Python decorators allow functions and classes to be augmented or modified by wrapper objects. Decorators take the form of callable objects that process other callable objects like functions and classes. Decorators are applied once when a function or class is defined, making augmentation logic explicit and avoiding the need to modify call sites. Decorators can manage state information, handle multiple instances, and take arguments to customize behavior. However, decorators also introduce type changes and extra function calls that incur performance costs.
Object oriented programming with pythonArslan Arshad
A short intro to how Object Oriented Paradigm work in Python Programming language. This presentation created for beginner like bachelor student of Computer Science.
Object oriented programming with pythonArslan Arshad
A short intro to how Object Oriented Paradigm work in Python Programming language. This presentation created for beginner like bachelor student of Computer Science.
Basics of Iterators and Generators,Uses of iterators and generators in python. advantage of iterators and generators. difference between generators and iterators.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods. Subclasses of an abstract class in Python are not required to implement abstract methods of the parent class.
PYTHON-Chapter 3-Classes and Object-oriented Programming: MAULIK BORSANIYAMaulik Borsaniya
Classes and Object-oriented Programming:
Classes: Creating a Class, The Self Variable, Constructor, Types of Variables, Namespaces, Types of Methods (Instance Methods, Class Methods, Static Methods), Passing Members of One Class to Another Class, Inner Classes
Inheritance and Polymorphism: Constructors in Inheritance, Overriding Super Class Constructors and Methods, The super() Method, Types of Inheritance, Single Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Method Resolution Order (MRO), Polymorphism, Duck Typing Philosophy of Python, Operator Overloading, Method Overloading, Method Overriding
Abstract Classes and Interfaces: Abstract Method and Abstract Class, Interfaces in Python, Abstract Classes vs. Interfaces,
What is Multithreading In Python | Python Multithreading Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/JnFfp81VbOs
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **
This Edureka PPT on 'Multithreading in Python'' will help you understand the concept of threading in python. Below are the topics covered in this live PPT:
What is multitasking in Python?
Types of multitasking
What is a thread?
How to achieve multithreading in Python?
When to use multithreading?
How to create threads in Python?
Advantages of multithreading
Python Tutorial Playlist: https://goo.gl/WsBpKe
Blog Series: http://bit.ly/2sqmP4s
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What is Python Lambda Function? Python Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/RQRCWDK9UkA
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **
This Edureka PPT on 'Python Lambda' is to educate you about the Lambda functions of Python and help you understand how to use them in various scenarios. Below are the topics covered in this PPT:
What are Python Lambda functions?
Why are they used?
How to write anonymous functions?
Lambda functions within user-defined functions
Using Anonymous functions within
- filter()
- map()
- reduce()
Solving algebric expressions using Lambda
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
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How to use Map() Filter() and Reduce() functions in Python | EdurekaEdureka!
Youtube Link: https://youtu.be/QxpbE5hDPws
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/data-science-python-certification-course**
This Edureka PPT on 'map, filter, and reduce functions in Python' is to educate you about these very important built-in functions in Python. Below are the topics covered in this PPT:
Introduction to map filter reduce
The map() function
The filter() function
The reduce() function
Using map(),filter() and reduce() functions together
filter() within map()
map() within filter()
map() and filter() within reduce()
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
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LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
( ** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python ** )
This Edureka PPT on Tkinter tutorial covers all the basic aspects of creating and making use of your own simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Python. It establishes all of the concepts needed to get started with building your own user interfaces while coding in Python.
This presentation educates you about objectives of python with example syntax, OOP Terminology, Creating Classes, Creating Instance Objects, Accessing Attributes and Built-In Class Attributes.
Python Class | Python Programming | Python Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
( Python Training : https://www.edureka.co/python )
This Edureka Python Class tutorial (Python Tutorial Blog: https://goo.gl/wd28Zr) will help you understand Python Classes and Objects with examples. It will also explain the concept of Abstract Classes and Inheritance in python.
Check out our Python Training Playlist: https://goo.gl/Na1p9G
This Python Programming tutorial video helps you to learn following topics:
1. Python Classes and Objects
2. Inheritance
3. Abstract Classes
ABSTRACT: In recent years, Python had become an extremely popular programming language. Python is becoming more and more present in education as its syntax gets out of the way and makes it easy to learn and use to introduce computer science concepts. This paper explores the inner workings of Python decorators, which is considered an advanced topic even for experienced programmers. The paper provides an insight into decorators mechanism, as well as their implementation using classes and functions. Implementation options are discussed using examples
and visualization.
