PURPOSEFUL READING REPORT – CENE HW-5
Assigned on: Oct 7
Due: Oct 14, 8 am
Specs for this assignment:
· Use 12 pt. Times new roman, single spacing
· Give your answers in bulleted format as many as requested for each section.
· Bullets should rephrase the information in the article, be brief (not more than 140 characters for each bullet) and use your own words.
· Submit it on due date as a pdf file.
· Must show good faith effort.
5 4 3 2 1 REPORT
Section 1/ 5 bullets
Identify 5 important points in the article, including two that you found most surprising, two you became more aware of, and one you found most confusing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Section 2/ 4 bullets
Identify and discuss the treatment methods suggested for Arsenic Removal specifically for Bangladesh
1.
2.
3.
4.
Section 3/ 3 bullets
Do a web - search to find out what methods are used in the US for As removal (include the web addresses that you found the information on)
1.
2.
3.
Section 4/ 2 bullets
Discuss two reasons why method(s) applied in US may not be adaptable for Bangladesh
1.
2.
Section 5/ 1 bullet
How does this new info relate to the chapters we already talked about?
1.
86 S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N A U G U S T 2 0 0 4
Arsenic in drinking water could severely poison
50 million people worldwide. Strategies being tested
in Bangladesh might help prevent the problem
Arsenic in drinking water could severely poison
50 million people worldwide. Strategies being tested
in Bangladesh might help prevent the problem
COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
w w w . s c i a m . c o m S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N 87
ARSENIC CRISIS
in Bangladesh
cold, clear, sparkling flow gushes from the tubewell
where Pinjra Begum used to collect drinking water for
her family. Married at age 15 to a millworker, she
had made a pretty bride. Soon, however, her skin be-
gan to turn blotchy, then ultimately gangrenous and repulsive.
Her husband remarried. In 2000 she died of cancer, at 26 years
of age, leaving three children.
Pinjra Begum was poisoned by the beautiful water she had
faithfully pumped. In the 1970s and 1980s the Bangladesh gov-
ernment, along with international aid agencies spearheaded by
UNICEF, undertook an ambitious project to bring clean water
to the nation’s villages. Too many children were dying of diar-
rhea from drinking surface water contaminated with bacteria.
The preferred solution was a tubewell: a simple, hardy, hand-op-
erated pump that sucks water, through a pipe, from a shallow
underground aquifer. The well-to-do could afford them, and
with easy loans from nongovernmental agencies, many of the
poor also installed the contraptions in their courtyards. A tube-
well became a prized possession: it lessened the burden on
women, who no longer had to trek long distances with their pots
and pails; it reduced the dependence on better-off neighbors; and
most important, it provided pathogen-free water to drink. By the
early 1990s 95 ...
ARSENIC MITIGATION FOR SAFE GROUNDWATERSiti Mastura
This document summarizes the global issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater sources and the health risks posed by consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. It notes that millions of people across multiple countries in Asia and Latin America have been exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water. Common health effects include various cancers and skin lesions that develop over long periods of exposure. The document reviews mitigation strategies including using alternative uncontaminated water sources, deeper wells, and arsenic removal technologies like ion exchange, filtration, and activated alumina that have been applied at the community level. Effective and sustainable solutions require addressing social and behavioral factors through communication programs.
Assignment On: “Water Resources Management in the Remediation of Ground Water...Asian Paint Bangladesh Ltd
The document summarizes the severe problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which has impacted millions of people. It discusses the need to find alternative sources of safe drinking water through improved water resources management. Potential alternatives discussed include surface water treated with pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, and exploring uncontaminated deep or other groundwater sources. Community-based management is needed to effectively utilize alternative water sources.
The Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water in Cambodia using Sand Filters - Fin...Mel O'nilia Nou
This document provides background information on arsenic contamination in drinking water in Cambodia. It discusses that groundwater in certain Cambodian provinces along the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers often contains high levels of arsenic exceeding safe drinking water standards. Long-term consumption of arsenic in drinking water can cause severe health issues. The document reviews existing literature on arsenic contamination globally and in Cambodia. It provides details on water sources and usage in Cambodia to understand the context. The aim of the document is to inform the design of an affordable water filtration system that can remove arsenic from groundwater in Cambodia.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Basti Rasul Pur, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Key findings include:
1) 77% of water samples tested were found to have unsafe levels of arsenic contamination.
2) 50% of people surveyed showed symptoms of arsenicosis (arsenic poisoning) and 60% of household earnings were being spent on medical treatment.
3) Widespread illiteracy meant the population was largely unaware of the health risks of drinking contaminated water.
