local distributors, and access roads. It also outlines important design considerations such as alignment, design speed, camber, shoulders, footways, sight distance, junctions, kerbs, clearance, bus bays, traffic signs and markings, and street layout patterns. The goal is to design roads that are safe and permit the free flow of traffic while balancing capacity against development requirements.
This document discusses the key elements of the built environment and buildings. It notes that the built environment includes buildings as well as infrastructure like transportation networks and utilities. The basic elements of a building are identified as the foundation, plinth, walls, columns, floors, doors/windows, stairs, roofs, finishes, and services. Each element is then briefly described in terms of its purpose and function within a building. The document provides an overview of the fundamental components that make up both the built environment and structures within it.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
Water transportation has advantages of being cheap and having high load carrying capacity compared to other modes, but is slower and more susceptible to weather. There are two types of waterways - inland waterways using rivers and canals, and ocean waterways using ships along coastal routes. Key terminals for water transportation are ports, which provide shelter for vessels and allow for loading and unloading of cargo. Factors in choosing terminal sites include customer needs, operations, economics, and community impact. Ships are the main unit of carriage for ocean transportation, able to carry a variety of products.
THE INTRODUCTION OF SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNELSYash Jethwa
This document discusses submerged floating tunnels as an innovative solution for waterway crossings. It introduces submerged floating tunnels and their main structural features, including different cross-sectional shapes and materials that can be used. It also describes how submerged floating tunnels are anchored, joined together, and installed. Key advantages are that they are invisible from the surface, have a very low gradient, and can be constructed away from populated areas. Cost comparisons show they may be more economical than suspension bridges for some waterway crossings.
Hill roads are important for developing hilly regions but present challenges for alignment, design, construction and maintenance. They enable economic development by transporting agricultural goods, facilitate industrial development by connecting resources like limestone to industries, allow exploitation of forest wealth, and boost tourism. Hill roads are classified by the organization managing them and by use, with motor roads for all traffic, bridle paths for pedestrians and pack animals, and village paths connecting villages. Curves on hill roads include hairpin bends, salient curves where visibility is improved by cutting into the hillside, and safer re-entrant curves within valleys.
1. Underwater tunnels are transport routes that are partly or wholly constructed under bodies of water, with different types including soft ground tunnels dug below the ocean bed, immersed tunnels made on the ocean floor, and floating submerged tunnels that float due to attached tethers.
2. Constructing underwater tunnels presents significant engineering challenges due to the tremendous water pressure from above and squeezing pressure from soft ground. Different tunnel construction methods are used depending on the material and conditions.
3. A proposed transatlantic underwater tunnel would connect North America and Europe, but presents massive challenges including the scales of resources, time, and extreme working conditions required that make completion effectively impossible with current technology.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
The document lists and describes 10 of the longest bridges in India. It provides details such as the bridge name, location, length, year completed, and type of traffic (road or rail). The longest is the Bandra-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai at 5,600 meters, completed in 2009 for road traffic. The second longest is the Mahatma Gandhi Setu in Patna at 5,575 meters, completed in 1982 for road traffic. The third longest is the Vikramshila Setu in Bhagalpur at 4,700 meters, completed in 2001 for road traffic.
This presentation helps you to get the conceptual idea about Bridge Superstructures as per the Syllabus of DBATU, Last Year BTech Lonere.