[Presented at IT'15 Conference in Zabljak, Montenegro]
Basics of Iterators and Generators,Uses of iterators and generators in python. advantage of iterators and generators. difference between generators and iterators.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods. Subclasses of an abstract class in Python are not required to implement abstract methods of the parent class.
PYTHON-Chapter 3-Classes and Object-oriented Programming: MAULIK BORSANIYAMaulik Borsaniya
Classes and Object-oriented Programming:
Classes: Creating a Class, The Self Variable, Constructor, Types of Variables, Namespaces, Types of Methods (Instance Methods, Class Methods, Static Methods), Passing Members of One Class to Another Class, Inner Classes
Inheritance and Polymorphism: Constructors in Inheritance, Overriding Super Class Constructors and Methods, The super() Method, Types of Inheritance, Single Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Method Resolution Order (MRO), Polymorphism, Duck Typing Philosophy of Python, Operator Overloading, Method Overloading, Method Overriding
Abstract Classes and Interfaces: Abstract Method and Abstract Class, Interfaces in Python, Abstract Classes vs. Interfaces,
What is Multithreading In Python | Python Multithreading Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/JnFfp81VbOs
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **
This Edureka PPT on 'Multithreading in Python'' will help you understand the concept of threading in python. Below are the topics covered in this live PPT:
What is multitasking in Python?
Types of multitasking
What is a thread?
How to achieve multithreading in Python?
When to use multithreading?
How to create threads in Python?
Advantages of multithreading
Python Tutorial Playlist: https://goo.gl/WsBpKe
Blog Series: http://bit.ly/2sqmP4s
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
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LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
What is Python Lambda Function? Python Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/RQRCWDK9UkA
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **
This Edureka PPT on 'Python Lambda' is to educate you about the Lambda functions of Python and help you understand how to use them in various scenarios. Below are the topics covered in this PPT:
What are Python Lambda functions?
Why are they used?
How to write anonymous functions?
Lambda functions within user-defined functions
Using Anonymous functions within
- filter()
- map()
- reduce()
Solving algebric expressions using Lambda
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
How to use Map() Filter() and Reduce() functions in Python | EdurekaEdureka!
Youtube Link: https://youtu.be/QxpbE5hDPws
** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/data-science-python-certification-course**
This Edureka PPT on 'map, filter, and reduce functions in Python' is to educate you about these very important built-in functions in Python. Below are the topics covered in this PPT:
Introduction to map filter reduce
The map() function
The filter() function
The reduce() function
Using map(),filter() and reduce() functions together
filter() within map()
map() within filter()
map() and filter() within reduce()
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
( ** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python ** )
This Edureka PPT on Tkinter tutorial covers all the basic aspects of creating and making use of your own simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Python. It establishes all of the concepts needed to get started with building your own user interfaces while coding in Python.
This presentation educates you about objectives of python with example syntax, OOP Terminology, Creating Classes, Creating Instance Objects, Accessing Attributes and Built-In Class Attributes.
Python Class | Python Programming | Python Tutorial | EdurekaEdureka!
( Python Training : https://www.edureka.co/python )
This Edureka Python Class tutorial (Python Tutorial Blog: https://goo.gl/wd28Zr) will help you understand Python Classes and Objects with examples. It will also explain the concept of Abstract Classes and Inheritance in python.
Check out our Python Training Playlist: https://goo.gl/Na1p9G
This Python Programming tutorial video helps you to learn following topics:
1. Python Classes and Objects
2. Inheritance
3. Abstract Classes
ABSTRACT: In recent years, Python had become an extremely popular programming language. Python is becoming more and more present in education as its syntax gets out of the way and makes it easy to learn and use to introduce computer science concepts. This paper explores the inner workings of Python decorators, which is considered an advanced topic even for experienced programmers. The paper provides an insight into decorators mechanism, as well as their implementation using classes and functions. Implementation options are discussed using examples
and visualization.
[Presented at IT'15 Conference in Zabljak, Montenegro]
Everyone knows Python's basic datatypes and their most common containers (list, tuple, dict and set).
However, few people know that they should use a deque to implement a queue, that using defaultdict their code would be cleaner and that they could be a bit more efficient using namedtuples instead of creating new classes.