There is a need for sustainable solutions to provide the affected community with safe drinking water and mitigate the severe health and socioeconomic impacts of arsenic
The document summarizes a research study on drinking water contamination and related health risks in Charsadda District, Pakistan. It finds that over half the population lacks access to clean drinking water and relies on shallow tube wells vulnerable to contamination. Water samples were collected and analyzed, finding elevated levels of sulfate, nitrates, lead, cadmium, iron, nickel and zinc in some areas exceeding standards. A survey also linked contaminated water to health issues reported by residents such as hepatitis, anemia, and gastrointestinal problems. Overall, the study concludes drinking water in the area is contaminated through improper waste disposal and excessive fertilizer use, posing risks to community health.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
ARSENIC MITIGATION FOR SAFE GROUNDWATERSiti Mastura
This document summarizes the global issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater sources and the health risks posed by consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. It notes that millions of people across multiple countries in Asia and Latin America have been exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water. Common health effects include various cancers and skin lesions that develop over long periods of exposure. The document reviews mitigation strategies including using alternative uncontaminated water sources, deeper wells, and arsenic removal technologies like ion exchange, filtration, and activated alumina that have been applied at the community level. Effective and sustainable solutions require addressing social and behavioral factors through communication programs.
Assignment On: “Water Resources Management in the Remediation of Ground Water...Asian Paint Bangladesh Ltd
The document summarizes the severe problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which has impacted millions of people. It discusses the need to find alternative sources of safe drinking water through improved water resources management. Potential alternatives discussed include surface water treated with pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, and exploring uncontaminated deep or other groundwater sources. Community-based management is needed to effectively utilize alternative water sources.
The Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water in Cambodia using Sand Filters - Fin...Mel O'nilia Nou
This document provides background information on arsenic contamination in drinking water in Cambodia. It discusses that groundwater in certain Cambodian provinces along the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers often contains high levels of arsenic exceeding safe drinking water standards. Long-term consumption of arsenic in drinking water can cause severe health issues. The document reviews existing literature on arsenic contamination globally and in Cambodia. It provides details on water sources and usage in Cambodia to understand the context. The aim of the document is to inform the design of an affordable water filtration system that can remove arsenic from groundwater in Cambodia.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Basti Rasul Pur, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Key findings include:
1) 77% of water samples tested were found to have unsafe levels of arsenic contamination.
2) 50% of people surveyed showed symptoms of arsenicosis (arsenic poisoning) and 60% of household earnings were being spent on medical treatment.
3) Widespread illiteracy meant the population was largely unaware of the health risks of drinking contaminated water.
There is a need for sustainable solutions to provide the affected community with safe drinking water and mitigate the severe health and socioeconomic impacts of arsenic
The document summarizes a research study on drinking water contamination and related health risks in Charsadda District, Pakistan. It finds that over half the population lacks access to clean drinking water and relies on shallow tube wells vulnerable to contamination. Water samples were collected and analyzed, finding elevated levels of sulfate, nitrates, lead, cadmium, iron, nickel and zinc in some areas exceeding standards. A survey also linked contaminated water to health issues reported by residents such as hepatitis, anemia, and gastrointestinal problems. Overall, the study concludes drinking water in the area is contaminated through improper waste disposal and excessive fertilizer use, posing risks to community health.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
Economic Water Purification in Developing Countries, JWALKUPJedidiah Walkup
The document summarizes several technologies for purifying drinking water in developing countries. It describes the SONO filter, which uses local materials like sand and iron to remove arsenic from groundwater. Arsenic is oxidized and precipitated as an insoluble salt, binding to the iron matrix. Testing in Bangladesh found filters reduced arsenic to below safe levels after 2-4 years of use. The filters are estimated to treat water for 14 years and cost $40 for a family, providing a simple solution to arsenic contamination.
Arsenic is commonly found in groundwater and can cause serious health effects. The document discusses arsenic's properties, major sources like groundwater, and health impacts like skin lesions and cancers. It also provides information on limits and standards, noting the WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, as well as strategies for control and prevention like installing arsenic removal systems and educating the public.
The document discusses the global health issues caused by arsenic contamination of groundwater. It estimates that between 94-220 million people worldwide are at risk of drinking well water with arsenic concentrations above 10 μg/L. Most of these people live in Asia. Statistical models are used to identify areas at risk of high arsenic levels where testing has not been conducted. While many countries have made progress reducing exposures, widespread testing of domestic wells is still needed to properly address this public health crisis. Long-term or repeated exposure to arsenic in drinking water has been linked to various cancers and other adverse health effects.
Groundwater Quality-Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh A Threat to Water - F...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes the issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which poses threats to water security, food security, and livelihoods. It provides basic data on the scope of the problem, when arsenic was detected, health and social impacts, actions taken to address it, and next steps needed. Over 30 million people are at risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater, which can cause skin lesions, cancer, and death over long periods of exposure. Efforts are ongoing to identify safe sources, treat water, and raise awareness, but more research and solutions are still needed.
