This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of capital goods imports on physical capital formation and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa countries from 1985 to 2018. The study used data from various sources and employed descriptive statistics, panel Granger causality tests, and panel co-integration as estimation techniques. The results showed that capital goods imports had a positive but small contribution to economic growth and physical capital formation. Panel Granger causality tests also found bi-directional causality between economic growth and capital goods imports, but only uni-directional causality from capital goods imports to physical capital formation. The study concludes that capital goods imports are not large enough to effectively influence growth and capital formation in sub-Saharan Africa,
Examining the Impact of Export-Led Growth Strategy: Evidences From Nigeria (1...inventionjournals
The Nigerian economy had for decades been dependent on the fragile leg of crude oil exports. An emerging trend however suggests that in the last ten years the economy was growing without job creation and poverty reduction consequent upon fall in the international oil markets. Expectedly, attention of scholars had shifted towards the development of non-oil exports as a substitute for this quagmire. This study analyses Export-Led Growth Strategy in Nigeria using Annual Data between 1960 and 2015. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach on a modified Cobb Douglass Production Function in the analysis. The choice of ARDL is informed by many considerations: it can be used irrespective of whether the regressors are I(1) or I(0) or a mixture of both. Results of the findings revealed that oil exports are directly related to GDP while non-oil exports are not, and implacably non-oil exports do not impact on GDP. The study also revealed that there is a long run relationship between GDP and both components of exports (oil and nonoil) which can be used to determine the possible direction of GDP. And in case of distortion in the economy, equilibrium can be restored at 12 per cent growth rate per annum as one of the study revelations. The study among others recommends that government should diversify the economy to ensure maximum contributions from all facets of the same to enhance economic growth of the country.
Foreign trade and economic growth in nigeria (1980 2010)Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses foreign trade and economic growth in Nigeria from 1980-2010. It analyzes how foreign trade has impacted Nigeria's economy and growth over this period.
2. Nigeria traditionally relied on agricultural exports like cocoa, palm oil, and groundnuts, but since the 1960s oil has dominated exports. Oil exports now account for over 90% of total exports.
3. While foreign trade can promote growth, Nigeria still faces economic instability and import dependence. The heavy reliance on oil exports has also neglected development of other sectors like agriculture.
The document discusses the business environment in China by examining the economic, political, and cultural factors that influence business practices. It summarizes that China has a huge potential market but also poses risks due to differences in its political system and culture. The economy has grown significantly through foreign investment and trade, though challenges remain around infrastructure, currency policy, and human rights issues. Understanding these environmental factors is important for foreign businesses operating in China.
This document discusses the relationship between export and economic growth in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract noting that while some economists argue export competition improves productivity, others argue it can negatively impact local industries. The document aims to empirically test the relationship between export and GDP in Nigeria. It provides background on Nigeria's economic history, including a reliance on oil exports. It reviews theories on how export can impact growth, including Ricardo's comparative advantage model. Tables show Nigeria's weak manufacturing exports as a percentage of total exports. The document aims to analyze problems with Nigeria's exports and propose solutions to strengthen manufacturing exports and economic growth.
Impact of exports on economic growth of ecowas countries a comparative analys...Jean Michel Kodjané
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Business Administration degree. It examines the impact of exports on economic growth in ECOWAS countries through a comparative analysis. The report includes a declaration by the author, a certificate from the project supervisor, acknowledgements, table of contents, list of abbreviations and an abstract. It provides an overview of ECOWAS and profiles key member countries including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde and Cote d'Ivoire. The report analyzes the composition and contribution of exports in these countries' economies.
- The document analyzes the relationship between export, import, and economic growth in Sri Lanka from 1970 to 2010.
- It finds that export and import have a significant positive relationship with each other and both have a significant impact on economic growth. Export and import are associated at 98%, indicating a strong positive association.
- The study uses time series analysis and regression analysis on data from 1970 to 2010. The results show export and import significantly influence economic growth in Sri Lanka.
This document summarizes a research thesis that assesses Nigeria's trade policy between 1984 and 2011. It begins by providing background on Nigeria's pursuit of trade as an engine for development and the historical shifts in its trade policies from protectionism to liberalization. It describes the country's import substitution strategy in early independence, followed by a shift towards exports promotion in 1981. Further policy changes introduced greater trade restrictions and licensing in the 1980s in response to economic pressures. Recent trade policies under NEEDS since 2003 have aimed to gradually liberalize the trade regime while ensuring domestic adjustment costs do not outweigh benefits. However, the research finds that trade policies over this period have not significantly contributed to Nigeria's development.
Stimulation of foreign resources into Nigeria is to transform the economy as neoclassical economics promised. Successive governments in Nigeria usually attract large inflows, yet, small proportion is usually distributed to the agricultural sector despite the importance of this sector and the need for such capital. This study therefore focuses on the policy implication of sectoral distribution of foreign capital for the agricultural sector in Nigeria. The main objective is to examine the contribution of foreign capital to growth in the agricultural sector. Secondary data are employed for analysis. The relevant data are obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Simple percentages, tables and charts are the tools of analysis, while regression and correlation techniques are the inferential statistical approaches applied. Findings show that distribution of capital inflow in Nigeria does not reflect theoretical position that capital should flow to sectors of need, particularly, where there are abundant raw materials. This theoretical postulation has not been upheld in Nigeria where capital inflow was found to be randomly distributed. This has had negative effect on the contribution of foreign capital to growth in agricultural sector. It is therefore recommended that government should pursue policies like tax holidays and production subsidies for foreign investments in the agricultural sector.
Examining the Impact of Export-Led Growth Strategy: Evidences From Nigeria (1...inventionjournals
The Nigerian economy had for decades been dependent on the fragile leg of crude oil exports. An emerging trend however suggests that in the last ten years the economy was growing without job creation and poverty reduction consequent upon fall in the international oil markets. Expectedly, attention of scholars had shifted towards the development of non-oil exports as a substitute for this quagmire. This study analyses Export-Led Growth Strategy in Nigeria using Annual Data between 1960 and 2015. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach on a modified Cobb Douglass Production Function in the analysis. The choice of ARDL is informed by many considerations: it can be used irrespective of whether the regressors are I(1) or I(0) or a mixture of both. Results of the findings revealed that oil exports are directly related to GDP while non-oil exports are not, and implacably non-oil exports do not impact on GDP. The study also revealed that there is a long run relationship between GDP and both components of exports (oil and nonoil) which can be used to determine the possible direction of GDP. And in case of distortion in the economy, equilibrium can be restored at 12 per cent growth rate per annum as one of the study revelations. The study among others recommends that government should diversify the economy to ensure maximum contributions from all facets of the same to enhance economic growth of the country.
Foreign trade and economic growth in nigeria (1980 2010)Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses foreign trade and economic growth in Nigeria from 1980-2010. It analyzes how foreign trade has impacted Nigeria's economy and growth over this period.
2. Nigeria traditionally relied on agricultural exports like cocoa, palm oil, and groundnuts, but since the 1960s oil has dominated exports. Oil exports now account for over 90% of total exports.
3. While foreign trade can promote growth, Nigeria still faces economic instability and import dependence. The heavy reliance on oil exports has also neglected development of other sectors like agriculture.
The document discusses the business environment in China by examining the economic, political, and cultural factors that influence business practices. It summarizes that China has a huge potential market but also poses risks due to differences in its political system and culture. The economy has grown significantly through foreign investment and trade, though challenges remain around infrastructure, currency policy, and human rights issues. Understanding these environmental factors is important for foreign businesses operating in China.
This document discusses the relationship between export and economic growth in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract noting that while some economists argue export competition improves productivity, others argue it can negatively impact local industries. The document aims to empirically test the relationship between export and GDP in Nigeria. It provides background on Nigeria's economic history, including a reliance on oil exports. It reviews theories on how export can impact growth, including Ricardo's comparative advantage model. Tables show Nigeria's weak manufacturing exports as a percentage of total exports. The document aims to analyze problems with Nigeria's exports and propose solutions to strengthen manufacturing exports and economic growth.
Impact of exports on economic growth of ecowas countries a comparative analys...Jean Michel Kodjané
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Business Administration degree. It examines the impact of exports on economic growth in ECOWAS countries through a comparative analysis. The report includes a declaration by the author, a certificate from the project supervisor, acknowledgements, table of contents, list of abbreviations and an abstract. It provides an overview of ECOWAS and profiles key member countries including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde and Cote d'Ivoire. The report analyzes the composition and contribution of exports in these countries' economies.
- The document analyzes the relationship between export, import, and economic growth in Sri Lanka from 1970 to 2010.
- It finds that export and import have a significant positive relationship with each other and both have a significant impact on economic growth. Export and import are associated at 98%, indicating a strong positive association.
- The study uses time series analysis and regression analysis on data from 1970 to 2010. The results show export and import significantly influence economic growth in Sri Lanka.
This document summarizes a research thesis that assesses Nigeria's trade policy between 1984 and 2011. It begins by providing background on Nigeria's pursuit of trade as an engine for development and the historical shifts in its trade policies from protectionism to liberalization. It describes the country's import substitution strategy in early independence, followed by a shift towards exports promotion in 1981. Further policy changes introduced greater trade restrictions and licensing in the 1980s in response to economic pressures. Recent trade policies under NEEDS since 2003 have aimed to gradually liberalize the trade regime while ensuring domestic adjustment costs do not outweigh benefits. However, the research finds that trade policies over this period have not significantly contributed to Nigeria's development.
Stimulation of foreign resources into Nigeria is to transform the economy as neoclassical economics promised. Successive governments in Nigeria usually attract large inflows, yet, small proportion is usually distributed to the agricultural sector despite the importance of this sector and the need for such capital. This study therefore focuses on the policy implication of sectoral distribution of foreign capital for the agricultural sector in Nigeria. The main objective is to examine the contribution of foreign capital to growth in the agricultural sector. Secondary data are employed for analysis. The relevant data are obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Simple percentages, tables and charts are the tools of analysis, while regression and correlation techniques are the inferential statistical approaches applied. Findings show that distribution of capital inflow in Nigeria does not reflect theoretical position that capital should flow to sectors of need, particularly, where there are abundant raw materials. This theoretical postulation has not been upheld in Nigeria where capital inflow was found to be randomly distributed. This has had negative effect on the contribution of foreign capital to growth in agricultural sector. It is therefore recommended that government should pursue policies like tax holidays and production subsidies for foreign investments in the agricultural sector.
structural transformation in Ethiopia: Enhancing the transition from Agrarian...frankbill
This document discusses Ethiopia's development strategies and structural transformation. It provides background on Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), Ethiopia's initial strategy to achieve growth through agricultural transformation. While ADLI has helped reduce poverty and increase growth, the industrial sector share remains low. The document argues for a policy transition from ADLI to industrialization-led development to accelerate structural change and establish industry as an economic leader. It examines the experiences of East Asian countries and conditions needed to promote industrialization.
Public policy and trade liberalisation in nigerian economic developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses public policy and trade liberalization in Nigerian economic development. It provides background on Nigeria's trade policies since 1986, which centered on greater market openness and integration into the global economy. It analyzes the impacts of specific trade liberalization policies like trade openness, privatization, investment flows, and import tariffs on Nigeria's economic development. The analysis finds that trade liberalization has not had a positive impact on Nigeria's economic development. Accountability, transparency, and good governance are recommended to improve economic policy and encourage self-reliance through export promotion and import substitution.
