Put and call options
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Options are becoming increasingly mainstream. As their use has grown, so have the opportunities to add convenience and flexibility to property transactions. In this presentation our experts delve into everything you need to know about how, when and why to use put and call options.
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Options trading presentation
The document discusses options trading compared to stock trading. It explains that options allow for higher returns with less capital than purchasing equivalent shares but have expiration dates. The document defines put and call options and bullish and bearish strategies. It also covers concepts like time erosion, portfolio management, and resources for learning options trading.
Fundamentals of Option Contracts
1) Buying call options allows investors to speculate on a rise in the price of the underlying stock or manage risk. The buyer pays a premium for the right to purchase the stock at a set strike price.
2) Strategy #1 involves buying calls to speculate, paying $1,000 in premiums for calls with a $55 strike price hoping to sell them at a profit if the stock rises above $55 before expiration.
3) Strategy #2 involves buying calls to manage risk, protecting a fund manager's planned stock purchase from increases above the $55 strike price before receiving funds in December.
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This document provides an overview of options basics, including: types of options (calls and puts), components (strike price, premium, intrinsic/time value), risk factors, and strategies (long/short calls and puts). It also defines key Greeks like delta, gamma, vega, and theta that measure an option's sensitivity to changes in the underlying asset price, volatility, and time to expiration.
Payoff options
This document provides an overview of payoff diagrams for options. It defines a payoff diagram as a graphical representation of potential profits and losses from an options strategy based on the price of the underlying asset. The document explains that the vertical axis shows profits/losses and the horizontal axis shows the underlying asset price. It then gives an example of a long call option, which profits if the asset price rises above the strike price. In summary, the document defines payoff diagrams, explains how they illustrate options strategy outcomes, and provides an example for a long call option.
Call option
The document discusses call options. A call option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a specified price within a specific time period. There are different types of underlying assets for call options, including stocks, indexes, currencies, and commodities. Call options provide leverage for investors and limit their risk to the premium paid, while allowing profits from rising asset prices. However, calls also have disadvantages like time expiration, complexity, and unlimited losses for writers of naked calls. The document provides examples of how call options are exercised based on the direction of the underlying asset price.
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The document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
- A brief history of options and their use in ancient Greece.
- Current options markets and regulators.
- Key terminology related to options contracts.
- The main types of options - calls and puts.
- Common valuation methods and strategies for options positions, including bullish, bearish, and neutral strategies.
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1. A brief history of options and their evolution over time from ancient Greece to modern markets.
2. An overview of the key characteristics of options contracts, including the types of options (calls, puts), how they are valued, and common strategies (bullish, bearish, neutral).
3. Examples of how options work from the perspective of buyers and sellers, including payoffs and breakeven points. Valuation methods like the binomial tree approach are also introduced.
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The document discusses options trading compared to stock trading. It explains that options allow for higher returns with less capital than purchasing equivalent shares but have expiration dates. The document defines put and call options and bullish and bearish strategies. It also covers concepts like time erosion, portfolio management, and resources for learning options trading.
Fundamentals of Option Contracts
1) Buying call options allows investors to speculate on a rise in the price of the underlying stock or manage risk. The buyer pays a premium for the right to purchase the stock at a set strike price.
2) Strategy #1 involves buying calls to speculate, paying $1,000 in premiums for calls with a $55 strike price hoping to sell them at a profit if the stock rises above $55 before expiration.
3) Strategy #2 involves buying calls to manage risk, protecting a fund manager's planned stock purchase from increases above the $55 strike price before receiving funds in December.
Basics of options
This document provides an overview of options basics, including: types of options (calls and puts), components (strike price, premium, intrinsic/time value), risk factors, and strategies (long/short calls and puts). It also defines key Greeks like delta, gamma, vega, and theta that measure an option's sensitivity to changes in the underlying asset price, volatility, and time to expiration.
Payoff options
This document provides an overview of payoff diagrams for options. It defines a payoff diagram as a graphical representation of potential profits and losses from an options strategy based on the price of the underlying asset. The document explains that the vertical axis shows profits/losses and the horizontal axis shows the underlying asset price. It then gives an example of a long call option, which profits if the asset price rises above the strike price. In summary, the document defines payoff diagrams, explains how they illustrate options strategy outcomes, and provides an example for a long call option.