4.1 Bridge Engineering: Super-structures
4.2 Simple bridges or beam bridges: Deck bridges, Through bridges, Semi-through bridges
4.3 Introduction, advantages and disadvantages: Continuous bridges, Cantilever bridges, Arch bridges, Bow-string girder type bridges, Rigid frame bridges, Portal frame bridges, Suspension bridges, Cable-stayed bridges, Composite bridges
4.4 Materials for super-structures: Cement concrete, Masonry, Steel, Timber etc.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
This document provides a history of bridge development from ancient times to modern times. It discusses the earliest bridges made of wood and stone by ancient civilizations like Romans and Asians. Key developments include the introduction of arches by Romans, cast iron in the 18th century, wrought iron and truss bridges in the 19th century, and modern materials like prestressed concrete and steel in the 20th century. The document also classifies bridges based on materials, forms, functions, inter-span relations, and span lengths.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The document discusses foundations of buildings and structures. It describes that foundations have two main purposes: to distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil to prevent overloading, and to provide an even and stable surface to prevent uneven settling. It then discusses different types of shallow foundations like strip, pad, and raft foundations and deep foundations like pile and caisson foundations. The next sections provide details about the unique Adalaj Stepwell structure in Gujarat with its architectural design and construction. It then shares background on the riverfront ghats and palaces located along the Ganges river in Varanasi, including their construction materials, techniques using brick masonry piles as foundations, and current maintenance practices.
Tunnel example for road project by Malyar TalashMalyar Talash
A tunnel is an underground passage that can carry pedestrians, vehicles, trains, water or utilities below mountains, cities or waterways. Tunnels are constructed of thick concrete walls in the shape of a cylinder and connect two open points. They can be built using drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines, cut-and-cover construction or by immersing pre-built tunnel sections. Final construction involves installing supports, utilities and finishes inside the tunnel space.
Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor presented information on bridge engineering. Bridges are key infrastructure that allow crossing of obstacles like rivers and canals. A bridge consists of substructure elements like foundations, piers, and abutments, and superstructure elements like the deck. Bridges are classified by span length, material used, and the type of superstructure. Bridges improve transportation, emergency response times, and reduce traffic congestion. Selection of a bridge type depends on site conditions, traffic needs, structural requirements, and material availability.
Railway Engineering involves various components of railway tracks known as permanent way. This includes rails, sleepers, ballast, fixtures and fastenings. Ballast is a key component that provides drainage, load distribution and track resilience. It is made of crushed stone or gravel and must meet requirements like strength, drainage, and resistance to weathering. Track gauge refers to the distance between rails and comes in standard, broad and narrow sizes suited for different railway applications and territories.
Geomorphology - irrigation on riverine plainsPramoda Raj
The document discusses irrigation on riverine plains, providing examples from Australia. It describes how riverine plains are well-suited for intensive irrigation due to their large, flat areas. These plains were built up over millions of years through sediment deposition. Past drainage patterns on the plains have been altered by climatic changes, tectonic activity, sea level fluctuations, and flooding. The document discusses natural and artificial levees, and provides examples of large levee systems along rivers like the Mississippi. It also describes the northern and southeastern riverine plains regions of Australia in detail.
The document describes the Bogibeel bridge, a 4.94 km long rail-cum-road bridge over the Brahmaputra river in Assam, India. It is the longest rail-cum-road bridge in India and the second longest in Asia. The bridge connects Dibrugarh in south Assam to Dhemaji in north Assam, providing critical connectivity and reducing travel time for over 5 million people. It has a double rail line on the lower deck and a 3 lane road on the upper deck. Deep foundations known as well foundations or caissons were used to construct the bridge's substructure due to the area's seismic activity. Over 30 lakh cement bags and 2,800 tons of steel were
This document provides information on different types of rivers and dams. It discusses perennial rivers that flow year-round, with examples like the Indus River. It also describes non-perennial rivers that flow seasonally, such as periodic and episodic rivers. Regarding dams, it outlines various classifications including materials (e.g. concrete, earthfill), functions (e.g. storage, diversion), and components (e.g. spillways, galleries). Specific dams are highlighted like Tarbela Dam, the largest earthfill dam, and Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River in Pakistan. Site selection factors for dams include topography and foundation geology.
This document provides an overview of factors to consider when designing urban road networks. It discusses the classification of different types of roads including primary distributors, district distributors, local distributors, and access roads. It also outlines important design considerations such as alignment, design speed, camber, shoulders, footways, sight distance, junctions, kerbs, clearance, bus bays, traffic signs and markings, and street layout patterns. The goal is to design roads that are safe and permit the free flow of traffic while balancing capacity against development requirements.