This talk will review the data structures of Python's "collections" module of the standard library (namedtuple, deque, Counter, defaultdict and OrderedDict) and we will also compare them with the built-in basic datatypes.
Do you know what’s happening each time you use the @ (at) symbol to decorate a function in Python?
In this talk we are going to see how Python’s decorators syntactic sugar works under the hood.
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (DrupalCamp North 2015)Bart Feenstra
If most of your web development work focuses around current stable versions of Drupal, you may be new to object-oriented programming. This is an approach to coding that centers around objects, which are data of their own types (classes) with their own behavior that are defined by developers and can easily be built upon by other developers. It also includes concepts such as interfaces, more compartmentalized design, dependency injection and unit testing.
This session will explain these concepts to you from the point of view of someone coming from procedural programming, which was Drupal’s predominant coding style before version 8. Afterwards, you will be familiar with the main concepts used by Drupal 8 and other modern PHP libraries and frameworks and you will be able to recognize and work with them in your favorite new Drupal version.
Creative Language and Creative Process Across Disciplines: Music, Programming...jwettersten
This presentation examines the overlapping concepts across the creative languages of art, mathematics, programming, and music and the implications for the creative process and craft.
Concurrency and parallelism in Python are always hot topics. This talk will look the variety of forms of concurrency and parallelism. In particular this talk will give an overview of various forms of message-passing concurrency which have become popular in languages like Scala and Go. A Python library called python-csp which implements similar ideas in a Pythonic way will be introduced and we will look at how this style of programming can be used to avoid deadlocks, race hazards and "callback hell".
Prepping the Analytics organization for Artificial Intelligence evolutionRamkumar Ravichandran
This is a discussion document to be used at the Big Data Spain at Madrid on Nov 18th, 2016. The key takeaway from the deck is that AI is reality and much closer than we realize. It will impact our Analytics Community in a very different way vs. an average Consumer. We can shape and guide the revolution if we start preparing for it now - right from our mindset, design thinking principles and productization of Analytics (API-zation). AI is a need to address the problems of scale, speed, precision in the world that is getting more and more complex around us - it is not humanly possible to answer all the questions ourselves and we will need machines to do it for us. The flow of the story line begins with a reality check on popular misconceptions and some background on AI. It then delves into all the ways it can optimize the current flow and ends with the "Managing Innovation Playbook" a set of three steps that should guide our innovation programs - Strategy, Execution & Transformation, i.e., the principles that tell us what we want to get out of it, how to get it done and finally how much the benefits permanent and consistently improving.
Would love to hear your feedback, thoughts and reactions.
Open source u Crnoj Gori - izazovi i mogućnosti (Infofest 2016, Budva, Monten...Tomo Popovic
ABSTRACT - Porast u korišćenju Open Source softvera širom svijeta je primjetan u gotovo svim oblastima: internet, operativni sistemi, baze podataka, aplikacije, itd. Podrška razvoju i implementaciji Open Source softvera je višedimenzionalna. Razvojem ovih rješenja, sa jedne strane, umanjuje se zavisnost institucija i društva od komercijalnih platformi, tj. vlasničkih softverskih rješenja, a sa druge strane omogućava se širokoj zajednici ICT stručnjaka da se uključe i daju doprinos kvalitetu razvoja softverskih rješenja.
Razvijene zemlje svijeta su odavno prepoznale prednosti Open Source rješenja kroz implementaciju u najvažnijim bezbjednosnim sistemima kao i migracijom korisničkih računara u državnim i lokalnim institucijama na operativne sisteme zasnovane na open source tehnologijama.
Crna Gora je, prateći savremene trendove u razvoju ICT rješenja, još 2011. godine usvojila "Strategiju korišćenja Open Source tehnologija u Crnoj Gori". U cilju popularizacije i unapređenja korišćenja ovih tehnologija, u junu ove godine, usvojen je akcioni plan koji uključuje aktivnosti u oblasti obrazovanja, promocije i primjene open source rješenja u društvu.
U okviru prezentacije biće predstavljeni izazovi sa kojima se državni organi suočavaju u odabiru i implementaciji Open Source rješenja kao i mogućnosti koje treba prepoznati i valorizovati. Biće riječi i o mogućnostima koje su prepoznate u cilju podizanja nivoa opšteg znanja i stepena korišćenja open source softvera u obrazovnom sistemu koji predstavlja polaznu osnovu za razvoj budućih ICT stručnjaka iz ove oblasti.