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The document discusses call options. A call option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a specified price within a specific time period. There are different types of underlying assets for call options, including stocks, indexes, currencies, and commodities. Call options provide leverage for investors and limit their risk to the premium paid, while allowing profits from rising asset prices. However, calls also have disadvantages like time expiration, complexity, and unlimited losses for writers of naked calls. The document provides examples of how call options are exercised based on the direction of the underlying asset price.
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The document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
- A brief history of options and their use in ancient Greece.
- Current options markets and regulators.
- Key terminology related to options contracts.
- The main types of options - calls and puts.
- Common valuation methods and strategies for options positions, including bullish, bearish, and neutral strategies.
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An options contract gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified strike price on or before the expiration date. There are call and put options. A call option allows buying the asset, while a put option allows selling the asset. The buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right. The profit/loss of the buyer and seller depends on whether the option expires in or out of the money. The buyer's potential profit is unlimited but their loss is limited to the premium paid, whereas for the seller the potential loss is unlimited but profit is limited to the premium received.
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This document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
1. A brief history of options and their evolution over time from ancient Greece to modern markets.
2. An overview of the key characteristics of options contracts, including the types of options (calls, puts), how they are valued, and common strategies (bullish, bearish, neutral).
3. Examples of how options work from the perspective of buyers and sellers, including payoffs and breakeven points. Valuation methods like the binomial tree approach are also introduced.
Option Strategies
This document provides an overview of options strategies. It defines derivatives and describes how they derive value from underlying assets. Common types of derivatives are discussed including futures and options. Basic option positions like calls and puts are explained. Popular options strategies like bull call spreads, bear put spreads, and butterfly spreads are defined and examples are provided to illustrate how the payoffs work. Long straddles and short straddles are also introduced as strategies used when volatility is expected to increase or decrease. Key option terms are defined throughout like premium, strike price, expiration date, and different option types.
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The document discusses various options strategies and their payoffs:
- Covered calls involve buying a stock and writing a call on it. This limits upside gains in exchange for receiving the premium to reduce risk.
- Protective puts involve buying a stock and purchasing a put on it. This protects against stock price declines by ensuring a minimum sale price while allowing participation in upside gains.
- Straddles involve buying both a put and call with the same strike price. This bets that the stock will move substantially in either direction.
- Spreads, like vertical spreads, involve buying and selling options of the same type but different strike prices or expiration dates to limit risk and gain from smaller stock movements.
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An index option is a financial derivative that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a basket of stocks, such as the S&P 500, at an agreed-upon price before a certain date. Index options are similar to other options contracts except the underlying instruments are indexes rather than individual stocks. Options contracts, including index options, allow investors to profit from an expected market move or reduce risk.
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The document summarizes various options strategies that can be used based on different market outlooks. It describes bullish, bearish, neutral, and volatile market strategies using calls, puts, spreads, and combinations. For example, it explains that buying a call is a bullish strategy that profits if the market rises above the strike price, while selling a put is also bullish but profits from premium received if the market stays flat or rises.
Option pricing
Option pricing is determined by 5 key factors: the asset's cash price, strike price, volatility, time to expiration, and interest rates. The Black-Scholes model uses these factors to price European options, assuming the asset pays no dividends, markets are efficient, and other restricting assumptions. It models the asset's price as following geometric Brownian motion to derive a theoretical option price formula involving the standard normal distribution.
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This document provides an introduction to options, including the different types (calls and puts), how they work, key terminology, and factors that influence pricing. An option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price on or before expiration. The buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right. Key terms discussed include strike price, expiration date, and long/short positions. Factors like time to expiration, volatility, and interest rates impact an option's price. The Black-Scholes model is commonly used to price options based on these variables.
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The presentation looks at various categories of strategies that could be traded using options - for e.g. usage of option derivatives as a methodology to express viewpoint on volatility, correlation between index components, etc, etc.
This presentation was a part of a series of presentations delivered by Rajib Ranjan Borah and Nitesh Khandelwal to a gathering of around 150 Thai traders. The rest of the presentations in the conference included the following topics:
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The document discusses options contracts, including the key parties (buyer and seller), types of options (calls and puts), how option value is determined, and examples of calculating profit and loss for option buyers and sellers. It also defines important option terms and describes the main types of options - stock options, index options, currency options, and futures options.