This document discusses the key elements of the built environment and buildings. It notes that the built environment includes buildings as well as infrastructure like transportation networks and utilities. The basic elements of a building are identified as the foundation, plinth, walls, columns, floors, doors/windows, stairs, roofs, finishes, and services. Each element is then briefly described in terms of its purpose and function within a building. The document provides an overview of the fundamental components that make up both the built environment and structures within it.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
Water transportation has advantages of being cheap and having high load carrying capacity compared to other modes, but is slower and more susceptible to weather. There are two types of waterways - inland waterways using rivers and canals, and ocean waterways using ships along coastal routes. Key terminals for water transportation are ports, which provide shelter for vessels and allow for loading and unloading of cargo. Factors in choosing terminal sites include customer needs, operations, economics, and community impact. Ships are the main unit of carriage for ocean transportation, able to carry a variety of products.
THE INTRODUCTION OF SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNELSYash Jethwa
This document discusses submerged floating tunnels as an innovative solution for waterway crossings. It introduces submerged floating tunnels and their main structural features, including different cross-sectional shapes and materials that can be used. It also describes how submerged floating tunnels are anchored, joined together, and installed. Key advantages are that they are invisible from the surface, have a very low gradient, and can be constructed away from populated areas. Cost comparisons show they may be more economical than suspension bridges for some waterway crossings.
Hill roads are important for developing hilly regions but present challenges for alignment, design, construction and maintenance. They enable economic development by transporting agricultural goods, facilitate industrial development by connecting resources like limestone to industries, allow exploitation of forest wealth, and boost tourism. Hill roads are classified by the organization managing them and by use, with motor roads for all traffic, bridle paths for pedestrians and pack animals, and village paths connecting villages. Curves on hill roads include hairpin bends, salient curves where visibility is improved by cutting into the hillside, and safer re-entrant curves within valleys.
1. Underwater tunnels are transport routes that are partly or wholly constructed under bodies of water, with different types including soft ground tunnels dug below the ocean bed, immersed tunnels made on the ocean floor, and floating submerged tunnels that float due to attached tethers.
2. Constructing underwater tunnels presents significant engineering challenges due to the tremendous water pressure from above and squeezing pressure from soft ground. Different tunnel construction methods are used depending on the material and conditions.
3. A proposed transatlantic underwater tunnel would connect North America and Europe, but presents massive challenges including the scales of resources, time, and extreme working conditions required that make completion effectively impossible with current technology.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
The document lists and describes 10 of the longest bridges in India. It provides details such as the bridge name, location, length, year completed, and type of traffic (road or rail). The longest is the Bandra-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai at 5,600 meters, completed in 2009 for road traffic. The second longest is the Mahatma Gandhi Setu in Patna at 5,575 meters, completed in 1982 for road traffic. The third longest is the Vikramshila Setu in Bhagalpur at 4,700 meters, completed in 2001 for road traffic.
This presentation helps you to get the conceptual idea about Bridge Superstructures as per the Syllabus of DBATU, Last Year BTech Lonere.
4.1 Bridge Engineering: Super-structures
4.2 Simple bridges or beam bridges: Deck bridges, Through bridges, Semi-through bridges
4.3 Introduction, advantages and disadvantages: Continuous bridges, Cantilever bridges, Arch bridges, Bow-string girder type bridges, Rigid frame bridges, Portal frame bridges, Suspension bridges, Cable-stayed bridges, Composite bridges
4.4 Materials for super-structures: Cement concrete, Masonry, Steel, Timber etc.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
This document provides a history of bridge development from ancient times to modern times. It discusses the earliest bridges made of wood and stone by ancient civilizations like Romans and Asians. Key developments include the introduction of arches by Romans, cast iron in the 18th century, wrought iron and truss bridges in the 19th century, and modern materials like prestressed concrete and steel in the 20th century. The document also classifies bridges based on materials, forms, functions, inter-span relations, and span lengths.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The document discusses foundations of buildings and structures. It describes that foundations have two main purposes: to distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil to prevent overloading, and to provide an even and stable surface to prevent uneven settling. It then discusses different types of shallow foundations like strip, pad, and raft foundations and deep foundations like pile and caisson foundations. The next sections provide details about the unique Adalaj Stepwell structure in Gujarat with its architectural design and construction. It then shares background on the riverfront ghats and palaces located along the Ganges river in Varanasi, including their construction materials, techniques using brick masonry piles as foundations, and current maintenance practices.