The theoretical and empirical relationship between foreign trade and economic growth has extensively been discussed in economics in recent years. There has been a long held belief about the positive correlation between these two variables. In spite of this countless study, the link has been proven to be empirically weak. In view of this, the aim of this dissertation is to empirically examine the relationship between trade and growth. Using trade openness and ordinary least sequence was employed to estimate the impact of foreign trade on Gross domestic product.
The document presents an empirical study investigating the nexus between Nigeria's agricultural sector export base and economic growth from 1980 to 2017. It finds that:
1) A cointegrating relationship exists between economic growth, agricultural raw material exports, and food exports in the long run.
2) In the long run, agricultural raw material exports have an inverse effect on economic growth, while food exports have a positive effect.
3) In the short run, positive dynamic influences run from both agricultural raw material and food exports to economic growth.
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for UgandaPremier Publishers
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for Uganda analyzes the long-run relationship between trade and economic growth in Uganda from 1982 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that in the short-run, imports reduced economic growth while exports increased it. However, in the long-run, inflation reduced economic growth. Unit root tests confirmed the variables were integrated of order one (I(1)), allowing for cointegration tests which found a long-run relationship between the variables.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growthMitikaAnjel
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
This study investigates specifically the effect of Imports and Exports on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP). Data were collected for period 2007 – 2016. Multiple Regressions Approach and Correlation Analysis was used, defining Imports, Exports and Openness as independent variables and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as dependent variable. From the analysis, Imports, Exports and Openness contributes immensely to the Nigeria Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Contrary, Imports is positively and significant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP), Exports has positively and insignificant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP) and Openness has positively and insignificant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP). Also, there is a perfect positive association on gross domestic product between imports on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is significant, with a perfect positive association on gross domestic product and imports between exports on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is significant and there is a negative moderate association on gross domestic product, imports and exports between openness on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is insignificant. This study therefore recommends that Nigeria should enhance her Imports & Exports promotion strategies and expanding the Import sector for easy importation.
Post Deregulation Evaluation of Non-Oil Export and Economic Growth Nexus in N...iosrjce
The impact of non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria has been one of the most debated issues
in recent years. This study examines the role of non-oil export on economic growth since deregulation between
1986 when deregulation took effect and 2012 which previous studies might have ignored. In achieving the
objectives of the study, Ordinary Least Square Methods was employed. The study reveals that the impact of nonoil
export on the economic growth was significant and positive as a unit increase in non-oil export impacted
positively by 43% on the productive capacity of goods and services in Nigeria during the period. This is evident
in the study that the contribution of non-oil sector during the period in Nigeria has improved above the results
of other studies carried out from the pre-deregulation era. The study among other things encourages the
government to further reinforce the legislative and supervisory framework of the non-oil sectors in Nigeria and
diversify the economy to ensure utmost contributions from all faces of the non-sector to economic growth of Nigeria.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORT AND POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON TH...IAEME Publication
UAE as an autonomous country got constituted during the year 1971 by joining
together seven different autonomous and independent emirates. Through meticulous
planning and farsightedness, the country has set a development trend which is unique
in the Arabian Peninsula as well as to the entire world. The wealth and richness of the
country can be mainly attributed to the inflow of petrol income coupled with the
farsightedness and vision of the founding fathers of the nation in deploying the income
towards proper avenues of investment. Ever since its formation, the country has been
giving core attention to the development of infrastructure in the form of
transportation, construction and power generation. Now the country is equipped with
world class infrastructure and is the focal place of attention of other countries of the
world. Since the prime source of revenue is the petrol income, the performance of
UAE economy fluctuates from time to time due to the high volatility in oil prices and
its demand globally. Hence, the country has started laying the foundation for a total
restructuring by focusing on the development of infrastructure and other diversified
portfolios in business so that the primary dependence on petrol could be reduced.
Since 1990’s the country has been investing heavily in building up infrastructure so as
to attract foreign capital for its development. Even though there occurred
uncertainties in petrol income during the last two decades, the country could manage
its GDP growth rate through development in infrastructure and other related
industries. The country has gained appreciable improvement in formation of gross
fixed capital through infrastructure development, which in fact acted as a cushion of
growth during periods of uncertainties caused by fluctuations in petrol price. This
study is an effort to find out the relationship between development of infrastructure
and its impact on the economic development of UAE by considering various elements
in infrastructure such as transportation, power generation and construction. From the
study, it is found that there exists strong relationship between the economic growth of
a country like UAE and its infrastructure development.
This document discusses barriers to greater African participation in global trade and recommendations to address them. It finds that while some African countries have increased exports, many have not due to various barriers. Key recommendations include: 1) Deeper regional economic integration in Africa to create larger markets and exploit economies of scale; 2) Addressing high tariffs and non-tariff barriers African exports face in global markets, particularly for agricultural goods; 3) Improving African infrastructure and production capacity to allow greater processing of exports within Africa rather than just raw materials. Overall, reducing trade barriers both within Africa and faced by African exports globally could significantly boost African economic growth and development.
Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeriaijtsrd
Management of macroencomic variables has been noted as instrumental to a well performing manufacturing sector. This study thus examined the effect of macroencomic variables on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria within a liberalised economic era of 1986 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag model was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that macroeconomic variables has 93 significant short run policy effect but no significant long run effects on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The endogenous dynamics of manufacturing sector previous year outputs exerted a significance influence on the macroeconomic variables long run relationship effect on current year. The explanatory variables suggested that money supply M2 , interest rate INTR and credit to private sector CPS exerted positive effects on manufacturing sector output at short term trends. The study thus posits that macroeconomic variables have varying levels of effects on the manufacturing sectors of Nigerian economy. The monetary authority should employ the monetary policy stance in a pattern that increases money supply in order to boost investment in manufacturing sector which would eventual bring about improved output to Nigeria. Dr. Loretta Anayo Ozuah "Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38420.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38420/macroeconomic-variables-and-manufacturing-sector-output-in-nigeria/dr-loretta-anayo-ozuah
Extant literature revealed that international trade plays a key role to address the economic phenomena and can help to earn foreign exchange. Despite the accruable benefits from international trade and the countrys huge oil export that account for about 90 of its foreign exchange earnings, Nigerias trade balance and exchange rate remain unfavourable. The persistent rise in Nigerias exchange rate and unfavourable trade balance in recent time warrants an empirical probe. This study therefore examines the effect of exchange rate, domestic income, foreign income, consumption expenditure, money supply and interest rate on trade balance using a secondary time series data covering a period of thirty years from 1991 2020. The study employed a regression technique of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . All data used were secondary data obtained from the statistical bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria CBN and National Bureau of Statistics NBS annual publications. After determining stationarity of the study variables using the ADF Statistic, it was discovered that the variables were all integrated at level, first and second difference, and found out to be stationary at their first difference. The study also using Johansen Cointegration Test, found that there is a long run relationship between the variables. Hence, the implication of this result is that there is a long run relationship between trade balance and other variables used in the model. From the result of the OLS, it is observed that exchange rate, domestic income, foreign income and money supply have a positive and significant impact on trade balance in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government should fixed or peg on the exchange rate through the central bank. This will enable the government to buy and sell its own currency against the currency to which it is pegged. The government should strive to reduce inflation to make exports more competitive. The government should also enhance supply side policies to increase long term competitiveness. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Exchange Rate and Trade Balance Nexus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45079.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45079/exchange-rate-and-trade-balance-nexus/edokobi-tonna-david
Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in China Since 1980iosrjce
The aim of this study is to explore the causality relationship between the foreign trade and economic
growth of Chinese economy using time series data running from 1980 to 2013.Co integration, Granger
Causality analysis and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) has been used in order to test the
hypotheses about the presence of causality and co integration between the two variables. The co integration test
confirmed that foreign trade and GDP are co integrated, indicating an existence of long run equilibrium
relationship between the two as confirmed by the Johansen co integration test results. The Granger causality
test finally confirmed the presence of bi-directional causality.
Agriculture is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh, comprising 47% of the labor force and 16% of GDP. Rice, jute, and wheat are the primary crops. About 75% of Bangladeshis live in rural areas and earn their living from agriculture. Some problems facing Bangladeshi agriculture include decreasing available land, natural calamities, climate change, overuse of fertilizers, lack of credit for farmers, and unfair crop prices. Manufacturing contributes 14.23% to GDP and employs 41% of the labor force. Bangladesh aims to accelerate manufacturing growth to further economic transformation, growth, and poverty reduction. Spatial imbalances exist in industrial development between regions. Labor productivity measures hourly output and depends on investment, technology,
In the current issue of Economy Matters, we analyse the growth trends emanating out of China, Japan and US, in the section on Global Trends. In Domestic Trends, data trends in IIP, inflation and trade are analysed. The Sectoral Spotlight for this issue is on ‘Employment Potential of the Road Transport Sector’. In Focus of the Month, we evaluate the three recently released reports by DIPP, World Bank and World Economic Forum on State of Competitiveness in India.
Tourism is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy. In 2014, tourism contributed 1.9% of Bangladesh's GDP directly and was expected to grow to 2% of GDP by 2025. Bangladesh earned $158 million from tourism in 2014, and that figure was predicted to rise to $18.4 billion by 2025. International tourist arrivals in Bangladesh were expected to increase from 500,000 in 2014 to 650,000 by 2025. Tourism benefits Bangladesh's economy by creating jobs and income both directly in the tourism industry and indirectly in other related sectors that tourism spending supports.
The document analyzes economic growth in Darkhan-Uul province from 2000-2017. It finds that GDP grew at an average annual rate of 11.3% over this period, driven primarily by increases in labor productivity rather than employment. The economy transitioned from agriculture to industry and services, with services becoming the largest sector. Labor productivity accounted for over 50% of GDP growth, with the remaining growth from increased employment. Multiple factors influenced growth, including higher labor productivity, more days worked per employee, and increases in population and the labor force.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
Michigan's exports support over 6% of the state's private sector jobs. Nearly a quarter of manufacturing jobs in Michigan depend on exports. Over 11,000 Michigan companies export goods, with over 90% being small and medium businesses. Foreign investment in Michigan employs over 150,000 workers, with nearly 40% in manufacturing. Michigan's largest export market is Canada, which received over half of Michigan's $45 billion in annual exports in 2008. The top metropolitan area for exports in Michigan is Detroit-Warren-Livonia, which accounted for 69% of the state's merchandise exports.
This paper applies the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique to annual data from 1980 to 2013 to provide empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between export trade and economic growth in Malawi. The export trade in this study is disaggregated into services and goods exports. Thus, the paper estimated two models. The first model deals with the relationship between export of services and growth, and the other one determines the relationship between goods export and growth. While the paper finds no evidence for long-run relationship between export of services and goods on economic growth, the empirical results suggest existence of a short-run nexus between export of goods and economic growth in Malawi. The Granger causality test results have also confirmed existence of a unidirectional causality from goods exports to economic growth and another unidirectional causality from goods exports to service exports.
This paper applies the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique to annual data from 1980 to 2013 to provide empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between export trade and economic growth in Malawi. The export trade in this study is disaggregated into services and goods exports. Thus, the paper estimated two models. The first model deals with the relationship between export of services and growth, and the other one determines the relationship between goods export and growth. While the paper finds no evidence for long-run relationship between export of services and goods on economic growth, the empirical results suggest existence of a short-run nexus between export of goods and economic growth in Malawi. The Granger causality test results have also confirmed existence of a unidirectional causality from goods exports to economic growth and another unidirectional causality from goods exports to service exports.
structural transformation in Ethiopia: Enhancing the transition from Agrarian...frankbill
This document discusses Ethiopia's development strategies and structural transformation. It provides background on Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), Ethiopia's initial strategy to achieve growth through agricultural transformation. While ADLI has helped reduce poverty and increase growth, the industrial sector share remains low. The document argues for a policy transition from ADLI to industrialization-led development to accelerate structural change and establish industry as an economic leader. It examines the experiences of East Asian countries and conditions needed to promote industrialization.