This document describes a study that tested a prototype point-of-use water filter designed to remove both harmful bacteria and arsenic from drinking water. The filter combined a clay pot filter, which is effective at removing bacteria, with a bone char attachment designed to also reduce arsenic levels. Testing exposed the filters to water containing 500 parts per billion of arsenic, far exceeding safety standards. Results showed the prototype filter significantly reduced arsenic concentrations to below safety standards, while the clay filter alone did not reduce arsenic as effectively. The simple and low-cost prototype filter design has potential to improve access to safe drinking water in areas impacted by both bacterial and arsenic contamination.
Arsenic is a chemical element that occurs naturally and is toxic to humans. Chronic arsenic poisoning results from long-term exposure, mainly through drinking contaminated groundwater, which affects over 100 million people worldwide. The worst affected area is Bangladesh, where over 77 million people have been exposed to toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater. Long-term arsenic exposure is linked to cancers and skin lesions, as well as other health issues. The main symptoms of arsenic poisoning include headaches, diarrhea, and skin pigmentation changes.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
This document provides information about arsenic, including its chemical properties, various forms, common sources of exposure, health effects of exposure, and methods for detecting and removing arsenic from drinking water. It notes that arsenic is a metalloid found naturally in the earth's crust that can cause cancer and other health issues when consumed in high amounts. Specific examples of arsenic contamination problems are discussed for India, Bangladesh, and certain regions of Punjab and Haryana. Various water treatment technologies for removing arsenic are also outlined.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
26th May,2020 Daily Global Regional and Local Rice E-Newsletter.pdfRiceplus Magazine
Global warming is increasing arsenic levels in water sources around the world, especially in Asia where over 90% of the hundreds of millions of people at risk live. Arsenic pollution in water is caused by factors like increased evaporation, changes to water tables, overuse of groundwater, and population growth. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water has been shown to increase cancer risks many decades later. Studies have also linked increased groundwater extraction in Hanoi to higher arsenic levels polluting local aquifers. New EPA regulations in the US have helped reduce urinary arsenic levels there, but private wells remain untested. Global warming is also projected to increase arsenic levels in rice.
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Gover...ijtsrd
Nigeria has abundant surface and ground water, of which when polluted can be detrimental to human health. Obibia stream is an important water source in Amawbia Nibo axis of Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria especially for its drinking purposes, urban agricultural usage and domestic uses. Water quality is often altered by anthropogenic activities, leachates and run off. It is therefore necessary to determine the influence of seasonal changes and its effects on the health of populace in this locality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of Obibia stream. Water samples were randomly and aseptically drawn monthly from different locations from the water body and assessed for bacteriological qualities using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were characterized using the morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The prevalence of the implicated isolates was ascertained by determining the occurrences of the isolates in both rainy and dry seasons. The physicochemical parameters were assessed using gravimetric, titrimetric and instrumentation techniques.. Bacteria isolates from sampling point were Escherichia coli strain T7E ECT7E , Klebsiella pneumoniae strain GH27TC KPGH27TC , Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain R27 STR27 , Enterobacter aerogenes strain KCTC EAKCTC , Shigella dysteriae strain 53 3937 SD53 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA01 PAPA01 , Staphylococcus aureus strain BPH2003 SABPH2003 , Enterococcus faecium strain E1774 EFE1774 , Vibrio cholerae strain C6706 VCC6706 and Serratia marcescens strain SmUNAM836 SMSm . ECT7E, STR27 and VCC6706 were mostly seen in both rainy and dry season. Therefore, adequate treatment before use and periodic evaluation of its bacteriological and physicochemical qualities are recommended. Dr. Ike, Chinelo Gloria | Eze, H. C | Obianom Vivian Amaka "Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49125.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/49125/bacteriological-parameters-of-obibia-river-in-amawbia-awka-south-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria/dr-ike-chinelo-gloria
NCD is a big challenge to India and Acidic Body is root cause of NCD. India population rank 120th as a healthiest nation . Drink Alklaine water to neutralize acidity
Demineralized water lacks important minerals like calcium and magnesium that are naturally present in most drinking water sources. Long term consumption of demineralized water can negatively impact health in several ways: 1) It disrupts the body's water and mineral homeostasis leading to increased excretion of essential minerals; 2) It provides practically zero intake of calcium and magnesium which are important nutrients; 3) It may increase the leaching of toxic metals from water distribution pipes into the water. More research is still needed but demineralized water should be remineralized before long term consumption to support human health.
This document discusses the increasing recognition of microorganisms in groundwater systems and their impact. It notes that groundwater microbiology is a newly developing field, as groundwater was long considered sterile. Microorganisms are now known to influence groundwater chemistry and the performance of wells. The document outlines some of the functions of microorganisms in groundwater, such as degrading pollutants and impacting water quality. It emphasizes that more understanding is needed of microbial communities and activities in groundwater systems to effectively manage this important water resource.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Overview for the Safe Drinking Water.pptxRashmiSanghi1
The document discusses ensuring access to safe drinking water. It notes that water is essential for life and health. The World Health Organization and UN have emphasized providing universal access to safe drinking water. Standards and guidelines for drinking water quality have been developed to assess water sources and ensure treatment and supply by authorities is effective. Regular testing of drinking water supplies is important to understand health risks and implement proper controls.