Factors affecting call and put option prices
The document outlines 6 primary factors that affect call and put option prices: 1) the underlying price, 2) expected volatility, 3) strike price, 4) time until expiration, 5) interest rates, and 6) dividends. Option prices increase or decrease based on whether the underlying price, expected volatility, time until expiration, and interest rates increase or decrease. Option prices also increase if the strike price is further in or out of the money and if dividends rise or fall.
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This document discusses various options trading strategies, including:
1. Long call - buyer is bullish on the underlying asset and pays a premium for the right to buy it at a set price.
2. Short call - writer is bearish and collects premium but has obligation to sell the asset if exercised.
3. Covered call - involves buying the asset and writing a call to generate income but limits upside.
4. Long put - buyer is bearish and pays premium for right to sell the asset at a set price.
5. Short put - writer is bullish and collects premium but has obligation to buy the asset if exercised.
It provides details on the risk and reward
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The document summarizes the history and types of derivatives in India. It discusses:
- Futures trading began in India in 1875 through the Bombay Cotton trade association. The government later banned some derivatives until 1995-1999 when regulations were amended.
- Derivatives include futures, forwards, swaps, and options, whose values are derived from underlying assets. Common underlying assets include commodities, currencies, interest rates and stocks.
- The main purpose of derivatives is to transfer risk from one party to another through hedging. This allows farmers, for example, to guarantee prices and encourage investment.
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- Covered calls involve buying a stock and writing a call on it. This limits upside gains in exchange for receiving the premium to reduce risk.
- Protective puts involve buying a stock and purchasing a put on it. This protects against stock price declines by ensuring a minimum sale price while allowing participation in upside gains.
- Straddles involve buying both a put and call with the same strike price. This bets that the stock will move substantially in either direction.
- Spreads, like vertical spreads, involve buying and selling options of the same type but different strike prices or expiration dates to limit risk and gain from smaller stock movements.
Index option
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The document summarizes various options strategies that can be used based on different market outlooks. It describes bullish, bearish, neutral, and volatile market strategies using calls, puts, spreads, and combinations. For example, it explains that buying a call is a bullish strategy that profits if the market rises above the strike price, while selling a put is also bullish but profits from premium received if the market stays flat or rises.
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Option pricing is determined by 5 key factors: the asset's cash price, strike price, volatility, time to expiration, and interest rates. The Black-Scholes model uses these factors to price European options, assuming the asset pays no dividends, markets are efficient, and other restricting assumptions. It models the asset's price as following geometric Brownian motion to derive a theoretical option price formula involving the standard normal distribution.
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The presentation looks at various categories of strategies that could be traded using options - for e.g. usage of option derivatives as a methodology to express viewpoint on volatility, correlation between index components, etc, etc.
This presentation was a part of a series of presentations delivered by Rajib Ranjan Borah and Nitesh Khandelwal to a gathering of around 150 Thai traders. The rest of the presentations in the conference included the following topics:
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This document provides an introduction and overview of derivatives, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses futures, forwards, and options contracts. Futures are exchange-traded standardized contracts that require daily margin payments and settlement. Forwards are over-the-counter customized contracts that involve credit risk. Options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price on or before expiration. The document defines call and put options and explores factors that influence option pricing.
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The document discusses options contracts, including the key parties (buyer and seller), types of options (calls and puts), how option value is determined, and examples of calculating profit and loss for option buyers and sellers. It also defines important option terms and describes the main types of options - stock options, index options, currency options, and futures options.
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The document discusses key concepts related to options pricing including: the minimum and maximum value of a call option; factors that affect call prices such as exercise price, time to maturity, interest rates, and stock volatility; the difference between American and European style options; and the potential early exercise of American call options on dividend and non-dividend paying stocks.