Public policy and trade liberalisation in nigerian economic developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses public policy and trade liberalization in Nigerian economic development. It provides background on Nigeria's trade policies since 1986, which centered on greater market openness and integration into the global economy. It analyzes the impacts of specific trade liberalization policies like trade openness, privatization, investment flows, and import tariffs on Nigeria's economic development. The analysis finds that trade liberalization has not had a positive impact on Nigeria's economic development. Accountability, transparency, and good governance are recommended to improve economic policy and encourage self-reliance through export promotion and import substitution.
The theoretical and empirical relationship between foreign trade and economic growth has extensively been discussed in economics in recent years. There has been a long held belief about the positive correlation between these two variables. In spite of this countless study, the link has been proven to be empirically weak. In view of this, the aim of this dissertation is to empirically examine the relationship between trade and growth. Using trade openness and ordinary least sequence was employed to estimate the impact of foreign trade on Gross domestic product.
The document presents an empirical study investigating the nexus between Nigeria's agricultural sector export base and economic growth from 1980 to 2017. It finds that:
1) A cointegrating relationship exists between economic growth, agricultural raw material exports, and food exports in the long run.
2) In the long run, agricultural raw material exports have an inverse effect on economic growth, while food exports have a positive effect.
3) In the short run, positive dynamic influences run from both agricultural raw material and food exports to economic growth.
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for UgandaPremier Publishers
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for Uganda analyzes the long-run relationship between trade and economic growth in Uganda from 1982 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that in the short-run, imports reduced economic growth while exports increased it. However, in the long-run, inflation reduced economic growth. Unit root tests confirmed the variables were integrated of order one (I(1)), allowing for cointegration tests which found a long-run relationship between the variables.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growthMitikaAnjel
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
This study investigates specifically the effect of Imports and Exports on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP). Data were collected for period 2007 – 2016. Multiple Regressions Approach and Correlation Analysis was used, defining Imports, Exports and Openness as independent variables and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as dependent variable. From the analysis, Imports, Exports and Openness contributes immensely to the Nigeria Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Contrary, Imports is positively and significant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP), Exports has positively and insignificant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP) and Openness has positively and insignificant on Balance of Foreign Trade in Nigeria (GDP). Also, there is a perfect positive association on gross domestic product between imports on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is significant, with a perfect positive association on gross domestic product and imports between exports on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is significant and there is a negative moderate association on gross domestic product, imports and exports between openness on the balance of foreign trade in Nigeria and it is insignificant. This study therefore recommends that Nigeria should enhance her Imports & Exports promotion strategies and expanding the Import sector for easy importation.
Post Deregulation Evaluation of Non-Oil Export and Economic Growth Nexus in N...iosrjce
The impact of non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria has been one of the most debated issues
in recent years. This study examines the role of non-oil export on economic growth since deregulation between
1986 when deregulation took effect and 2012 which previous studies might have ignored. In achieving the
objectives of the study, Ordinary Least Square Methods was employed. The study reveals that the impact of nonoil
export on the economic growth was significant and positive as a unit increase in non-oil export impacted
positively by 43% on the productive capacity of goods and services in Nigeria during the period. This is evident
in the study that the contribution of non-oil sector during the period in Nigeria has improved above the results
of other studies carried out from the pre-deregulation era. The study among other things encourages the
government to further reinforce the legislative and supervisory framework of the non-oil sectors in Nigeria and
diversify the economy to ensure utmost contributions from all faces of the non-sector to economic growth of Nigeria.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORT AND POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON TH...IAEME Publication
UAE as an autonomous country got constituted during the year 1971 by joining
together seven different autonomous and independent emirates. Through meticulous
planning and farsightedness, the country has set a development trend which is unique
in the Arabian Peninsula as well as to the entire world. The wealth and richness of the
country can be mainly attributed to the inflow of petrol income coupled with the
farsightedness and vision of the founding fathers of the nation in deploying the income
towards proper avenues of investment. Ever since its formation, the country has been
giving core attention to the development of infrastructure in the form of
transportation, construction and power generation. Now the country is equipped with
world class infrastructure and is the focal place of attention of other countries of the
world. Since the prime source of revenue is the petrol income, the performance of
UAE economy fluctuates from time to time due to the high volatility in oil prices and
its demand globally. Hence, the country has started laying the foundation for a total
restructuring by focusing on the development of infrastructure and other diversified
portfolios in business so that the primary dependence on petrol could be reduced.
Since 1990’s the country has been investing heavily in building up infrastructure so as
to attract foreign capital for its development. Even though there occurred
uncertainties in petrol income during the last two decades, the country could manage
its GDP growth rate through development in infrastructure and other related
industries. The country has gained appreciable improvement in formation of gross
fixed capital through infrastructure development, which in fact acted as a cushion of
growth during periods of uncertainties caused by fluctuations in petrol price. This
study is an effort to find out the relationship between development of infrastructure
and its impact on the economic development of UAE by considering various elements
in infrastructure such as transportation, power generation and construction. From the
study, it is found that there exists strong relationship between the economic growth of
a country like UAE and its infrastructure development.
This document discusses barriers to greater African participation in global trade and recommendations to address them. It finds that while some African countries have increased exports, many have not due to various barriers. Key recommendations include: 1) Deeper regional economic integration in Africa to create larger markets and exploit economies of scale; 2) Addressing high tariffs and non-tariff barriers African exports face in global markets, particularly for agricultural goods; 3) Improving African infrastructure and production capacity to allow greater processing of exports within Africa rather than just raw materials. Overall, reducing trade barriers both within Africa and faced by African exports globally could significantly boost African economic growth and development.
Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeriaijtsrd
Management of macroencomic variables has been noted as instrumental to a well performing manufacturing sector. This study thus examined the effect of macroencomic variables on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria within a liberalised economic era of 1986 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag model was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that macroeconomic variables has 93 significant short run policy effect but no significant long run effects on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The endogenous dynamics of manufacturing sector previous year outputs exerted a significance influence on the macroeconomic variables long run relationship effect on current year. The explanatory variables suggested that money supply M2 , interest rate INTR and credit to private sector CPS exerted positive effects on manufacturing sector output at short term trends. The study thus posits that macroeconomic variables have varying levels of effects on the manufacturing sectors of Nigerian economy. The monetary authority should employ the monetary policy stance in a pattern that increases money supply in order to boost investment in manufacturing sector which would eventual bring about improved output to Nigeria. Dr. Loretta Anayo Ozuah "Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38420.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38420/macroeconomic-variables-and-manufacturing-sector-output-in-nigeria/dr-loretta-anayo-ozuah
Extant literature revealed that international trade plays a key role to address the economic phenomena and can help to earn foreign exchange. Despite the accruable benefits from international trade and the countrys huge oil export that account for about 90 of its foreign exchange earnings, Nigerias trade balance and exchange rate remain unfavourable. The persistent rise in Nigerias exchange rate and unfavourable trade balance in recent time warrants an empirical probe. This study therefore examines the effect of exchange rate, domestic income, foreign income, consumption expenditure, money supply and interest rate on trade balance using a secondary time series data covering a period of thirty years from 1991 2020. The study employed a regression technique of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . All data used were secondary data obtained from the statistical bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria CBN and National Bureau of Statistics NBS annual publications. After determining stationarity of the study variables using the ADF Statistic, it was discovered that the variables were all integrated at level, first and second difference, and found out to be stationary at their first difference. The study also using Johansen Cointegration Test, found that there is a long run relationship between the variables. Hence, the implication of this result is that there is a long run relationship between trade balance and other variables used in the model. From the result of the OLS, it is observed that exchange rate, domestic income, foreign income and money supply have a positive and significant impact on trade balance in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government should fixed or peg on the exchange rate through the central bank. This will enable the government to buy and sell its own currency against the currency to which it is pegged. The government should strive to reduce inflation to make exports more competitive. The government should also enhance supply side policies to increase long term competitiveness. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Exchange Rate and Trade Balance Nexus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45079.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45079/exchange-rate-and-trade-balance-nexus/edokobi-tonna-david
Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in China Since 1980iosrjce
The aim of this study is to explore the causality relationship between the foreign trade and economic
growth of Chinese economy using time series data running from 1980 to 2013.Co integration, Granger
Causality analysis and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) has been used in order to test the
hypotheses about the presence of causality and co integration between the two variables. The co integration test
confirmed that foreign trade and GDP are co integrated, indicating an existence of long run equilibrium
relationship between the two as confirmed by the Johansen co integration test results. The Granger causality
test finally confirmed the presence of bi-directional causality.
Agriculture is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh, comprising 47% of the labor force and 16% of GDP. Rice, jute, and wheat are the primary crops. About 75% of Bangladeshis live in rural areas and earn their living from agriculture. Some problems facing Bangladeshi agriculture include decreasing available land, natural calamities, climate change, overuse of fertilizers, lack of credit for farmers, and unfair crop prices. Manufacturing contributes 14.23% to GDP and employs 41% of the labor force. Bangladesh aims to accelerate manufacturing growth to further economic transformation, growth, and poverty reduction. Spatial imbalances exist in industrial development between regions. Labor productivity measures hourly output and depends on investment, technology,
In the current issue of Economy Matters, we analyse the growth trends emanating out of China, Japan and US, in the section on Global Trends. In Domestic Trends, data trends in IIP, inflation and trade are analysed. The Sectoral Spotlight for this issue is on ‘Employment Potential of the Road Transport Sector’. In Focus of the Month, we evaluate the three recently released reports by DIPP, World Bank and World Economic Forum on State of Competitiveness in India.
Tourism is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy. In 2014, tourism contributed 1.9% of Bangladesh's GDP directly and was expected to grow to 2% of GDP by 2025. Bangladesh earned $158 million from tourism in 2014, and that figure was predicted to rise to $18.4 billion by 2025. International tourist arrivals in Bangladesh were expected to increase from 500,000 in 2014 to 650,000 by 2025. Tourism benefits Bangladesh's economy by creating jobs and income both directly in the tourism industry and indirectly in other related sectors that tourism spending supports.
The document analyzes economic growth in Darkhan-Uul province from 2000-2017. It finds that GDP grew at an average annual rate of 11.3% over this period, driven primarily by increases in labor productivity rather than employment. The economy transitioned from agriculture to industry and services, with services becoming the largest sector. Labor productivity accounted for over 50% of GDP growth, with the remaining growth from increased employment. Multiple factors influenced growth, including higher labor productivity, more days worked per employee, and increases in population and the labor force.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
Michigan's exports support over 6% of the state's private sector jobs. Nearly a quarter of manufacturing jobs in Michigan depend on exports. Over 11,000 Michigan companies export goods, with over 90% being small and medium businesses. Foreign investment in Michigan employs over 150,000 workers, with nearly 40% in manufacturing. Michigan's largest export market is Canada, which received over half of Michigan's $45 billion in annual exports in 2008. The top metropolitan area for exports in Michigan is Detroit-Warren-Livonia, which accounted for 69% of the state's merchandise exports.