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
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Diagnostic Techniques -
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Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
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This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Gover...ijtsrd
Nigeria has abundant surface and ground water, of which when polluted can be detrimental to human health. Obibia stream is an important water source in Amawbia Nibo axis of Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria especially for its drinking purposes, urban agricultural usage and domestic uses. Water quality is often altered by anthropogenic activities, leachates and run off. It is therefore necessary to determine the influence of seasonal changes and its effects on the health of populace in this locality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of Obibia stream. Water samples were randomly and aseptically drawn monthly from different locations from the water body and assessed for bacteriological qualities using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were characterized using the morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The prevalence of the implicated isolates was ascertained by determining the occurrences of the isolates in both rainy and dry seasons. The physicochemical parameters were assessed using gravimetric, titrimetric and instrumentation techniques.. Bacteria isolates from sampling point were Escherichia coli strain T7E ECT7E , Klebsiella pneumoniae strain GH27TC KPGH27TC , Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain R27 STR27 , Enterobacter aerogenes strain KCTC EAKCTC , Shigella dysteriae strain 53 3937 SD53 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA01 PAPA01 , Staphylococcus aureus strain BPH2003 SABPH2003 , Enterococcus faecium strain E1774 EFE1774 , Vibrio cholerae strain C6706 VCC6706 and Serratia marcescens strain SmUNAM836 SMSm . ECT7E, STR27 and VCC6706 were mostly seen in both rainy and dry season. Therefore, adequate treatment before use and periodic evaluation of its bacteriological and physicochemical qualities are recommended. Dr. Ike, Chinelo Gloria | Eze, H. C | Obianom Vivian Amaka "Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49125.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/49125/bacteriological-parameters-of-obibia-river-in-amawbia-awka-south-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria/dr-ike-chinelo-gloria
NCD is a big challenge to India and Acidic Body is root cause of NCD. India population rank 120th as a healthiest nation . Drink Alklaine water to neutralize acidity
Demineralized water lacks important minerals like calcium and magnesium that are naturally present in most drinking water sources. Long term consumption of demineralized water can negatively impact health in several ways: 1) It disrupts the body's water and mineral homeostasis leading to increased excretion of essential minerals; 2) It provides practically zero intake of calcium and magnesium which are important nutrients; 3) It may increase the leaching of toxic metals from water distribution pipes into the water. More research is still needed but demineralized water should be remineralized before long term consumption to support human health.
This document discusses the increasing recognition of microorganisms in groundwater systems and their impact. It notes that groundwater microbiology is a newly developing field, as groundwater was long considered sterile. Microorganisms are now known to influence groundwater chemistry and the performance of wells. The document outlines some of the functions of microorganisms in groundwater, such as degrading pollutants and impacting water quality. It emphasizes that more understanding is needed of microbial communities and activities in groundwater systems to effectively manage this important water resource.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Overview for the Safe Drinking Water.pptxRashmiSanghi1
The document discusses ensuring access to safe drinking water. It notes that water is essential for life and health. The World Health Organization and UN have emphasized providing universal access to safe drinking water. Standards and guidelines for drinking water quality have been developed to assess water sources and ensure treatment and supply by authorities is effective. Regular testing of drinking water supplies is important to understand health risks and implement proper controls.
Similar to PURPOSEFUL READING REPORT – CENE HW-5Assigned on Oct 7 Due O.docx (20)
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. It.docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application.
The studies must look at different algorithms used CSOR and the benefits of using CSOR
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA Formatting AssignmentUse the information below to create.docxamrit47
APA Formatting Assignment
Use the information below to create a reference list using proper APA formatting
1)
Authors: Christina Jane Jones, Helen Smith and Carrie Llewellyn
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving adherence: a
systematic review
Publication Year: 2014
Journal: Health Psychology Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 253_269
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.802623
2)
Authors: Mohammad Bagherniya, Ali Taghipour, Manoj Sharma, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Isobel R.
Contento, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Firoozeh Mostafavi Darani and Mohammad Safarian
Title: Obesity intervention programs among adolescents using social cognitive theory: a systematic
literature review
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Health Education Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 26_39
3)
Authors: Christine Y. K. Lau, Kris Y. W. Lok, Marie Tarrant
Title: Breastfeeding Duration and the Theory of Planned Behavior and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Framework: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vol. 22, 327_342
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x
4)
Authors: Amy E. Bodde, Dong-Chul Seo
Title: A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual
disabilities
Publication Year: 2009
Journal: Disability and Health Journal, Vol. 2, 57_66
5)
Authors: Linda Irvine, Ambrose J. Melson, Brian Williams, Falko F. Sniehotta, Gerry Humphris, Iain K.
