The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The document provides an example of using the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the length of the hypotenuse of a triangle when the other two sides are given as 8 and 4 units. It then shows the calculation of the hypotenuse as 8.9 units.