This paper applies the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique to annual data from 1980 to 2013 to provide empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between export trade and economic growth in Malawi. The export trade in this study is disaggregated into services and goods exports. Thus, the paper estimated two models. The first model deals with the relationship between export of services and growth, and the other one determines the relationship between goods export and growth. While the paper finds no evidence for long-run relationship between export of services and goods on economic growth, the empirical results suggest existence of a short-run nexus between export of goods and economic growth in Malawi. The Granger causality test results have also confirmed existence of a unidirectional causality from goods exports to economic growth and another unidirectional causality from goods exports to service exports.
This paper applies the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique to annual data from 1980 to 2013 to provide empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between export trade and economic growth in Malawi. The export trade in this study is disaggregated into services and goods exports. Thus, the paper estimated two models. The first model deals with the relationship between export of services and growth, and the other one determines the relationship between goods export and growth. While the paper finds no evidence for long-run relationship between export of services and goods on economic growth, the empirical results suggest existence of a short-run nexus between export of goods and economic growth in Malawi. The Granger causality test results have also confirmed existence of a unidirectional causality from goods exports to economic growth and another unidirectional causality from goods exports to service exports.
The study is on the effect of Net capital inflow on inclusive growth in Nigeria. This study seeks to deepen the understanding on how capital inflow creates opportunity for inclusive growth in Nigeria through increase in GDP per capita. The objective of the study were to : determine the effect of Net capital inflow , Net foreign direct investment and trade openness on inclusive growth in Nigeria. The study employed the time series data in its analysis. The period of analysis spanned through 1980-2015 and the dataset required for the analysis were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and National bureau of statistics publications. The study conducted trend analysis, descriptive analysis. The data were also tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analytical techniques, cointegration test and error correction mechanism. It was evident from the unit root test that the variables were fractionally integrated while the cointegration test reveals that long run relationship exists among the variables. The findings equally reveal that capital inflow exerts significant negative influence on GDP per capita. This could be attributed to the problem of managing external capital flows which has been sub-optimal in most developing economies including Nigeria. The implication of this finding is that the perceived benefits that are associated with capital inflows tend not to hold sway in Nigeria over the sampled period which may be attributed to institutional and governance failure. Owing to the findings, this study recommends for the adoption of investment friendly policies and ensure transparency and good governance, appropriate economic management practices capable of supporting reforms in the Nigerian financial system and guide international capital inflows to ensure that the associated economic turnarounds are people-centered.
External Trade Benefits and Poverty Reduction in English Speaking West Africa...iosrjce
This research examines the impact of external trade benefits on poverty reduction in five English
Speaking West African Countries (ESWACs) from 1980 to 2013. These countries include; The Gambia, Ghana,
Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The study expressed external trade benefits (ETB) as increase in export
earnings (EXE), trade openness (TOP), total government expenditure (TGE) and reduction in foreign exchange
rate (FER), while poverty level is expressed as real gross domestic income (GNI) per capita current US Dollar.
Theoretically, the study relied on five trade theories, in practice; the study constructs a balanced panel data
structure (BPDS) and methodologically, departs from the classical OLS and 1st generation panel econometric
techniques to adopting recently developed 2nd generation panel data econometric methods. The results of the
study reveal that external trade benefits were not found to be significant enough to reduce the poverty level in
ESWACs from 1980 to 2013.This impliesthat external trade benefits did not significantly increase GNI per
capita in ESWACs within the period of study. Based on this result, the study therefore concluded that the impact
of external trade benefits on poverty level is a trivial matter because external trade benefits have not
comprehensively and significantly augmented the status of real gross domestic income (GNI) percapital
currentUSDollar of English speaking West African countries within the period of study. Following this
conclusion we recommended, among others, that policy implication on the result of co-integration of the panel
equation 2 is that more credible expansionary fiscal policy should be pursued as this will help to pump more
money into circulation with the aim of creating and expanding employment opportunities that would be able to
reduce poverty in the region and cut in public investment spending on agriculture and industrial sectors should
be avoided so that the countries will be encouraged to produce locally and also export.
Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in the West African States: A Panel Frameworkinventionjournals
This paper examines the impact of economic variables namely, foreign direct investment (FDI), investment, export, foreign aid and broad money supply on economic growth, approximated by gross domestic product (GDP)using annual data covering a period 1981-2008 on a group of West African countries. The impact of variables on GDP is estimated using three panel estimation models: pooled model (pooled), fixed effects model (FEM) and random effects model (REM). We explore the hypothesis that foreign aid can promote growth in developing countries. We test this hypothesis using panel data series,while the findings of previous studies are generally mixed, our resultsindicate that foreign direct investment has purely positive effects on economic growth in West African countries
Nigeria china trade relations implication on the nigerian domestic economyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the trade relations between Nigeria and China and its implications for Nigeria's domestic economy. The following key points are made:
1) Trade between Nigeria and China has increased significantly in recent decades, reaching $7.7 billion in 2010, however China exports more to Nigeria than it imports, resulting in a trade imbalance.
2) Nigerian manufacturers and entrepreneurs perceive that the influx of cheap Chinese imports is negatively impacting the competitiveness of domestic industry due to issues like substandard goods and lack of access to credit and stable electricity.
3) For Nigeria to better leverage its relationship with China and grow its domestic economy, the study recommends that the Nigerian government encourage more direct
Remittance inflow and economic growth the case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
Abstract:
Remittance inflow become one of the main source of capital flows in the world. It is noted that remittance is
very effective in promoting household welfare and as an alternative source of capital inflow. However in it
uncertain whether or not it leads to economic growth. This article examines the effects of remittances inflow
on economic growth in Georgian republic. The impact of remittance inflow on GDP growth was analyzed and
tested by Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-integration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests.
In the paper the quarterly data interval from the first quarter of 1999 to third quarter of 2015 was used. As a
result it was found out that that there is a nexus between remittance and GDP and it is concluded that
remittance leads to increase in GDP growth.
Agricultural Export, Oil Export and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Multivariate ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sustaining of nation’s economic growth for better footing and outlook is very crucial for the globe of recent, most especially for developing countries like Nigeria. The country as a vivid example of a developing nation is oil based economy, which adopts export promotion policy as the essentialtactic for growth. Yet the nation has not maximized her abundance of resources to aids growth, despite notable economic growth being experienced. In this view, there is an attempt to examine the relationship among agricultural export, oil export and output growth in Nigeria. The causal relationship among the variables was investigated by using times series data for the period between 1981 and 2014. All the macroeconomic variables were found to be stationary. The study revealed that there is significant relationship between economic growth and the agricultural export and oil export. Based on the findings, government of the country is being advised to initiate new and re-defined old policies that will diversify the export base. Likewise, policies that will improveand aid the nation’s domestic production is being encouraged, since long run relationship has been established among the macroeconomic variables.
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of international capital flows on the economic growth in Jordan during the period from 2005 to 2017, The study also examines trends and composition of capital inflows. The study used descriptive analytical research method which was appropriate for the purpose of research. By using time series data, the study found that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), grants (Gr) and Worker remittances (WR) are positively affecting the economic growth direct contribution. Based on the research results, the study came with a several recommendations, the most important recommendation is; the government of Jordan should create and relax the rules and regulations to attract more investors, and also the government should work hand in hand with the developed countries to create economic and employment opportunities, improve the country’s competitiveness, and expand growth within the private sector so that everyone in Jordan has the opportunity to contribute to a brighter future.
Foreign capital flows depends on the prevailing monetary forces as supported by capital flows
theory and the mechanism linking these two variables is that contraction of net domestic assets through an
open market sale of bonds will place upward pressure on domestic interest rates. Higher interest rates attract
foreign funds, generating a capital inflow which relieves the pressure on domestic interest rates. Has this
actually happened? It is against this backdrop that the present study investigated the impact of monetary policy
on international capital inflows in Nigeria for a period of 22 years (1994-2015) using time series data. The
autoregressive distributed lag technique revealed that the short-run and long-run significant determinants of
foreign capital inflows are largely from broad money supply, nominal exchange rate, inflation rate and interest
rates spread except inflation rate that is insignificant in the long-run. This outcome upholds theoretical
prediction. Long-run equilibrium relationship was found between the dependent variable and the regressors.
Further examination of the short run dynamics of the model showed that the speed of adjustment coefficients
ECM (-1) to restore equilibrium have a negative sign and statistically significant at 1% level, ensuring that
long-run equilibrium can be attained and about 89% of the short-run deviation from the equilibrium (long-run)
position is corrected annually to maintain the equilibrium. Since the empirical evidence revealed that monetary
aggregates such as broad money supply, nominal exchange rate, inflation rate and interest rates spread
influence foreign capital inflows, it is therefore recommended that government should continue to pursue
expansionary monetary policy and foreign exchange policies that would ensure competitiveness of the
economy in order to attract the much needed foreign capital inflows that would engender economic growth.
- The document analyzes the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Cape Verde from 1985 to 2018 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.
- It finds a long-run relationship between FDI, labor force, inflation and GDP growth in Cape Verde. However, it finds that FDI does not "Granger cause" economic growth.
- Factors like openness and domestic investment were not found to have a long-term relationship with GDP in Cape Verde's economy.
7.[68 76]investment, inflation and economic growth-empirical evidence from ni...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the empirical relationship between investment, inflation, and economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2006.
2) The results of the regression analysis show that inflation has a negative and significant relationship with economic growth, while investment has a positive and significant relationship.
3) Specifically, a 1% increase in inflation is associated with a 0.09% decrease in economic growth, while a 1% increase in investment is associated with a 0.3% increase in economic growth.
7.[68 76]investment, inflation and economic growth-empirical evidence from ni...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that empirically examines the impact of investment and inflation on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2006. The key findings are:
1) Higher inflation is negatively associated with economic growth, while higher investment is positively associated with economic growth.
2) A 1% increase in inflation is associated with a 0.09% decrease in economic growth, while a 1% increase in investment is associated with a 0.3% increase in economic growth.
3) Both supply-side and demand management policies should be adopted to reduce inflation in the short and long-run in order to promote economic growth.
5.[34 42]effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on ...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. The study employs econometric techniques including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Lagged exchange rates also have a positive impact on growth. These findings suggest that FDI, stock market development, and exchange rate appreciation can enhance economic growth in Nigeria.
11.effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on econom...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. The study employs econometric techniques including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Lagged exchange rates also have a positive impact on growth. These findings suggest that FDI, stock market development, and exchange rate appreciation can enhance economic growth in Nigeria.
5.[34 42]effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on ...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It finds that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. The results support the argument that extractive FDI and stock market development enhance growth. However, both FDI and stock market development show cyclical movements over time. Lagged exchange rate appreciation is also found to positively impact growth in Nigeria. The study aims to fill a gap by examining the joint impact of FDI and stock market development on growth, which has not been the focus of prior research on Nigeria.
1. The document examines the effect of remittances on economic growth in Eastern African countries using data from 2000-2014 for Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.
2. There are conflicting views on whether remittances positively or negatively impact economic growth. The study finds that remittances have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Eastern Africa.
3. Other factors that influence economic growth in the region include foreign direct investment, investment in human capital development, while foreign aid and trade openness have adverse effects.
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA (1981-2018) IAEME Publication
The current study examined the impact of foreign trade on agricultural output in
Nigeria based on data sourced from 1981 to 2018 by employing a number of
estimation techniques such as Cobb-Douglas, unit root testing, autoregressive
distributed lag among others within the context of two profound theories of exchange
rate - the vent – for surplus theory of international trade; factor endowments theory.
Our study observed that foreign trade exerts negatively on agricultural output. Our
results have some empirical implications.