Options Trading Strategies
This document discusses various options trading strategies, including:
1. Long call - buyer is bullish on the underlying asset and pays a premium for the right to buy it at a set price.
2. Short call - writer is bearish and collects premium but has obligation to sell the asset if exercised.
3. Covered call - involves buying the asset and writing a call to generate income but limits upside.
4. Long put - buyer is bearish and pays premium for right to sell the asset at a set price.
5. Short put - writer is bullish and collects premium but has obligation to buy the asset if exercised.
It provides details on the risk and reward
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- Futures trading began in India in 1875 through the Bombay Cotton trade association. The government later banned some derivatives until 1995-1999 when regulations were amended.
- Derivatives include futures, forwards, swaps, and options, whose values are derived from underlying assets. Common underlying assets include commodities, currencies, interest rates and stocks.
- The main purpose of derivatives is to transfer risk from one party to another through hedging. This allows farmers, for example, to guarantee prices and encourage investment.
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The document provides an overview of options, including:
- Options give the buyer the right, but not obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on or before expiration.
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- Key terms include premium, strike price, expiration date, and underlying asset. Factors like time to expiration, volatility, and interest rates influence option pricing.
- Buying options limits the buyer's risk to the premium paid, while selling options transfers risk to the writer in exchange for receiving the premium.
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Notice of reasons for proposed suspensions of licence;
Notice of reasons for proposed cancellations of licence;
Consequences of suspensions and cancellations of licence on the builder/client;
Methods for recovering money in uncertain times; and
Key upcoming changes to the QBCC licencing regime.
Construction for Accountants
Dylan from Redchip's Litigation team covered:
• Directions to rectify issued by the QBCC;
• Claims under the Home Warranty Scheme;
• Pitfalls of notices issued by the QBCC;
• QCAT process for disputing notices issued; and
• Methods for recovering money in uncertain times.
Financial distress and your safety net during COVID-19
Temporary changes to insolvency laws mean businesses have a safety net so they can resume normal operations once the crisis has passed. This includes an increase to the statutory demand limit (to $20,000), and extended protections for directors against personal liability for trading whilst insolvent.
This safety net, however, is due to expire on 24 September 2020 and businesses can then expect sudden and aggressive debt recovery measures from creditors including the ATO.
Please join our webinar with insolvency experts Robert Champney and
Rebecca Forsyth who will discuss with you:
Changes to occur from 25 September - statutory demands, bankruptcy notices, and obligations as a director;
Debt recovery options available to your clients to improve cash flow; and
“Red flags” that determine financial distress, what options are available to restructure, and the need for proactive conversations with your client and legal advisors
Managing business transactions during COVID-19
As the COVID-19 pandemic wears on, “business as usual” looks very different than it did just a few weeks or months ago.
Pete and Nick from Redchip's Commercial team will delve into the significant impacts the pandemic has had on transactions and businesses and the practical steps you need to take when talking to your clients about what a sale looks like for them, covering:
Key steps for Sellers to take in preparing for sale;
The role of accounting and financial advisers in the transaction process; and
COVID-19 issues that arise in the context of a transaction.
It’s really important to rally the right team as early as you can and remember, don’t take your eyes off the ball!
Property: Real Estate and Contracts post COVID-19
The document summarizes changes to foreign investment, land tax, and commercial leasing laws in Australia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Key points include:
- The foreign investment review threshold is now $0, review timeframes have increased to 6 months, and foreign investors may face additional conditions. Not seeking approval can result in penalties.
- Land tax relief includes a 25% rebate, waiver of the 2% foreign surcharge, and deferred payments for 2021. Rebates must be used to provide relief to tenants impacted by COVID-19.
- New laws provide protections for commercial tenants who are SMEs eligible for JobKeeper. Landlords must provide at least 50% rent waiver and
Personal Property Securities Register May 20
The document discusses the Personal Property Securities Act (PPSA) system in Australia for registering security interests in personal property and how registration provides important benefits like establishing priority over other interests. It provides an overview of what types of collateral and transactions the PPSA covers, how to perfect a security interest through attachment and registration, and examples of how registration can protect clients' rights and assets in situations like preferential payments and within corporate groups.
Estate Planning: The market has moved and it's a new ball game
Discover practical insights into Estate Planning including:
• Breaking down Estate Planning and making it easy to discuss with your clients;
• Showing you the line in the sand between what is legal advice and what isn’t; and
• Practical case studies that will help you guide your clients through their Estate Planning journey
Advising Entrepreneurs and Startups
This document provides an overview of important considerations for starting a new business, including structure, intellectual property, relationships, and data privacy. It discusses:
1) Key reasons why businesses fail center around poor planning, including inadequate market research, financial management, and leadership skills.