Crombie
Title: Design and development of a complex narrative intervention delivered by text messages to reduce
binge drinking among socially disadvantaged men
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol. 4, No.105, 1_11
.
APA style300 words10 maximum plagiarism Mrs. Smith was.docxamrit47
APA style
300 words
10% maximum plagiarism
Mrs. Smith was a 73-year-old widow who lived alone with no significant social support. She had been suffering from emphysema for several years and had had frequent hospitalizations for respiratory problems. On the last hospital admission, her pneumonia quickly progressed to organ failure. Death appeared to be imminent, and she went in and out of consciousness, alone in her hospital room. The medical-surgical nursing staff and the nurse manager focused on making Mrs. Smith’s end-of-life period as comfortable as possible. Upon consultation with the vice president for nursing, the nurse manager and the unit staff nurses decided against moving Mrs. Smith to the palliative care unit, although considered more economical, because of the need to protect and nurture her because she was already experiencing signs and symptoms of the dying process. Nurses were prompted by an article they read on human caring as the “language of nursing practice” (Turkel, Ray, & Kornblatt, 2012) in their weekly caring practice meetings.
The nurse manager reorganized patient assignments. She felt that the newly assigned clinical nurse leader who was working between both the medical and surgical units could provide direct nurse caring and coordination at the point of care (Sherman, 2012). Over the next few hours, the clinical nurse leader and a staff member who had volunteered her assistance provided personal care for Mrs. Smith. The clinical nurse leader asked the nurse manager whether there was a possibility that Mrs. Smith had any close friends who could “be there” for her in her final moments. One friend was discovered and came to say goodbye to Mrs. Smith. With help from her team, the clinical nurse leader turned, bathed, and suctioned Mrs. Smith. She spoke quietly, prayed, and sang hymns softly in Mrs. Smith’s room, creating a peaceful environment that expressed compassion and a deep sense of caring for her. The nurse manager and nursing unit staff were calmed and their “hearts awakened” by the personal caring that the clinical nurse leader and the volunteer nurse provided. Mrs. Smith died with caring persons at her bedside, and all members of the unit staff felt comforted that she had not died alone.
Davidson, Ray, and Turkel (2011) note that caring is complex, and caring science includes the art of practice, “an aesthetic which illuminates the beauty of the dynamic nurse-patient relationship, that makes possible authentic spiritual-ethical choices for transformation—healing, health, well-being, and a peaceful death” (p. xxiv). As the clinical nurse leader and the nursing staff in this situation engaged in caring practice that focused on the well-being of the patient, they simultaneously created a caring-healing environment that contributed to the well-being of the whole—the emotional atmosphere of the unit, the ability of the clinical nurse leader and staff nurses to practice caringly and competently, and the qualit.
APA format1. What are the three most important takeawayslessons.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this module? (150 words or more)
2. Drawing on the material that was provided what else would like to know? What other related questions/ideas/topics would you like to explore in the future? (100 words or more)
3. What is lobbying? What role does it play in the relationship between government and business? (100 words or more)
.
APA General Format Summary APA (American Psychological.docxamrit47
APA General Format
Summary
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the
APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
Contributors: Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore,
Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart
of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.
You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
General APA Guidelines
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins
on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt.
Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create
a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened
version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: The Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,
and References.
Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional
affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right
at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should
look like this:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/949/01/
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok
http://www.youtube.com/user/OWLPurdue
After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th
edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after
the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the
errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA
recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain
abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two l.
Appearance When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my b.docxamrit47
Appearance
When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my black straight skirt, closed toed shoes and white collared shirt gave a professional appearance and more credibility with the audience. My hair was a little too casual. I wished I had that one strand tacked back so it would have stayed out of my eyes. This made it hard for the audience to see my face and was distracting when I had to keep tucking it back. My earrings were small so the audience would watch me and not my jewelry. I wasn’t standing up straight and it made me look less confident. I need to remember to have better posture when speaking.Organizational Pattern
My introduction was slow and clear and the story was suspenseful enough to grab their attention. It was a little confusing at the beginning because I didn’t preview the main points but because I transitioned well between the steps by saying, “Now that you have completed step 1, selecting the pattern, you are ready to move to step two, preparing the wood” the audience was able to follow. I remembered to state my research source for two of the steps but forgot the third. It made the third step seem shallower and I think I lost credibility. My word choice was good. I made sure to use a variety of descriptive words for the types of wood, explained new vocabulary and repeated phrases to help the audience remember the steps. For some reason the ending was weak. I didn’t tie it to the introduction or have a good ending sentence. It would have been a good idea to remind them of the beginning story and how woodworking affects their everyday life.Vocal Qualities
During my speech I had such a dry mouth that I messed up on the pronunciation of some of the words like saying “exspecially” instead of “especially.” This sounded less professional to the audience. I had good projection so that even the back row could hear without straining. My pitch variation is getting better but I still keep using the same rhythm with my pauses. This make me sound more monotone, like I’m reading the speech rather than just having a conversation. I’ll need to practice changing my rate and pauses. I also noticed many of my sentences end in an up-pitch, like I’m asking a question. If I bring some of those down it will make me appear more confident rather than questioning. It is hard to get rid of those filler words. “Like” and “so” are two of my favorites but it does make me sound like a teenager. I had no idea I said them so much.Delivery
There weren’t many gestures, which made me look stiff and nervous. I just held my note cards and stood in one spot the whole time. I need to do more with my hands and maybe move a little more in the space. I really admire the people in class who have such a good flow with their delivery from gestures to using the space around them purposefully. I felt I held my note cards too close to my face and had my head down most of the time. While watching the video, I noticed I looked at my cards and the poster a l.