Effect of international trade on economic growth in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of international trade on economic growth in Kenya from 1960 to 2010. It uses a multiple linear regression model to examine the relationship between GDP growth rate and several independent variables including exchange rate, inflation, and final government consumption. The findings show that exchange rate had no significant effect on GDP growth, while inflation had a negative and significant effect. Final government consumption had a positive effect on GDP growth in Kenya. The study recommends policies to promote exports, maintain low inflation, and encourage government expenditure on development projects.
Empirical Assessment of the Nexus between Industrialization and Economic Grow...ijtsrd
This document examines the relationship between industrialization and economic growth in African nations from 2013 to 2019. It categorizes African nations into the top five most industrialized and the bottom five least industrialized based on industrial output. GDP and per capita GDP are used to measure economic growth. Statistical analysis finds a high correlation between average GDP of more industrialized nations and less industrialized nations, and a significant relationship between average per capita GDP of the two groups. However, industrialization has not had a significant impact on GDP or per capita GDP across African nations overall. The study concludes more needs to be done to develop policies that unlock the effects of industrialization on economic indicators in Africa.
1) The document examines the influence of external bailouts on macroeconomic stability in Ghana from 2008 to 2021 using time series data and vector error correction modeling.
2) It finds that while external bailouts have no short-term impact, there is a long-term causal relationship between bailouts and macroeconomic stability as well as with foreign direct investment, GDP, and imports.
3) To improve stability, the authors recommend that Ghana reduce reliance on external bailouts, increase foreign reserves, and expand agriculture and industrialization.
- The document discusses a study on increasing brand awareness of Oranger Mobile, which is a courier service partner of PT Pos Indonesia responsible for pickups, deliveries, and direct sales.
- Brand awareness of Oranger is currently low, as the number of Oranger drivers did not meet targets in 2021 and most respondents in a survey were not familiar with the Oranger brand.
- The study uses a mixed-methods approach, collecting both qualitative data to measure brand awareness and quantitative data to analyze factors influencing awareness. The results show advertising, publicity, sponsorship, and word-of-mouth can increase Oranger's brand awareness.
The document summarizes a study on optimizing the stock portfolio of PT XYZ, a state-owned pension fund company in Indonesia. In 2021, PT XYZ's actual stock portfolio performed poorly, with a return of 0.56% and Sharpe ratio of 2.39%, below targets. Using the Markowitz portfolio model and 5 years of stock price data, the study optimized the 2021 portfolio. The optimized portfolio increased the Sharpe ratio to 21.67% and return to 1.62%, outperforming the actual portfolio. An efficient frontier analysis identified multiple portfolio options with different risk-return profiles. The results recommend PT XYZ use the Markowitz method to improve future portfolio performance and evaluation.
The document analyzes the financial performance of 20 health sector companies in Indonesia from 2018-2021 using various financial ratios and DuPont analysis. It finds that hospital companies generally benefited during the pandemic due to increased patient numbers, while pharmaceutical companies saw mixed results depending on retail and distribution impacts. Specifically, the analysis found that one hospital, Metro Healthcare Indonesia, had the highest average return on equity of 0.26 over the period. Other key findings are also presented regarding factors influencing financial performance changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This document discusses a proposed marketing strategy for Hirka, a shoe company that makes shoes from chicken claw skin. Hirka currently markets its products through social media, e-commerce, and word of mouth. However, brand awareness and sales are still low due to a lack of marketing and advertising. The products are also currently only available for men. The study aims to identify the target market and appropriate marketing strategy to increase Hirka's brand awareness and purchase intention. A survey was conducted of 206 respondents to assess their brand recognition of and purchase intention toward Hirka's products. The results showed most respondents were unaware of the Hirka brand and had low purchase intention. Various analyses were used to develop marketing strategies,
1) The document proposes a marketing strategy to enhance customer loyalty for RAM Water, a water processor product experiencing declining sales.
2) It reviews literature on customer loyalty and satisfaction and how the marketing mix (7Ps) can impact satisfaction.
3) An analysis was conducted using SEM-PLS to evaluate the relationships between the 7Ps, customer satisfaction, and loyalty using data from 153 RAM Water users. The results showed the 7Ps significantly impacted satisfaction which significantly impacted loyalty.
This document proposes an integrated luggage storage and transportation scheme. It analyzes the current luggage storage market and compares traditional and new "Internet +" models. The proposed scheme designs functional modules like storage, transportation, tourism services and insurance. It provides solutions for different business scenarios like short/long term storage, inter-station delivery, and tourism services. The goal is to improve resource utilization and provide convenient luggage services for travelers.
- The Ecobiz.id platform was created to help farmers in Indonesia by facilitating knowledge sharing and connecting farmers to buyers. However, the platform still lacks interactivity and network effects due to poor existing content that does not meet user needs.
- This study examines how to motivate stakeholders, especially potential content creators, to actively participate and create valuable, interesting, and relevant content for users. Improving the quality and variety of content is expected to increase interactivity on the platform and provide value to users.
- Interviews and observations of stakeholders and users were conducted to understand their perspectives on existing content and how content could motivate involvement and interaction on the platform. The results will help improve content marketing strategies to better engage users.
This document analyzes strategies to increase brand awareness and intention to use PosAja, an application-based delivery service owned by PT Pos Indonesia. It conducts external and internal analyses, as well as surveys consumers to measure brand awareness and factors influencing intention to use. The survey finds low brand recognition of PosAja. Quantitative analysis shows brand logo and advertisements significantly impact brand awareness, while brand name and promotions do not. Further analysis is needed to identify strategies to improve awareness and drive more customers to use PosAja.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the effect of budgetary participation and internal control on managerial performance, with job relevant information as a moderating variable. The study was conducted at three type C regional general hospitals in Jambi Province, Indonesia that had intermediate accreditation levels. The results showed that budgetary participation and internal control positively affected managerial performance. Job relevant information was found to moderate the relationship between internal control and managerial performance, but did not moderate the relationship between budgetary participation and managerial performance. The document provides background information on the hospitals studied, discusses relevant theories, and outlines the research questions and objectives.
This document analyzes and compares environmentally friendly cryptocurrencies with the highest trading classical cryptocurrencies from July 2019 to April 2022. It finds a statistically significant correlation between the values of eco-friendly and classical cryptocurrencies, suggesting investors apply similar investment approaches to both. It also concludes the demand for eco-friendly cryptocurrencies is increasing as the world moves toward sustainability. The study uses daily closing price data from various sources to analyze 7 eco-friendly and 7 highest value classical cryptocurrencies over 34 months. Descriptive statistics of the data are presented in a table.
This document summarizes the evolution and enlightenment of global financial regulatory systems based on a comparative analysis of systems in the UK, US, and China. It finds that financial regulatory systems generally evolve from mixed/centralized models to separated/institutional models to more integrated approaches. The UK and US systems demonstrate a progression from separation to unification to twin peaks models. China's system has transitioned from the central bank as sole regulator to separated then integrated regulation. Key lessons for China include understanding the role of regulation in promoting development while preventing risks, and adapting international best practices to its national context.
This study analyzed the impact of e-service quality (e-servqual) on customer satisfaction and loyalty at Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A survey was conducted with 274 BNI customers who use the mobile banking app. The results of structural equation modeling showed that e-servqual has a significant positive effect on both customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customer satisfaction also has a significant positive effect on loyalty. The study concludes that improving e-servqual can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty for BNI, which is important for the bank's future success.
The document discusses intellectual effort and references. It notes that the brain is just a gateway to the mind, and the mind needs to maintain the brain to concentrate on useful thoughts. It also argues that those who do evil will not get an afterlife, and animals cannot attain infinite spiritual energy or an afterlife. The document concludes that solving problems requires analyzing causes, and that politics and total quality management will become more connected over time. Reform requires having a theory and being a bit of a philosopher.
- Evergrande Group, one of China's largest real estate developers, fell into a major debt crisis with total liabilities reaching 1.97 trillion yuan.
- The crisis was caused by deteriorating cash flow, an overreliance on high-leverage financing, and aggressive diversification into unrelated industries.
- Potential countermeasures discussed include restructuring debt through negotiations, asset sales, and government support to stabilize the real estate market and prevent wider economic impact.
- The document discusses strategies for increasing brand awareness and intention to use Pospay, a digital wallet launched by PT Pos Indonesia.
- Currently, 98.5% of Pospay users are PT Pos Indonesia employees, showing low brand awareness and usage outside the company.
- The study analyzes factors influencing brand awareness and usage intention through a literature review, value proposition canvas analysis, and survey data.
- Results show Pospay can create discounts/cashback and develop new features like inter-wallet transfers to boost awareness and intention to use.
The document proposes an integrated marketing communication strategy for KOST.ON3 Residence through benchmarking against competitors. It analyzes KOST.ON3 Residence's external environment and internal capabilities. The proposed strategy focuses on strengthening advertising using third-party platforms to improve brand awareness and reputation based on insights from an integrated marketing communication analysis and customer journey analysis. Using third-party platforms can help KOST.ON3 Residence expand its customer base by developing greater trust in its brand.
This document proposes marketing strategies to improve the performance of Wifi.id Corner, an internet access service provided by PT Telkom Indonesia. It analyzes Wifi.id Corner's external environment using PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, and competitor and consumer analyses. An internal analysis uses STP and the 7Ps. SWOT and TOWS matrix analyses identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on these, three strategies are proposed: using social media effectively, collaborating with the government and SMEs, and improving Wifi.id Corner's ambience. The goal is to enhance sales by creating purchase intention among consumers.
Datang International is a major Chinese power company that discloses carbon information in its social responsibility reports. The summary analyzes:
1) Datang International's carbon disclosure includes monetary information like environmental fees and subsidies, and non-monetary strategies, measures, and goals.
2) Disclosed strategies commit to green development and increasing clean energy, but some details are lacking.
3) Carbon reduction measures focus on upgrading generator units, developing clean energy, and conserving resources. However, some financial data is not reported.
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media marketing and quality of human resources on business development of MSMEs in Maros Regency, Indonesia. The article provides background on the importance of MSMEs to the Indonesian economy. It then reviews literature on topics like the definition of MSMEs, quality of human resources, use of social media marketing, and benefits of social media. The research aims to analyze the effect of social media marketing and quality of human resources on business development of MSMEs in Maros Regency using a quantitative survey method.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
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INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
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15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
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18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Q38157167
1. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM)
ISSN- 2379-106X, www.aijbm.com Volume 3, Issue 8 (August 2020), PP 157-167
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 157 | Page
Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation and
Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Countries
1
Ogunsakin Sanya(Ph. D)
, 3
Ismail Adebayo Idris M.Sc
Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti Department of Economics Faculty of the Social Sciences
Telephone No: 08035821082
*Corresponding Author: 1
Ogunsakin Sanya
ABSTRACT:- This study investigated the effects of capital goods imports on physical capital formation and
Economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa countries from 1985 to 2018. Thirty three countries were selected.
Data for the study were sourced from various publications, such as United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development Statistics (UNCTADSTART) world Economic outlook, world Development indicator (WDI) and
Central Banks of Selected countries. The study employed Descriptive statistics, panel Granger Causality Test
and panel co-integration as estimation techniques. Results from our various estimations showed that the
contributions of capital goods imports to both economic growth and physical capital formation though positive
and significant but not large enough as it contributes little to economic growth and to physical capital formation
in the analysis. Also, the findings from panel Granger causality tests showed bi-directional relationship between
economic growth and capital goods imports but uni-directional relationship between capital goods imports and
physical capital formation. The study therefore, concludes that the contributions of capital goods imports are not
large enough to effectively influence physical capital formation and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa
countries. The study recommends that governments in sub-Saharan Africa countries need to formulate policies
to encourage manufacturing sector of their economies so that they can really make effective use of capital
goods. Such policies may be in form of friendly tariff policy and review of bureaucratic process in ports.