Sa druge strane, prezentacija će ukazati na trenutno stanje u svijetu i Crnoj Gori i predstaviti aktivnosti koje sprovodi lokalna Open Source zajednica u cilju jačanja open source inicijative u Crnoj Gori. U okviru prezentacije ukazaće se na važna pitanja: ko su sve korisnici Open Source softvera i na koji način se ostvaruju benefiti iz korišćenja Open Source-a. Biće riječi i o legalnim aspektima i licenciranju, procjeni zrelosti softvera kao i ključnim rizicima i izazovima.
Slides from Advaned Python lectures I gave recently in Haifa Linux club
Advanced python, Part 1:
- Decorators
- Descriptors
- Metaclasses
- Multiple inheritance
The Power of Decorators in Python [Meetup]Haim Michael
This is the presentation I was using in 'The Power of Decorators in Python' meetup, which was delivered on May 19th, 2020. It was delivered online and in english. More info about that meetup at https://www.meetup.com/life-michael/events/265483788/ You can find the video at https://youtu.be/XxUm0i5cnNI
Inheritance and Polymorphism in Python. Inheritance is a mechanism which allows us to create a new class – known as child class – that is based upon an existing class – the parent class, by adding new attributes and methods on top of the existing class.
My talk at BarCamp London 5: An introduction to Cocoa development and how web developers can cheat.
Source code to go with this presentation is available here: http://georgebrock.com/conferences/barcamplondon5
Object Oriented programming in Python.
Originally part 3 of a 4 lectures seminar for the Networking class of the Computer Science course at the University of Parma
Slides contain selectively and subjectively choosen topics related with development application in Django framework like: class-based views, signals, customizing User model after 1.5 version released, database migration and queuing tasks using Celery and RabbitMQ.
You've learned to program in Ruby, but now you want to start learning about how to move beyond the language basics and make use of some of the dynamic parts of the Ruby language. We'll cover that a bit here.
Cascading is a Data Processing API, Process Planner, and Process Scheduler used for defining and executing complex, scale-free, and fault tolerant data processing workflows on an Apache Hadoop cluster.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
3. What’s a Decorator?
Decoration is a way to specify management code for functions and classes.
Decorators themselves take the form of callable objects (e.g., functions) that
process other callable objects.
• Function decorators install wrapper objects to intercept later function calls
and process them as needed.
• Class decorators install wrapper objects to intercept later instance creation
calls and process them as required.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
4. Why Decorators?
• Decorators have a very explicit syntax, which makes them easier to spot than
helper function calls that may be arbitrarily far-removed from the subject
functions or classes.
• Decorators are applied once, when the subject function or class is defined;
it’s not necessary to add extra code (which may have to be changed in the
future) at every call to the class or function.
• Because of both of the prior points, decorators make it less likely that a user
of an API will forget to augment a function or class according to API
requirements.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
5. Why Decorators?
def query(): @get('/query')
# parse http request @logging
# logging @authentication
# authenticate user @authorization(―admin‖)
# authorize user permission @cache
# if cache exists, return it. def query():
# get data from DB # get data from DB
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
6. Function Decorators
Classification 4/3/2012 Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc. 6
7. Usage
In terms of code, function decorators automatically map the following syntax:
@decorator
def F(arg):
...
F(99) # Call function
into this equivalent form, where decorator is a one-argument callable object
that re- turns a callable object with the same number of arguments as F:
def F(arg):
...
F = decorator(F) # Rebind function name to decorator result
F(99) # Essentially calls decorator(F)(99)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
8. Implementation
A decorator itself is a callable that returns a callable.
def decorator(F):
print ‖init decorator"
return F
@decorator
def func():
print "Hello‖
This decorator is invoked at decoration time, and the callable it returns is
invoked when the original function name is later called.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
9. Implementation
the decorator returns a wrapper that retains the original function in an enclosing scope
def decorator(F):
def wrapper(*args):
print ‖run function"
F()
return wrapper
@decorator
def func():
print "Hello"
When the name func is later called, it really invokes the wrapper function
returned by decorator; the wrapper function can then run the original func
because it is still available in an enclosing scope.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
10. Implementation
To do the same with classes, we can overload the call operation and use instance at-
tributes instead of enclosing scopes:
class decorator:
def __init__(self, func): # On @ decoration
self.func = func
print "init decorator‖
def __call__(self, *args): # On wrapped function call
print "run function"
self.func(*args)
@decorator
def func(): # func = decorator(func), then func is passed to __init__
print "Hello‖
func() #call __call__'s *args
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
11. Class Decorators
Classification 4/3/2012 Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc. 11
12. Usage
@decorator # Decorate
class C:
...
x = C(99) # Make an instance
is equivalent to the following—the class is automatically passed to the
decorator func- tion, and the decorator’s result is assigned back to the class
name:
class C:
...