apa format1-2 paragraphsreferencesFor this week’s .docxamrit47
apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
For this week’s discussion, choose a current social movement from anywhere in the world. Then, using the required readings, videos, and your own research, discuss the “role these leaders” play in your chosen social movement. In addition, describe any group or collective processes that you discovered. Use specific examples to make major points.
Support your writing with at least two scholarly sources that are
in addition
to required reading.
.
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment..docxamrit47
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment.
1. Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial
activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments
for both points of view.
3. What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing
intelligent systems on mobile data?
4. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from
current literature and their impact on data science as a
profession.
Ex.2. Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent
systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment,
mass customization, and teamwork.
Reflective Assignment:
What has been significant about this course that will help you perform data science tasks in the future.
.
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential .docxamrit47
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential psychological impact of long-term exposure to mass media messages on the major issues surrounding political advertising and political campaigns in the United States and why it is currently relevant and impacts society.
12 Point Times New Roman Font
Double Spaced
Please include research that supports ideas and topics related to political advertising and political campaigns in the United States.
.
APA STYLE 1.Define the terms multiple disabilities and .docxamrit47
APA STYLE
1.Define the terms
multiple disabilities
and
deaf-blindness
as described in the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)
2.Identify three types of educational assessments for students with severe and multiple disabilities.
3.Identify the features of effective services and supports for children with severe and multiple disabilities during a) early childhood years and b) elementary school years.
4. Distinguish between the term
deaf
and
hard of hearing
5.
Identify 4 approaches to teaching communication skills to people with a hearing loss.
6.
What are the distinctive features of refractive eye problems, muscle disorders of the eye and receptive eye problems?
7.Describe two content areas that should be included in educational programs for students with vision loss.
8. Identify several disabilities that may accompany cerebral palsy.
9.What is spina bifida myelomeningocele?
10.Describe the physical limitations associated with muscular distrophy
11.Describe the AIDS disease stages through which individuals with the syndrome move
12.Identify present and future interventions for the treatment of children and youth with cystic fibrosis.
.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
APA7Page length 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Pag.docxamrit47
APA7
Page length: 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Page.
Discuss and explore the synergy that RFID technology & Time Based Competition has had on the grocery retail industry. Are the two concepts compatible? And then explain. Provide real-world scenarios, which reflect Time Base Competition.
video on
RFID in Logistics
.
APA format, 2 pagesThree general sections 1. an article s.docxamrit47
This document outlines the three main sections required for an APA format summary of a research article that is 2 pages in length: 1) A summary of the article, 2) An explanation of how the article relates to psychology and human behavior, specifically discussing the meaning and implications of the results, 3) A reaction to the article providing thoughts on whether the results were interesting, surprising, or common sense.
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotation.docxamrit47
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotations and 3 references.
. Mass vaccination after a disaster:
There was a natural disaster that occurred and has led to an infectious disease outbreak (your choice of one that is vaccine-preventable). Those affected by the disaster are settled in temporary locations with high population densities, inadequate food and shelter, unsafe water, poor sanitation and infrastructure that has been compromised or destroyed. There is a vaccine available for the infectious disease but there are not enough doses to give to all who are at-risk due to the natural disaster.
You are the public health official in charge of infectious disease prevention. Devise a plan to administer the vaccine to the population. Will you use a lottery system or target specific sub-populations? How will you track and monitor those who are vaccinated? Use the attributes of the infectious disease to provide reasoning behind your plan. What other prevention techniques that can be used to supplement the vaccination plan?
.
APA FORMAT1. What are the three most important takeawayslesson.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this online course (the entire quarter) and why? (150 words or more)
2. How did the material provided in this course assist your growth as a student and as an individual, in general? (150 words or more).
.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
PURPOSEFUL READING REPORT – CENE HW-5Assigned on Oct 7 Due O.docx
1. PURPOSEFUL READING REPORT – CENE HW-5
Assigned on: Oct 7
Due: Oct 14, 8 am
Specs for this assignment:
· Use 12 pt. Times new roman, single spacing
· Give your answers in bulleted format as many as requested for
each section.