Keywords: Capital Goods Import, Physical Capital Formation, Output Growth, Panel co-integration and Panel
Granger Causality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable economic growth is essentially required for the attainment of real and sustainable economic
development. To have sustainable growth, both human and material resources are required to be properly and
effective annexed. Every country developed and developing is blessed if not with these resources (human and
materials) but with either. However, when developed countries are able to annex these resources effectively to
move their countries to a better a economic positions, developing countries are either miz- priotize or
underutilize these resources. Majority of Sub-Saharan African countries are richly blessed in both human and
material resources but very unfortunate that they have not been able to utilize this so that it can translate into
rapid economic growth.
The gap between developed and developing countries in term of economic growth and level of human
capital development is widening every year. This is however evident in the share of GDP in terms of purchasing
power parity (PPP) of both the rich countries and the poor countries of the world. In 1980, the world total GDP
stood at US $13,054.6 billion with USA taken $2.862.5 billion which represents about 21.9 percent while the
contribution of Sub-Saharan Africa countries was around 2.3 percent of component of the total world GDP. The
total world output steadily increased in the same trends and patterns, take for instance, in 2000, the total world
GDP was around US $49,541.5 billion of which Sub-Saharan Africa contribution was around $1,187.9 billion
which was less than ten percent of United States of America contribution, IMF World Economic Outlook
(2016). This continues in patterns and trends till the moment. However, the contribution of other developing
countries particularly, Asian countries to world GDP increased tremendously around these periods. Take for
instance, as at 2015, the emerging Asia’s share of global GDP stood at 30.6 percent. while that of Sub-Saharan
Africa was about 3.9 percent IMF world economic outlook, (2016).
Several efforts have been made both by policy makers and academics researchers to identify the
reasons for this wide variation in the growth process between developed and developing countries, the level of
capital formation has been identified as one of the major factors responsible for this. Capital formation is an
important indicator useful for measuring economic development of a nation, Sharan, (2000). It is an essential
condition for formation of future development programs and is equally required to access the investment made
in the state in public and private sectors.
2. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 158 | Page
Since positive and significant relationship exists between assets and production, therefore, better and high
physical capital formation is always connected with better and higher levels of both economic growth and
economic development.
Furthermore, it is not controvertial that one of the ways to close the gap between capital formation and
economic growth is importation of capital goods. This has been well established by endogenous growth models
that presents the relevance of imports in the process of physical capital formulation and as well as an essential
channel for foreign technology and knowledge to flow into the domestic economy. Grossman and Heipin An,
(1991), Lee, (1995), Mazumdar, (2001). There is consensum among academic researchers, Esfahani, (1991)
Serletis, 1992, Riezman, whiteman, and Summers (1996) that imports is required by countries whose
manufacturing base is built on export oriented industries. As noted by Baharumshah, (1999), if foreign exchange
accumulation is sufficient, the economic growth is accelerated through importation of high quality goods and
services which in turn expand the production possibilities.
Additionally, most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa particularly net oil exporting countries
depend heavily on the revenues from oil and therefore grossly neglect other viable sectors. Even those that are
not oil producing among them depend also on income from their primary and intermediate products.
In most of the African countries, the increase in revenues from oil and other products led to massive importation
of consumable products. On the average, the value of imports increased in most of Sub-Saharan Africa countries
within a few period particularly 1990s, and 2000s. Take for instance, the importation of manufactured goods
increased by 105 percent, food import increased by 91 percent and around the same period, imports of beverages
went up by 434%. with this, it became extremely impossible to separate luxurious goods from necessity goods,
Lewis, (2007). With this, it became imperative for governments to map-out strategies to reduce importation of
goods that are not essential. However, achieving this became so controversial.
Theoretically and empirically, the issue of the relationship between capital goods imports and
economic growth has been so contentious. Take for instance, Rebelo, (1991), Savvides and Zachariadis, (2003),
Behbudii, Mamipour and Karami (2010) conclude in their various studies that importation of capital goods
stimulate capital accumulation and business expansion. Some were of the views, Stephen, (2016), Godwin
(2017) and Wilinton, (2015) that high level of import exert a drag on overall GDP growth. These diverge views
are yet to be resolved.
Despite the fact that it is not controversial that the two major determinants of growth as identified by
Solow, (1956) are labour and capital, there is a controversial as regards the relevant of capital accumulation as a
crucial factor in the growth of an economy. This is on the basis that data do not provide reliable and strong
support that factor accumulation stimulates growth in output per worker. See Solow, (1956), Abramovitz,
(1956), Denison (1967), Carroll and Weil (1994), Godwin, (2016), Liberty, (2015) and Sherif, (2017). Besides
this, in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, most of the studies conducted on the impact of capital goods imports on
physical capital formation and economic growth have been country specific, see Godwin, (2016), Liberty,
(2015) and others. It is therefore, essential to consider the effects of capital goods imports on physical capital
formation and economic growth through a panel study. Therefore, the broad objective of this paper is to
examine the effect of capital goods imports on both economic growth and physical capital formation.
The rest of the paper is structured thus; this introductory section is followed by section two that presents
literature, section three centers on methods and materials. Section four deals with results and discussion while
section five concludes the paper.
II. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE
Bond and Leblebicioglu (2009) employed panel co-integration to examine the relationship between
capital accumulation and economic growth in Nigeria between 1960 to 2000. Findings from this study showed
that there was positive and significant response of economic growth to capital accumulation which was
measured by domestic investment as a share of gross domestic product. In the same line of study, Dike (2008)
investigated the sources of Nigerian economic growth between 1950 to 1991. The study employed co-
integration and error correction as estimation technique. Finding showed that labour force expansion and capital
accumulation played major role in driven economic growth in Nigeria while improvement in total factor
productivity (TFP) played a marginal role in driven economic growth in Nigeria during the study period. Also,
Bakare (2011) studied the relationship between capital formation and economic growth in Nigeria between 1980
and 2009. In this study, ordinary least square was employed as estimation technique. Finding revealed that
growth rate of national income directly and positively related to saving ratio and capital accumulation. Chew
GingLee (2010) investigated both short-run and long-run dynamic interaction among exports, imports and
income in Pakistan. The study made use of multivariate co-integration as estimation technique. The empirical
result from this study revealed that in the short-run, there was no evidence of export led to economic growth.
Herrerius and Orts (2009) investigated the imports as a strong source of long-run growth to stimulate
productivity and economic development in China between 1964 to 2004 using co-integration and error
3. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 159 | Page
correction as estimation technique. Findings showed that imports and investment encouraged output and labour
productivity in the long-run but did not find any significant relationship between imports and investment in
short-run. Mazumdar (2001) investigated the relationship between capital goods imports and economic growth
in some selected developing countries between 1980 to 1999. The study employed panel co-integration as
estimation technique. Finding from this study showed that the import of machinery goods stimulate economic
growth positively and significantly. Baharumshah and Rushid (1999) studied the relationship between export
growth and income growth in Malaysia between 1980 and 1997. The study made use of Johansen vector error
correction method as estimation technique. Result from this study showed that export really impacted Malaysian
economy during the study period. Damilola, (2014) investigated the nexus between capital goods imports and
economic growth in west African monetary zone between 1970 to 2012 using panel ARDL as estimation
technique. Finding from this study showed that capital goods imports have positively and significantly impacted
economic growth both in the short-run and long-run. Rerd wani, (2016) studied the effects of physical capital
formation on economic growth in Nigeria between 1990 to 2014. The study employed VAR as estimation
technique Result from the study showed that physical capital formation impacted economic growth in Nigeria
during the study period but the effect was not significant. In advancing literature, Gidson (2017) examined
interactions among investment, poverty reduction and economic growth in Nigeria. The study covered period
between 1995 to 2015 using multiple regression as estimation technique. Finding from this study showed that
economic growth and investment did not significantly reduce poverty rate in Nigeria. Also, Gabriel (2015)
investigated the relationship between investment and economic growth in selected African countries. The study
made use of panel granger causality as estimation technique. Result showed bi-directional relationship between
investment and economic growth. Michael (2018) examined the relationship between economic growth and
capital goods import in African countries between 1990 to 2916. The study employed panel structural VAR as
estimation technique. Finding revealed that the response of economic growth to shocks emanated from capital
goods was only positive but not significant. Monica (2017) studied the impact of capital goods imports on
investment in some selected developing countries using panel co-integration as estimation technique. Finding
showed that impact of capital goods import on investment was positive and significant in the selected countries.
Conclusively, from empirical literature presented above, as regards the connection among capital goods imports,
economic growth and physical capital formation, agreement is still far from being reached. The capital goods
imports was much more considered in time series data being displaying positive and significant impact on
economic growth and gross fixed capital formation. However, such evidence may be difficult to accept. This is
to avoid fallacy of composition. That is, using country specific studies to conclude for panel studies. Therefore,
it is essential to use panel data. This is because since most of the studies on cross-country and panel data
analysis were inconclusive and widely varied interms of their conclusion and policy implications.
III. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING
There are theories discussing the relationship between economic growth and technological progress.
However, endogenous growth model, particularly AK model which is an improvement on other growth models
is used as foundation for the model employed in this study. Endogenous growth model suggests that one rout to
endogenising the growth rate is to dispense with the diminishing marginal returns assumption. Simultaneously,
the simplicity of the models comes in this form
α=1 which produces
yt = AtKt----------------------------------(1)
Equation (1) shows that getting returns to capital accumulation has a dramatic influence on the models
predictions for as a source of economic growth. The model states that steady state growth rate depends
positively on the savings rate and negatively on the depreciation rate. However, none of these has effect on
long-run growth based on the Solow growth model. In this regards, the AK model can be extended to a case in
which there is labour input as well as physical capital. The effect of labour input is determined by the stock of
human capital which can be accumulated through education. Therefore, both types of capital can be
accumulated model to be in the form;
Yt=AtKt
α
Ht
1-α
----------------------------- 3.2
Where Kt is physical capital
And Ht is human capital
Model Specification
In this study, the relationship among capital goods imports, physical capital formation and economic growth is
considered. Therefore, in reference to theoretical underpinning and empirical literature equation 3.3 is specified
to achieve objective of this paper.
Rgdpit= θ0+θ1GFCFit+θ2NEit+θ3PRVit+θ4PVRit+θ5CGIMit+θ6FEEit+ θ7HCit+εit-----3.3
Where Rgdp stands for output growth rate
4. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 160 | Page
GCFF is gross fixed capital formation
NE stands for Trade openness
PRV stands for Private Investment
PVR stands for public investment
GIM stands for capital goods imports
FEE represents foreign exchange earning
HC = stands for human capital
εit stands for white noise
This model is estimated by Panel cointegration and panel Granger causality tests.