Tunnel example for road project by Malyar TalashMalyar Talash
A tunnel is an underground passage that can carry pedestrians, vehicles, trains, water or utilities below mountains, cities or waterways. Tunnels are constructed of thick concrete walls in the shape of a cylinder and connect two open points. They can be built using drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines, cut-and-cover construction or by immersing pre-built tunnel sections. Final construction involves installing supports, utilities and finishes inside the tunnel space.
Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor presented information on bridge engineering. Bridges are key infrastructure that allow crossing of obstacles like rivers and canals. A bridge consists of substructure elements like foundations, piers, and abutments, and superstructure elements like the deck. Bridges are classified by span length, material used, and the type of superstructure. Bridges improve transportation, emergency response times, and reduce traffic congestion. Selection of a bridge type depends on site conditions, traffic needs, structural requirements, and material availability.
Railway Engineering involves various components of railway tracks known as permanent way. This includes rails, sleepers, ballast, fixtures and fastenings. Ballast is a key component that provides drainage, load distribution and track resilience. It is made of crushed stone or gravel and must meet requirements like strength, drainage, and resistance to weathering. Track gauge refers to the distance between rails and comes in standard, broad and narrow sizes suited for different railway applications and territories.
Geomorphology - irrigation on riverine plainsPramoda Raj
The document discusses irrigation on riverine plains, providing examples from Australia. It describes how riverine plains are well-suited for intensive irrigation due to their large, flat areas. These plains were built up over millions of years through sediment deposition. Past drainage patterns on the plains have been altered by climatic changes, tectonic activity, sea level fluctuations, and flooding. The document discusses natural and artificial levees, and provides examples of large levee systems along rivers like the Mississippi. It also describes the northern and southeastern riverine plains regions of Australia in detail.
The document describes the Bogibeel bridge, a 4.94 km long rail-cum-road bridge over the Brahmaputra river in Assam, India. It is the longest rail-cum-road bridge in India and the second longest in Asia. The bridge connects Dibrugarh in south Assam to Dhemaji in north Assam, providing critical connectivity and reducing travel time for over 5 million people. It has a double rail line on the lower deck and a 3 lane road on the upper deck. Deep foundations known as well foundations or caissons were used to construct the bridge's substructure due to the area's seismic activity. Over 30 lakh cement bags and 2,800 tons of steel were
This document provides information on different types of rivers and dams. It discusses perennial rivers that flow year-round, with examples like the Indus River. It also describes non-perennial rivers that flow seasonally, such as periodic and episodic rivers. Regarding dams, it outlines various classifications including materials (e.g. concrete, earthfill), functions (e.g. storage, diversion), and components (e.g. spillways, galleries). Specific dams are highlighted like Tarbela Dam, the largest earthfill dam, and Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River in Pakistan. Site selection factors for dams include topography and foundation geology.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have foundations in competent rock; buttress dams are gravity dams reinforced with supports; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel where foundations are weak. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have a massive concrete structure; buttress dams are reinforced with supports to strengthen gravity dams; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel in a trapezoidal shape when foundations cannot support other dam types. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have a massive concrete structure; buttress dams are reinforced with supports to strengthen gravity dams; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel in a trapezoidal shape when foundations cannot support other dam types. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have foundations in competent rock; buttress dams are gravity dams reinforced with supports; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel where foundations are weak. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia.
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have a massive concrete structure; buttress dams are reinforced with supports to strengthen gravity dams; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel in a trapezoidal shape when foundations cannot support other dam types. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the crest, spillways, and abutments. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight for stability; buttress dams are reinforced with supports; arch dams are curved to transmit force to abutments; and earth dams are broad, trapezoidal structures built of compacted earth. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia.