· Bullets should rephrase the information in the article, be brief
(not more than 140 characters for each bullet) and use your own
words.
· Submit it on due date as a pdf file.
· Must show good faith effort.
5 4 3 2 1 REPORT
Section 1/ 5 bullets
Identify 5 important points in the article, including two that you
found most surprising, two you became more aware of, and one
you found most confusing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Section 2/ 4 bullets
Identify and discuss the treatment methods suggested for
Arsenic Removal specifically for Bangladesh
2. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Section 3/ 3 bullets
Do a web - search to find out what methods are used in the US
for As removal (include the web addresses that you found the
information on)
1.
2.
3.
Section 4/ 2 bullets
Discuss two reasons why method(s) applied in US may not be
adaptable for Bangladesh
1.
2.
Section 5/ 1 bullet
How does this new info relate to the chapters we already talked
about?
1.
86 S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N A U G U S T 2 0 0 4
3. Arsenic in drinking water could severely poison
50 million people worldwide. Strategies being tested
in Bangladesh might help prevent the problem
Arsenic in drinking water could severely poison
50 million people worldwide. Strategies being tested
in Bangladesh might help prevent the problem
COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
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87
ARSENIC CRISIS
in Bangladesh
cold, clear, sparkling flow gushes from the tubewell
where Pinjra Begum used to collect drinking water for
her family. Married at age 15 to a millworker, she
had made a pretty bride. Soon, however, her skin be-
gan to turn blotchy, then ultimately gangrenous and repulsive.
Her husband remarried. In 2000 she died of cancer, at 26 years
of age, leaving three children.
Pinjra Begum was poisoned by the beautiful water she had
faithfully pumped. In the 1970s and 1980s the Bangladesh gov-
ernment, along with international aid agencies spearheaded by
UNICEF, undertook an ambitious project to bring clean water
4. to the nation’s villages. Too many children were dying of diar-
rhea from drinking surface water contaminated with bacteria.
The preferred solution was a tubewell: a simple, hardy, hand-
op-
erated pump that sucks water, through a pipe, from a shallow
underground aquifer. The well-to-do could afford them, and
with easy loans from nongovernmental agencies, many of the
poor also installed the contraptions in their courtyards. A tube-
well became a prized possession: it lessened the burden on
women, who no longer had to trek long distances with their pots
and pails; it reduced the dependence on better-off neighbors;
and
most important, it provided pathogen-free water to drink. By the
early 1990s 95 percent of Bangladesh’s population had access to
“safe” water, virtually all of it through the country’s more than
10 million tubewells—a rare success story in the otherwise im-
poverished nation.
Alas, somebody—everybody—neglected to check the water
for arsenic. As early as 1983, dermatologist Kshitish C. Saha of
the School of Tropical Medicine in neighboring Kolkata (Cal-
cutta), India, had identified the skin lesions on some patients as
arising from arsenic poisoning. He traced the mineral to water
from tubewells. The patients were mostly from the eastern Indi-
an state of West Bengal, which shares some aquifers with Ban-
gladesh; more pointedly, some were immigrants from Bangla-
desh. Over the next few years, environmental scientist Dipankar
Chakraborti of Jadavpur University in Kolkata established that
many aquifers in West Bengal were severely contaminated with
arsenic. Yet the British Geological Survey (BGS) conducted an
extensive test of Bangladesh’s water supply in 1993 and pro-
nounced it safe, not having tested for arsenic. That same year
Ab-
dul W. Khan of the Department of Public Health Engineering in
Bangladesh discovered the mineral in tubewell water in the
west-
5. ern district of Nawabganj.
ARSENIC FLOWS from a tubewell in Bilkada village in
Bangladesh. Farmer Abdul Rahman, whose foot was
amputated after cancer caused by the contaminated
water, looks on as a neighbor pumps.
A
By A. Mushtaque R. Chowdhury
Photography by Dilip Mehta
COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
Today around 30 percent of Bangla-
desh’s tubewells are known to yield more
than 50 micrograms of arsenic per liter of
water, with 5 to 10 percent providing
more than six times this amount. The
Bangladesh government specifies more
than 50 micrograms per liter as being
dangerous. (I use this standard in the ar-
ticle. The World Health Organization’s
upper limit, which is also the recently re-
vised standard of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, is 10 micrograms. Un-
fortunately, this amount is too small to
test for accurately in the field.) That
means at least 35 million people—almost
one quarter of the population—are drink-
ing potentially fatal levels of arsenic.
Another concern is that Bangladeshis
6. may be ingesting arsenic through a sec-
ond route: the grain they eat two or three
times a day. In the dry months, rice fields
are irrigated with pumped underground
water. Recently researchers from the Uni-
versity of Aberdeen in Scotland found
that the arsenic content of local rice varies
from 50 to 180 parts per billion, depend-
ing on the rice variety and on where it is
grown. (Fifty parts per billion is the equiv-
alent of 50 micrograms per liter in water.)