IV. TABLE
Table 4.1: Descriptive statistics for pooled sample
Mean Std Dev Skewness Kurtosis J - b Prob
842.3 1674.4 6.08 54.0 156721.2 0
83.54 32.33 0.19 3.01 8.02 0.03
0.16 0.15 2.83 21.03 17610.6 0
0.05 0.13 12.11 163.8 16434462.1 0
3.82 33.72 32.54 1044.5 6674562.3 0
0.71 0.34 1.08 4.1 284.8 0
51.09 648.19 33.04 1142.2 6743446.0 0
0.30 0.16 2.98 18.4 145622.1 0
2030000.0 873000.0 9.47 116.5 17374562.3 0
In order to further provide a wide outlook for the data set, we report the descriptive statistics for the
model. This result however includes the second movement characteristics of the data that may provide
information on the use of panel data analysis technique. The average income proxed by RGDP value $842.3 for
the period which was relatively high across the sections in the study (country groups) and over time for each of
the countries. This result is demonstrated by the high standard deviation value of 1674.4. The skewness is also
highly positive at 6.08 and indicates that real gross domestic product figures for most of the countries lie to the
left of (are less than) the mean value. The kurtosis value was extremely high and this indicates the presence of
extreme values which may generate heteroscedasticity variations in the data. The data set is highly leptokurtic
and shows that the extreme outliers in the real gross domestic product values may generate heterogeneity issues
in the analysis. The J – B value is very high 156721.2 and it passes the significance test at 1 percent level, which
shows that the series is non-normally distributed.
The series for other variables in the model, gross fixed capital formation, trade openness, private
investment, public investment, capital goods import foreign exchange earnings and human capital each seem to
have rather less variable distribution judging from its low standard deviations and skewness values. However,
the J – B value for these series indicates that the series are not normally distributed. This is also the case for all
other variables in the sample for this study. This outcome clearly indicates that the use of panel data analysis
procedure for the estimation of the relationship in this study stems from heterogeneity in all the data series.
Table 4.2 Correlation matrix for variables
Variables RGDP NX PRV PUV CGI FEE HC
RGDP 0.023
NX 0.006 0.733
PRV 0.108 0.0193 0.063
PUV 0.105 0.008 0.456 60.093
CGI 0.043 0.623 0.712 0.436 0.0941
FEE 0.032 0.462 0.0034 0.067 0.0432 0.432
HC 0.048 0.345 0.006 0.0622 0.622 0.023 0.936
To further examine the background behavioral patterns in the data series in the model (unconditional
and ordinary) correlation analysis was carried out. However, the test is reported in table 4.2. The square of all
variables of interest gross fixed capital formation, trade openness, private investment, public investment, capital
goods import, foreign exchange earnings and human capital show positive relationship with output growth rate.
These shows that private investment, public investment human capital and foreign exchange earnings and
capital goods import may serve to improve economic growth.
5. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 161 | Page
PANEL UNIT ROOT TESTS
To confirm the order of integration of the variables used in the panel model is very important to
provide a direction for the foam of long-run estimation technique to be employed. This requires using more than
one method of panel unit root test. In this regards, the IM Peresan and Shin, IPS, The Livin-Lin Chu, LLC and
the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) tests were employed to achieve this. Results obtained from various
methods of panel unit root tests used in this study showed at 10% level of significance, all the series are non-
stationary at their levels but became stationary at their first difference.
Table 4.3 Panel Unit Root Test
Variables t-stat IM Order of
integral IP
t-stat Order of
integral
t- stat ADF Order of
integral
RGDPgr -5.6243 I(1) 611.03 I(1) -18.3214 I(1)
GFCF -6.2434 I(1) 521.345 I(1) -21.8211 I(1)
PRIV -5.6214 I(1) 431.431 I(1) -14.5214 I(1)
PUV -6.7241 I(1) 341.114 I(1) 22.11314 I(1)
CGI -6.344 I(1) 352.331 I(1) 18.13332 I(1)
FEE -5.3311 I(1) 4.562 I(1) 11.52114 I(1)
HC -6.3114 I(1) 6.456 I(1) 16.55231 I(1)
NE -5.4221 I(I) 5.232 I(I) 148.66211 I(I)
COINTEGRATION TEST RESULTS
Table 4.4 shows the outcomes of Pedroni’s and Kao panel cointegration tests on the series that is
between the dependant variable and the explanatory variables in the model. We use four within dimension and
three between – group dimension tests to check whether the panel data are cointegrated. The columns labeled
within-dimension contain the computed value of the statistics based on estimators that pool the autoregressive
coefficient across different countries.
The columns labelled Between-dimension report the computed value of the statistics based on the
estimators that averagely calculated coefficient for each country selected. Besides the value for the V-statistics
from the results of the within-group tests hypothesis of no cointegration can be rejected. This is also
complemented by another residues based (Kao) Panel cointegration test. This shows that the null hypothesis of
no cointegration can be as well be rejected.
Table 4.4 Panel Cointegration Test Result
Series for co integration test: RGDRgr, GFCF, PRIV, PUIV, CGI, YCE, NE , HC
Within- Dimesion Between dimension Kao(ADF)
Statistics Weighted Statistics Statistics
Panel v -3.73***
-4.49***
Group rho -3.57***
-1.62*
Panel rho -2.91***
-2.84**
Group PP -3.74***
---------
Panel PP -0.86 -3.44***
Group ADF -2.14**
---------
Panel ADF 12.44 1.28
Series for co integration Test: RGDPGR, GFCF, PRIV, PVIV, CGI FEE, NE, HC
Within- Dimension Between- dimension KAO(ADF)
Statistics Weighted Statistics Statistics
Panel v -1.35 -3.12** Group rho 1.12 -1.50*
Panel rho 1.70 0.50 Group PP -3.63***
-----
Panel PP -1.50*
-3.36*** Group ADF 0.62 ------
Panel ADF 0.84 0.14
Series for cointegration Test: RGDPgr, PRIV, PUIV, NE, FLL, HC, GFCF, CGI
Within- Dimension Between- dimension KAO(ADF)
Statistics Weighted Statistics Statistics
Panel v 0.60 -1.77*
Group rho -0.38 -1.50*
Panel rho 0.20 -1.11 Group PP -4.66***
-----------
Panel PP -2.52***
-4.42***
Group ADF -0.69 -----------
Panel ADF -0.31 -1.45*
Note: ***,**,* are the level of significance for 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. The T-statistics is written in
brackets as stated in each cell.
6. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
*Corresponding Author: Ogunsakin Sanya1
www.aijbm.com 162 | Page
Panel pairwise Granger causality Test Results
Table 4.5 shows the results obtained from panel pair wise Granger causality test among gross fixed
capital formation, capital goods import and economic growth.
Summary of the Granger – causality Result
Null Hypothesis F-Statistics Probability Decision
GDPgr does not Granger-cause GFCF 342 0.62 Do not reject
GFCF does not Granger cause GDPgr 4.10 0.06 Reject
GFCF does not Granger cause CGI 4.10 0.03 Reject
CGI does not Granger cause GFCF 5.20 0.04 Reject
GDPg does not Granger cause CGI 6.12 0.03 Reject
CGI does not Granger cause GDP 4.12 0.04 Reject
From panel pairwise granger causality test results showed on table 4.5, gross domestic product growth
rate did not granger cause gross fixed capital formation with high probability of 0.62 but gross fixed capital
formation granger caused real gross domestic product with the probability value of 0.06 while capital goods
imports and gross fixed capital formation show bi-directional relationship. Also real gross domestic product and
capital goods import exhibit bi-directional relationship. the implication the these results is that both capital
goods imports and gross fixed capital formation are required for economic growth.
Table 4.6: Economic Growth is used as dependent variable
Regressors Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7
C 0.44
(0.03)
0.22
(0.12)
0.62
(0.03)
0.62
(0.03)
0.41
(0.03)
0.29
(0.03)
0.29
(0.03)
D(NX) 0.66
(0.87)
0.22**
(2.14)
0.22
(-1.05)
0.13
(-1.05)
0.03
(-0.91)
0.06
(-2.31)
0.07
(-2.66)
D(PRV) 0.12**
(2.16)
0.11*
(1.95)
0.07**
(2.34)
0.07**
(2.25)
0.05**
(3.24)
3.67
(2.34)
3.62
(2.34)
D(PUV) 0.80**
(-2.11)
0.23*
(-1.77)
-0.15**
(-3.15)
-0.31**
(-3.16)
-0.13**
(-1.33)
0.06
(2.04)
0.04
(2.05)
D(CGI) 751***
(3.46)
______ 0.06***
(3.01)
0.05***
(3.06)
0.09***
(2.00)
0.03
(-1.63)
0.08
(-1.90)
FE 0.31
(0.12)
0.62
(0.45)
0.13
(0.46)
0.62
(0.34)
0.72
(0.41)
______ _____
HC 0.62
(0.02)
0.12
(0.05)
0.07
(0.04)
0.92
(0.08)
0.81
(0.09)
0.034
(-2.51)
-0.21
(-0.32)
PECM(-1) -
-0.133***
(-9.03)
(-0.007)
-
-0.12***
(-8.07)
(0.04)
-
-0.122***
(-8.58)
(0.03)
-
-0.122***
(-8.58)
(0.03)
-
-0.123***
(-8.60)
(0.04)
_______
-
-0.13***
(-8.78)
0.05
R2
0.67 0.81 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.87 0.81
N 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250
Durbin-Watson 1.91 1.91 1.93 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.91
Note: ***,**,* are level of significant for 1%, 5%, 10% respectively. The T-statistics is written in brackets as
stated in each cell. PECM= panel error correction mechanism.
In this model, economic growth proxed by GDPgr is used as dependent variable. From table 4.5, it is
clear that all the estimated models are devoid of serious econometrics problems. This is shown by their Durbin-
Watson statistics values which range from 1.90 to 1.92 in all the models. This implies that the results are not
associated with serial correlation problems which invariably mean that there is no auto correlation in the results.
Also, the R squared values in each of the estimated models are high which implies that the models display
effective explanatory abilities to really show the effects of all the explanatory variables on output growth rate.
In order to establish the individual effects of the explanatory variables on output growth rate, we consider the
estimated coefficient for the variables in terms of their signs and significance. From the results on table 4.6,
gross fixed capital formation has positive and significant effects on sub-Sahara Africa economic growth during
the period under review but not a large significant. The magnitude of the positive effect as evident in all the
models ranges from 3.22 to 4.13. However, the increase in the magnitude is explained by controlling for other
7. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
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variables in the models, such as capital goods imports, human capital and private investment. The coefficient of
trade openness as a measure of participation in the international trade has positive impacts on the output growth
though not significant across the models. This however, support the fact that most of what is imported into sub-
Sahara African countries are majorly consumable items while the bulk of our export are primary and
intermediate products. The coefficient of private investment is positive and significant across sub-Sahara Africa
countries. The coefficient of public investment displays positive influence on economic growth but not a
significant ones across all the models. This might have shown evidence of wasteful, corruption and illicit
transfer of money in most of the sub-Saharan Africa countries.
Table 4.7 Explanatory variables GDPgr, NX, PRV, PUV, FEE and HC Dependent Variable GFCF
Regressors Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
C 0.0003
(0.18)
0.0003
(0.18)
0.004
(0.18)
0.002
(0.18)
D(GDPgr) 2.18E-05
(0.07)
2.19E-05
(0.04)
2.18E-06
(0.06)
2.19E-06
(0.03)
D(NX) 0.12
(-1.32)
0.15**
(-2.19)
0.12
(1.32)
0.134*
(-1.67)
D(PRV) 0.07*
(1.67)
1.36E-06
(0.66)
0.00
(0.64)
0.00
(0.64)
D(PUV) 0.18***
(11.58)
0.18***
(11.64)
0.18***
12.58
0.18***
(11.57)
D(FEE) 0.003
(0.16)
0.3
(0.13)
0.42
(0.14)
0.03
(0.17)
D(HC) 0.04
(0.02)
0.02
(0.04)
0.041
(0.06)
0.04
(0.07)
PECM(-1) -0.11***
(0.02)
-0.11***
(0.06)
-0.10***
(0.04)
-0.11***
(0.04)
R2
0.82 0.65 0.73 0.81
N 1260 1251 1250 1261
Durbin – Watson 1.91 1.90 1.90 1.94
Note: ***, **,* are the level of significance for 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. The T-statistics is written in
brackets as stated in each cell. PECM = panel error correction mechanism.