2) The importance of establishing a structure that provides operational flexibility, asset protection, and tax benefits, such as a Pty Ltd company.
3) Identifying and protecting key intellectual property like patents, copyrights, trademarks, and confidential information from the start.
4) Formalizing important relationships with founders, employees, customers, suppliers through agreements that allocate ownership, responsibilities, and minimize risks.
Advising Entrepreneurs and Startups
Every new business has different needs, but when advising startups and entrepreneurs there are key issues and opportunities that regularly arise.
At this event our experts will be sharing their top tips for early stage and growth businesses, including common pitfalls and simple steps you can take to help protect your clients at the outset.
Topics will include:
The best business structures for tax benefits and asset protection
Capital raising and grant eligibility
Identifying and protecting valuable IP assets
Managing key relationships and the agreements to have in place
Wednesdays With Redchip are complimentary events and include light refreshments.
Handling the ATO: Audits and Debt Recovery
This presentation covered the following:
-ATO audits and reviews
-Tips on dealing with the ATO
-The true power of the ATO
-What comes after the notice of assessment, from objecting to the tax assessment, to debt recovery proceedings from the ATO
Franchising: Alive and Well
Is franchising still a viable business opportunity for your clients?
At our Wednesdays With Redchip event in September, our experts provided key discussion points for your clients considering buying or starting a franchise, particularly in the booming health and fitness sector.
Employee Share Schemes & Capital Raising | Wednesdays with Redchip August
Our experts look at two interacting strategies for businesses experiencing, or striving for, high growth:
1. Employee Share Schemes (also known as Employee Share Option Plans) - how do they work and what are the benefits for employers and employees?
2. Capital Raising - how to prepare your business to approach investors and issues to consider in relation to Employee Share Schemes.
Estate Planning for Advisers
The document discusses estate planning and provides information about death statistics in Australia. It notes that the leading causes of death vary by age, with heart disease, dementia, and Alzheimer's being top causes for those over age 75. Estate planning is important given projections that the number of Australians over age 65 will double by 2055 and 40% of Australians do not have a will. The document uses a fictional "Stark Family" as an example to illustrate different estate planning structures like trusts, superannuation, and testamentary trusts. It emphasizes that financial advisers have an obligation to consider clients' best interests, which may include providing estate planning advice or referring to an estate planning lawyer. The last pages demonstrate an estate planning software system advisers
Wednesdays with Redchip May - Personal Insolvency
What do you do when the house is burning? We’ve seen many advisers reach for quick-fix solutions for their clients who are facing personal insolvency, but they end up adding fuel to the fire in the long run.
In our May event, our experts look at some of the common misconceptions around bankruptcy and how to deal with it. We also provide some proactive structures and solutions that can benefit your clients when faced with insolvency.
Topics include:
- Personal insolvency misconceptions
- Insolvency related restructures
- Gift and loan back arrangements
Wednesdays With Redchip April - Shareholders Agreements & Business Exits
- Why shareholders agreements are important
- The problems shareholders agreements solve when it comes time to exit
- Preparing for a business exit
- What is an adviser's role during an exit?
Wednesdays With Redchip March - Intellectual Property & Structuring
This document discusses different types of intellectual property (IP) rights and structures for holding IP. It describes registered IP rights like patents, trademarks, and designs as well as unregistered rights like copyright and confidential information. It provides tips for protecting each type of IP and outlines considerations for different holding structures like sole trader, trust, and company. The document recommends a preferred structure with separate IP holding and trading companies held underneath a family trust to obtain tax benefits and asset protection.
ATO risk assessments: Your client may be an ATO target
In an attempt to increase their communication with taxpayers, the ATO has introduced an Income Tax Profile scheme. Although the risk assessment reports distributed do increase transparency from the ATO, they also generate much confusion and concern – or at the other end of the spectrum, disregard and indifference.
If your client receives an assessment outlining them as high-risk, you need to be prepared to answer their questions and take action. Where has this data come from? What does it mean to be high-risk? Is your client facing an ATO audit?