The document discusses the history and details of the Howrah Bridge in Kolkata, India. It was constructed in 1943 and was the only connector between Howrah and Kolkata until 1992. The bridge is a famous landmark and symbol of the city. It is a cantilever bridge that is 457.5 meters long and constructed out of 26,000 tons of steel. Maintenance of the bridge is handled by the Kolkata Port Trust and involves regular cleaning and corrosion prevention.
The document discusses different types of structures located along water edges or riverfronts. It defines riverfront development and describes different types of waterfronts such as natural, public, working, and redeveloping. It also provides details about various riverbank protection techniques like revetment walls, sand bags, step walls, and cofferdams. Materials used for river training structures like armourstone and techniques for constructing ghats in places like Varanasi are outlined. Examples of riverfront development projects including the Sabarmati Riverfront Development in Ahmedabad are summarized with descriptions of its lower-level promenade, boating stations, parks, and other public spaces.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed at points where canals intersect with natural drainages like rivers or streams to allow water from the canal and drainage to flow freely in their respective directions. There are three main types of cross drainage works: aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage; super passages where the drainage passes over the canal; and level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. Aqueducts come in three types - type I retains the original canal cross section, type II uses retaining walls, and type III replaces the entire earth canal section with a concrete or masonry trough - with the type chosen depending on the width of the drainage being crossed.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
Dams are built across rivers to store water and generate hydropower. The main purposes of dams are to store water for irrigation, water supply, flood control, and hydropower generation. Dams confine river water, creating reservoirs that allow water to be used for these human purposes. The earliest known dam dates back to 3000 BC in Jordan, while ancient civilizations like Egypt, Yemen, India, and China also constructed dams. Larger dams began being built in the early 19th century, with notable examples including the Hoover Dam built in the 1930s. Dams come in different types depending on their structure and materials, such as arch dams, gravity dams, and embankment dams. Hydropower generation is
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. They are built using various tunneling methods that depend on ground conditions and the intended use of the tunnel. A geological survey of the proposed tunnel route is crucial for determining the subsurface conditions and appropriate construction method. Tunnels require linings and ventilation systems to safely support the structure and remove gases during construction and use.
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Qantaret Harba Bridge - Samarra - Iraq
1. Qantaret Harba Bridge
• Qantaret Harba is a bridge located in the vicinity of Balad's rail station, a city ninety
kilometers north to Baghdad.
• It lies on the main road connecting Baghdad to Samarra and Tikrit.
• The bridge was named after the town of Harba that lies to its southwest.
• It was built in 1228 at the beginning of the caliph Al- Mustansir's reign as part of the
irrigation project implemented to provide the neighboring ton and villages with water
after a sudden change of the Tigris river course.
2. • It bridges the Dujail canal.
• The bridge is built with burnt bricks and topped by the same material laid in a fish scale
pattern.
• It is supported on four arches alternating three niches measuring 1.5 meters each.
• The two side arches measure 5.5 meters while the central ones measure 5.8 meters.
• Overall, the bridge is 54 meters long and 11.8 meters wide.
• The three arches now buried in the earth are as high as their springer while one of the
two in the middle remains uncovered and is the only way the Dujail canal flows from
time to time.
• The bridge is mostly known for its inscription running above the arches to a length one
of the hundred meters on each side.
• It is made of pieces of brick in the ala Gaza technique, meaning rotating, where the
edges of the project are large enough to face the problem.
• This technique of cutting and hewing bricks is very different from the traditional carving
method.
3. • The inscription on the bank is similarly made of pieces adorned with geometrical
patterns and is framed from above and below with three bands of burnt bricks cut in the
same way.
• The inscription content praises Al-Mustansir for his irrigation activities, and for the
bridge that connected both banks.
For more info please visit:
https://architectya.blogspot.com/2020/09/qantaret-harba-bridge-samarra-iraq.html