C = decorator(C) # Rebind class name to decorator result
x = C(99) # Essentially calls decorator(C)(99)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
13. Implementation
A decorator itself is a callable that returns a callable.
def decorator(C):
print ‖init decorator"
return C
@decorator
class C:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.attr = 'spam’
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
14. Implementation
the decorator returns a wrapper that retains the original function in an enclosing scope
def decorator(cls):
class Wrapper:
def __init__(self, *args):
self.wrapped = cls(*args)
def __getattr__(self, name):
return getattr(self.wrapped, name)
return Wrapper
@decorator
class C:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.attr = 'spam’
It does support multiple instances, because each instance creation call makes a new
independent wrapper object.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
15. Implementation - invalid
class Decorator:
def __init__(self, C): # On @ decoration
self.C = C
def __call__(self, *args): # On instance creation
self.wrapped = self.C(*args)
return self
def __getattr__(self, attrname): # On atrribute fetch
return getattr(self.wrapped, attrname)
@decorator
class C:
….
x = C()
y = C() # Overwrites x!
this version fails to handle multiple instances of a given class—each instance
creation call overwrites the prior saved instance.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
17. Usage
Sometimes one decorator isn’t enough. To support multiple steps of augmentation,
decorator syntax allows you to add multiple layers of wrapper logic to a decorated
function or method. When this feature is used, each decorator must appear on a line of
its own. Decorator syntax of this form:
@A
@B
@C
def f(...):
...
runs the same as the following:
def f(...):
...
f = A(B(C(f)))
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
20. Usage
Both function and class decorators can also seem to take arguments, although really
these arguments are passed to a callable that in effect returns the decorator, which in
turn returns a callable. The following, for instance:
@decorator(A, B)
def F(arg):
...
F(99)
is automatically mapped into this equivalent form, where decorator is a callable that
returns the actual decorator. The returned decorator in turn returns the callable run later
for calls to the original function name:
def F(arg):
...
F = decorator(A, B)(F) # Rebind F to result of decorator's return value
F(99) # Essentially calls decorator(A, B)(F)(99)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
23. Decorators Manage Functions and Classes
def decorate(O):
# Save or augment function or class O
return O
@decorator
def F(): ... # F = decorator(F)
@decorator
class C: ... # C = decorator(C)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
24. Logging example
>>> spam(1, 2, 3)
class tracer:
call 1 to spam
def __init__(self, func):
6
self.calls = 0
>>> spam ('a', 'b', 'c')
self.func = func
call 2 to spam
def __call__(self, *args):
abc
self.calls += 1
>>> spam.calls
print('call %s to %s' % (self.calls, self.func.__name__))
2
self.func(*args)
@tracer
def spam(a, b, c):
print(a + b + c)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
25. State Information
Classification 4/3/2012 Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc. 25
26. Class instance attributes
>>>spam(1, 2, 3)
class tracer:
def __init__(self, func):
call 1 to spam
self.calls = 0 6
self.func = func >>>spam(a=4, b=5, c=6)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): call 2 to spam
self.calls += 1 15
print('call %s to %s' % (self.calls, self.func.__name__))
>>>eggs(2, 16)
return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
call 1 to eggs
@tracer
65536
def spam(a, b, c): >>>eggs(4, y=4)
print(a + b + c) call 2 to eggs
256
@tracer
def eggs(x, y):
print(x ** y)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
27. Enclosing scopes and nonlocals
>>>spam(1, 2, 3)
def tracer(func):
call 1 to spam
calls = 0
6
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
>>>spam(a=4, b=5, c=6)
nonlocal calls
call 2 to spam
calls += 1
15
print('call %s to %s' % (calls, func.__name__))
>>>eggs(2, 16)
return func(*args, **kwargs)
call 1 to eggs
return wrapper
65536
>>>eggs(4, y=4)
call 2 to eggs
256
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
28. Enclosing scopes and globals
calls = 0 >>>spam(1, 2, 3)
def tracer(func): call 1 to spam
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): 6
global calls >>>spam(a=4, b=5, c=6)
calls += 1 call 2 to spam
print('call %s to %s' % (calls, func.__name__)) 15
return func(*args, **kwargs) >>>eggs(2, 16)
return wrapper call 3 to eggs
65536
>>>eggs(4, y=4)
call 4 to eggs
256
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
30. Class Blunders I - Decorating Class Methods
class tracer:
def __init__(self, func):
self.calls = 0
self.func = func
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.calls += 1
print('call %s to %s' % (self.calls, self.func.__name__))
return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
31. Class Blunders I - Decorating Class Methods
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, pay):
self.name = name
self.pay = pay
@tracer
def giveRaise(self, percent):
self.pay *= (1.0 + percent)
@tracer
def lastName(self):
return self.name.split()[-1]
bob = Person('Bob Smith', 50000)
bob.giveRaise(.25) ## Runs tracer.__call__(???, .25)
The root of the problem here is in the self argument of the tracer class’s __call__ method,
is it a tracer instance or a Person instance?