This webinar gives you an overview of the Income Tax Profile process, what it means for your clients, and tips and tricks for dealing with any issues that may arise.
Franchising cases update
This document summarizes recent cases related to franchising law in Australia. It discusses cases that examined whether agreements meet the definition of a franchise under the Franchising Code, issues around termination of franchise agreements and post-termination obligations, and the consequences of breaching the Franchising Code. The cases provide guidance on how courts determine if a business system constitutes a franchise and consider the enforceability of restraint provisions and which party owns the goodwill of the business after termination. The document also analyzes whether technical breaches of the Franchising Code alone warrant a remedy if no loss was suffered.
PPSA presentation 8 February 2012
This document provides a disclaimer regarding the use of the information in the document, and then summarizes key elements of a new personal property securities regime:
1. It introduces a six element framework for the new regime, including security interests, collateral, attachment, enforceability, perfection, and enforcement.
2. It defines a security interest and outlines three types of deemed security interests.
3. It defines collateral as the personal property to which a security interest applies.
4. It describes when a security interest attaches to collateral and becomes enforceable against third parties.
5. It discusses priority rules for security interests and an exception for purchase money security interests.
6. It notes the estimated
Acl small business v2
The document provides an overview of competition and consumer law in Australia, specifically the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). It summarizes key points of the ACL including that it replaced previous state and federal laws to create uniform consumer protections across Australia. It also discusses consumer guarantees that products must meet, such as being of acceptable quality and fit for purpose. If a product fails to meet these guarantees, consumers may be entitled to remedies like repairs, replacements or refunds depending on the severity of the failure. The ACL also establishes protections for lay-by agreements and prohibits unfair contract terms and misleading conduct from businesses.
More from Redchip (20)
Financial distress and your safety net during COVID-19
Financial distress and your safety net during COVID-19
Estate Planning: The market has moved and it's a new ball game
Estate Planning: The market has moved and it's a new ball game
Employee Share Schemes & Capital Raising | Wednesdays with Redchip August
Employee Share Schemes & Capital Raising | Wednesdays with Redchip August
Wednesdays With Redchip April - Shareholders Agreements & Business Exits
Wednesdays With Redchip April - Shareholders Agreements & Business Exits
Wednesdays With Redchip March - Intellectual Property & Structuring
Wednesdays With Redchip March - Intellectual Property & Structuring
ATO risk assessments: Your client may be an ATO target
ATO risk assessments: Your client may be an ATO target
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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Put and call options
- 1. Put and Call Options REAL ESTATE BREAKFAST BRIEFING
- 2. Legal stuff - disclaimer All material contained in this presentation is delivered by way of general comment. No material should be accepted as authoritative advice and anyone wishing to act upon material contained in this presentation should first contact Redchip for properly considered professional advice, which takes into account specific situations.
- 3. What are put and call options? Call Option Future right to compel a seller to sell land Put Option Future right to compel a buyer to buy land
- 4. Call option benefits to buyer • Gives buyer the opportunity to: • Undertake due diligence on land • Lodge/amend a DA • Obtain approvals to develop the land • Secure finance for the acquisition • Source partners pre a ‘fund’ being structured • Gives rise to a caveatable interest in the land in favour of the buyer • The price must be agreed before the call option deed is entered into and will not change, regardless of market fluctuations Slide 4
- 5. Put options benefits to seller • Secure buyer • Secure a price • Potentially obtain an upfront release of funds for the grant of the put option Slide 5
- 6. How are they documented? Slide 6
- 7. A separate agreement that sits on top of the contract
- 9. How are they documented? • Terminology: • Grantor = Seller • Grantee = Buyer • Complete and valid contract for sale/purchase as annexure • All aspects of transactions agreed prior to option deed • Typically a binding arrangement from signing (subject to the buyer/seller utilising their rights) Slide 9
- 10. Features • Option fee • Nominal amount • Larger amount in return for the grant of the right to put/call • Option exercise period • Assignment/Nomination • Potential for uplift in purchase price as a buyer to a third party • Allows for an entity/fund to be determined post signing the option Slide 10
- 11. Stamp duty • Payable by buyer when option exercised (as per usual conveyance) • Implications arise when assigning option or appointing nominee • Advice should be considered Slide 11