In this models, gross fixed capital is used as dependent variable while other variables served as
explanatory variables across the models.
From table 4.7, it is evident that all the estimated models are devoid of serious econometric problems
as in the case of the growth models. This is shown by their Durbin – Watson statistics values which ranges from
1.90 -1.97 in all the models and this implies that the results are not associated with serial correlation problem
which invariably mean that there is no autocorrelation in the results. This is collaborated with the coefficients of
the panel error correction mechanism (PECM) in all the models, which passed all the expected characteristics. It
is significant; less than one and it is negative. This implies that it can act to correct any short run deviation of
SSA.
From the results on the table 4.7, output growth rate was found to be positively and significantly
impacted gross fixed capital formation in SSA. The effects however, ranges from 0.02 – 0.04 in all the models
trade openness is discovered to have positive but insignificant effect on gross fixed capital formation. The
coefficient of capital goods imports is positive but not significant across the model. The reason for these low
coefficients and insignificant values of capital goods imports across models might be attributed to the fact that
huge capital is required for the importation of capital goods. Also, currency devaluation policy in most of the
sub- Saharan Africa countries which makes import to be expensive and the tariff policies and bureaucracy in
clearing at ports are some of the likely reasons for low coefficients and insignificance values of capital goods
imports across models. The coefficient of human capital shows positive and significant values across the model.
This shows that human capital is one of the determinants of economic growth across countries under review.
Table 4.8 Sub regional Analysis of the relationship among capital goods imports, gross fixed capital
formation and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa
From results on table 4.8, it is evident that all the estimated models across the four regions are devoid
of serious econometrics problems. This reflects from results obtained from Dubin-Waston statistics values range
from 1.85 to 2.04 across the models. The implication of this is that results obtained from every model in the
8. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
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analysis is not associated with serial correlation problems which simply indicates that there is no autocorrelation
in the result. This is equally supported with the coefficients of the panel error correction mechanism (PECM) in
all the models which scape-through all the requirements. That is it is significant, less than one and negative.
This shows that it can act to correct any short run deviation of the various sub-regional groups on both economic
growth. From results obtained on table 4.8, it could be deduced that physical capital formation proxed by gross
fixed capital formation and capital goods imports have positive but insignificant effects across the regions. This
results support the results obtained from panel data that both physical capital formation and capital goods
imports are important determinants of economic growth but they are not enough to improve economic growth in
sub-Saharan Africa countries. Also, private investment exerts positive and significant effects on economic
growth in West Africa, East Africa and South Africa but insignificant effects in central Africa. The reason for
insignificant effects of private investment on economic growth in central Africa might be attributed to harsh
economic policies that are not in favour of private sector.
It could be deduced from the results on table 4.8 that human capital captured by enrolment rate
produced positive but insignificant effects on economic growth in West Africa and East African during the
period under review. This result does not produce any surprise since there is low level of human capital
development coupled with low absorptive capacity due to very low literary rate in these regions. The effect
stock of human capital for South African region was found to be positive and significant and this is due to the
fact that South Africa is better placed above West Africa and East Africa in turns of human capital development
and literacy rate and as well productive capacity.
Table 4.8
Results West
Region
Africa East
Region
Africa South
Region
Africa Central
Africa
Africa
Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
C 13.52
(3.91)
13.50
(3.83)
21.13
(3.53)
2.80
(1.30)
2.81
(1.30)
3.10
(1.31)
0.72
(2.85)
0.63
(2.81)
D (GFCF) 0.21
(4.42)
0.30
(4.07)
0.07
(1.91)
0.25
(2.31)
0.31
(2.41)
0.92
(1.60)
0.65
(6.46)
0.80
(6.70)
D (CGI) 1.45
(1.72)
13.14
(4.61)
23.15
(3.12)
14.51
(0.62)
3.14
(1.40)
3.12
(1.40)
0.62
(4.50)
0.90
(3.45)
D (PRV) 0.32
(0.46)
14.12
(0.61
0.62
(0.91)
11.40
(0.93)
4.21
(0.63)
3.14
(0.72)
1.40
(1.21)
14.21
(1.71)
D (PUV) 14.31
(1.42)
13.14
(3.14)
14.22
(0.61)
3.14
(0.31)
11.22
(0.71)
0.65
(0.71)
11.22
(1.14)
12.14
(2.50)
D (FEE) 13.22
(1.31)
12.14
(2.41)
16.22
(1.46)
2.21
(1.45)
1.30
(0.41)
0.68
(0.92)
14.14
(3.62)
8.05
(1.46)
D (NE) 0.62
(1.21)
14.41
(1.31)
13.22
(3.45)
12.14
(2.92)
13.04
(0.91)
3.01
(0.63)
11.05
(1.31)
20.14
(3.21)
D (HC) 21.06
(0.91)
11.42
(0.65)
0.72
(0.91)
21.14
(0.92)
7.04
(0.92)
11.22
(0.66)
11.22
(0.71)
12.14
(0.65)
P ECM(-1) -0.02
(-3.14)
-0.01
(-4.61)
-0.04
(-3.22)
-0.6
(-1.15)
-0.03
(-14.2)
-0.04
(-3.45)
-0.03
(-4.31)
-0.05
(-4.22)
R2
0.66 0.68 0.71 0.68 0.72 0.61 0.72 0.68
N 501 501 391 281 270 391 118 118
Dubin-Waston 2.01 2.03 2.01 1.91 1.85 2.04 1.95 1.90
Oil and Non-oil countries of Sub-Saharan Africa Analysis of the relationship among capital Goods
Import, gross fixed capital formation and Economic Growth
Fundamentally, sub-Saharan Africa countries are endowed with natural resources and therefore depend
mostly on returns from these natural resources which make them expose to resource course and Dutch disense
due to mismanagement of their both human and materials resources. From the results on table 4.9, there is a
wide evidence that in all the models, both in oil and non oil countries are devoid of serious econometrics
problems. This is confirmed with results obtained from Dubin-Waston values which range from 1.73 to 2.01.
This shows that the results are devoid of serial correlation problems which invariably indicates that there is no
autocorrelation in the results. This is as well supported by the coefficient of the panel error correction
mechanism (PECM) across the models that scape through all the expected features. That is, it is significant, less
than one and it is negative. This shows that it can act to correct any short run deviation of the oil and non-oil
countries on economic growth in the long-run. From results on table 4.8, foreign exchange earnings exerts
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positive and significant effects on economic growth while it exerts positive but insignificant on economic
growth in non-oil countries. This might be attributed to better performance of oil producing countries in terms
of revenue generation and foreign exchange earning more than non the non-oil countries. Human capital
captured by enrolment rate and private investment have positive and significant effect on both oil and in non-oil
exporting countries in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the magnitude of the effect is higher in non oil exporting
countries than oil exporting countries. This shows that the stock of human capital in non-oil exporting countries
performs better in contributing to growth than that of oil exporting sub-Saharan Africa countries. This reveales
the level of attention giving to human capital development in these two groups. Public investment as shown in
the table 4.9, is found to have positive but insignificant effects on economic growth in oil exporting countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa but positive and significant effects in non-oil exporting countries. As earlier stated, this is
not unconnected with rent seeking behaviour and mismanagement of oil revenue as exposed from their public
investment spending having no desired effect on growth in these countries. Capital goods import and gross
fixed capital formation are found to have positive and significant effect on economic growth in both oil and non
oil exporting countries. However, the effect is larger in oil exporting countries. The larger effects on economic
growth might be attached with the to higher foreign exchanging earning in oil producing countries.
Table 4.9: Sub regional oil and Non-oil Exporting countries Analysis of the relationship among capital Good
imports, physical capital formation and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Table 4.9 Result for oil Result for non-oil exporting countries
Repressors Model (1) Model (2) Model (1) Model (2)
C 0.65
(0.36)
0.67
(0.46)
3.13
(4.52
3.04
(4.40)
D (GDPgr(-1) 0.09
(2.08)
0.07
(1.82)
0.32
(7.08)
0.32
(8.02)
D (GFCF) 0.07
(7.40)
0.06
(5.21)
2.32
(1.81)
3.02
(1.81)
D (NE) 0.42
(3.24)
0.52
(3.16)
0.52
(0.84)
0.52
(0.71)
D (PRV) 0.61
(3.22)
0.61
(4.14)
3.14
(0.62)
2.14
(0.62)
D (PVR) -4.14
-(3.18)
0.24
(5.15)
4.14
(0.61)
3.15
(0.52)
D (GIM) 5.12
(0.45)
3.4
(0.62)
5.14
(0.05)
3.22
(0.04
D (FEE) 0.32
(0.056)
3.01
(0.02
2.06
(0.15)
3.06
(0.10)
D (HC) 2.04
(0.03)
2.04
(0.06)
1.15
(0.03)
2.04
(0.06)
PECM (-1) 0.18
(-3.62)
-0.19
(-4.66)
-0.06
(-4.66)
-0.05
(-5.51)
R2
0.83 0.62 0.64 0.64
N 118 118 1182 1182
Dubin-Waston 1.92 1.84 1.82 1.94
Note x x x x xxx are the level of significance for 1% , 5% and 10% respectively. The T-statistics is written in
brackets as stated in each cell. PECM = panel error correction mechanism.
V. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
In order to avoid spurious regression in this study, the level of stationarity of all the variables of interest
was tested by IM test, IPS, and ADF unit root tests. Results from the tests confirmed that all the variables of
interest became stationary at first difference i.e they are integrated of order one I(1). Thereafter, long-run
relationship among the variable of interest was confirmed through Pedron’s and Kao panel co-integration.
Finding from this showed that the null hypothesis of no co-integration can be rejected. The results from this
further showed that the coefficient of capital goods import was positive and significant but not large enough.
This findings is in tandem with the finding Co et al,(1997) on gross fixed capital formation and economic
growth, Dike, (2008) Eaton et al, (2001) in a related study that the contribution of capital goods import was
positive but neither large on gross fixed capital formation non on economic growth. From the model, the
coefficient of private investment was positive and significant on gross fixed capital formation; this finding is
10. Capital Goods Imports, Physical Capital Formation And Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan …
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also compatible with the discovery of Stephen, (2016) in a related study that private investment plays an
important role in the process of gross fixed capital formation.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study investigated the effects capital goods import on physical capital formation and economic
growth is Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The study employed descriptive statistics, panel granger causality and
panel co-integration as estimation techniques. Results from our various estimations showed that capital goods
imports Produced positive and significant effect on both economic growth and gross physical capital formation.
However, the effect was not large enough to really influence gross fixed capital formation and economic
growth. The study therefore, concludes that capital goods import did not produce expected impact on gross
fixed capital formation and economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries during the study period. The
study recommends that regulations and policies are required to reduce importation of consumable items that
could be produced by domestically owned factors of production and encourage importation of capital goods that
are needed to produce consumable goods.
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*Corresponding Author: 1
Ogunsakin Sanya
Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti Department of Economics Faculty of the Social Sciences