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
32. Using nested functions to decorate methods
def tracer(func):
calls = 0
def onCall(*args, **kwargs):
nonlocal calls
calls += 1
print('call %s to %s' % (calls, func.__name__))
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return onCall
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
33. Singleton Classes
instances = {}
def getInstance(aClass, *args):
if aClass not in instances:
instances[aClass] = aClass(*args)
return instances[aClass]
def singleton(aClass):
def onCall(*args):
return getInstance(aClass, *args)
return onCall
@singleton
class Spam:
def __init__(self, val):
self.attr = val
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
34. Why Decorators? (Revisited)
drawbacks:
• Type changes
– As we’ve seen, when wrappers are inserted, a decorated function or class
does not retain its original type—its name is rebound to a wrapper object.
• Extra calls
– A wrapping layer added by decoration incurs the additional performance
cost of an extra call each time the decorated object is invoked
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
35. Why Decorators? (Revisited)
benefits:
• Explicit syntax
– Decorators make augmentation explicit and obvious.
• Code maintenance
– Decorators avoid repeated augmentation code at each function or class
call.
• Consistency
– Decorators make it less likely that a programmer will forget to use
required wrapping logic.
Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc.
36. Q&A
Classification 4/3/2012 Copyright 2009 Trend Micro Inc. 36
Editor's Notes
Like onion
Like onion
For example, @Transactional annotation in java
AOPUse decorator to validate argumentsLoggingCaching
Python 3.0
The root of the problem here is in the self argument of the tracer class’s __call__ method—is it a tracer instance or a Person instance? We really need both as it’s coded: the tracer for decorator state, and the Person for routing on to the original method. Really, self must be the tracer object, to provide access to tracer’s state information; this is true whether decorating a simple function or a method. Unfortunately, when our decorated method name is rebound to a class instance object with a __call__, Python passes only the tracer instance to self; it doesn’t pass along the Person subject in the arguments list at all. Moreover, because the tracer knows nothing about the Person instance we are trying to process with method calls, there’s no way to create a bound method with an instance, and thus no way to correctly dis- patch the call.
If you want your function decorators to work on both simple functions and class methods, the most straightforward solution lies in using one of the other state retention solutions described earlier—code your function decorator as nested defs, so that you don’t depend on a single self instance argument to be both the wrapper class instance and the subject class instance. It can store both state by nonlocal attribute and pass arguments
Explicit syntax Decorators make augmentation explicit and obvious. Their @ syntax is easier to recognize than special code in calls that may appear anywhere in a source file—in our singleton and tracer examples, for instance, the decorator lines seem more likely to be noticed than extra code at calls would be. Moreover, decorators allow function and instance creation calls to use normal syntax familiar to all Python programmers. Code maintenance Decorators avoid repeated augmentation code at each function or class call. Be- cause they appear just once, at the definition of the class or function itself, they obviate redundancy and simplify future code maintenance. For our singleton and tracer cases, we need to use special code at each call to use a manager function approach—extra work is required both initially and for any modifications that must be made in the future. Consistency Decorators make it less likely that a programmer will forget to use required wrap- ping logic. This derives mostly from the two prior advantages—because decoration is explicit and appears only once, at the decorated objects themselves, decorators promote more consistent and uniform API usage than special code that must be included at each call. In the singleton example, for instance, it would be easy to forget to route all class creation calls through special code, which would subvert the singleton management altogether.