A few vegetables, in particular an edible
tuber containing an astonishing 100 parts
per million of arsenic, are also contami-
nated. Hardly any guidelines exist as to
what levels of arsenic in food might be
dangerous.
And Bangladesh is not alone. The
mineral occurs in the water supply of
communities in diverse countries, such as
India, Nepal, Vietnam, China, Argentina,
Mexico, Chile, Taiwan, Mongolia and
the U.S. [see map on opposite page]. As
many as 50 million people worldwide
could be severely affected eventually. Ar-
senic in drinking water thus constitutes
the largest case of mass poisoning in his-
tory, dwarfing Chernobyl.
Mineral Water
T H E F I R S T S I G N of poisoning, which
may appear as long as 10 years after
someone starts drinking arsenic-laden
water, is black spots on the upper chest,
7. back and arms, known as melanosis.
Palms of the hands or soles of the feet be-
come hard and lose sensation (keratosis).
The patient may also suffer from con-
junctivitis, bronchitis and, at very high
concentrations of arsenic, diarrhea and
abdominal pain. These symptoms de-
scribe the first stage of arsenicosis, as ar-
senic-induced ailments are known. In the
second stage, white spots appear mixed
up with the black (leucomelanosis), legs
swell, and the palms and soles crack and
bleed (hyperkeratosis). These sores, which
are highly characteristic of arsenic poi-
soning, are painful and can become in-
fected; they make working and walking
difficult. In addition, neural problems ap-
pear in the hands and legs, and the kid-
neys and liver start to malfunction. In the
third stage the sores turn gangrenous, kid-
neys or liver may give way, and in around
20 years, cancers show up.
Pinjra Begum died unusually young;
she may have been drinking high levels of
arsenic since childhood. One study in
Taiwan found that drinking 500 micro-
grams of arsenic per liter of water led to
skin cancer in one out of 10 individuals.
The major cause of death, however, is in-
ternal cancers, especially of the bladder,
kidney, liver and lung. A 1998 study in
northern Chile attributed 5 to 10 percent
of all deaths in those older than 30 to ar-
senic-induced internal cancers. These
8. people were exposed, at least initially, to
around 500 micrograms per liter. The
U.S. National Research Council con-
cluded in 1999 that the combined cancer
risk from ingesting more than 50 micro-
grams of arsenic per liter of water could
easily lead to one in 100 people dying of
cancer.
Drinking water with high levels of ar-
senic can also lead to neurological and
cardiovascular complications. The extent
of poisoning depends on the dose and du-
ration of exposure, interactions of the ar-
senic with other dietary elements, and the
age and sex of the individual. So far no
one knows the true impact of the poison
in Bangladesh. Anecdotal evidence sug-
gests tens of thousands of cases of arseni-
cosis and reports a “large number” of
deaths. Although a few cancer cases are
seen, this epidemic has yet to peak.
Unfortunately, the Bangladesh health
system is unprepared for a crisis of this
magnitude. Health workers can offer
ointments to relieve the pain of lesions
and to prevent infection, and gangrenous
limbs can be amputated, but chronic ar-
senic poisoning has no real remedy. One
suggested treatment, chelation, requires
the patient to ingest a chemical that binds
to arsenic and aids its excretion. Yet
chelation is of limited value, because even
without it the body ejects arsenic quite ef-
ficiently; besides, the patient could go
9. right back to ingesting contaminated wa-
ter. Drinking safe water, on the other
hand, seems to dispel the early symptoms
of arsenicosis. But providing such water
is not as easy as it sounds.
The source of—and perhaps the solu-
tion to—Bangladesh’s arsenic problem
88 S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N A U G U S T 2 0 0 4
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ABANDONED by her husband, Ambia Khatum,
with her daughter, displays characteristic sores.
Lesions on the palms and soles make daily
chores painful.
COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
lies under the ground. The nation is large-
ly a delta, formed by silt deposited over
250 million years by two great Hima-
layan rivers, the Ganga and the Brahma-
putra. In some areas, the sediment layer is
as much as 20 kilometers deep. Most of
the poisoned aquifers are shallow, how-
ever, from 10 to 70 meters deep, and lie
to the south and southeast of the country.
The BGS notes that around 18,000 years
ago, when the sea level dropped by
around 100 meters, the rivers cut deep
channels into the existing sediment. In lat-
er years, these valleys filled up with a gray
clay that seems to hold the poison. Older,
brown alluvium, such as in the northwest
11. or the hilly regions, is less contaminated.
An early hypothesis by Chakraborti
holds that the arsenic is associated with
iron pyrites and enters the aquifers by an
oxidation process. So overuse of ground-
water, mainly for irrigation, lowers the
water tables, allowing air to reach the
contaminated clay and release the arsenic.
By this theory, human activity is aggra-
vating the arsenic problem. Nowadays a
rival hypothesis, that of reduction, has
gained currency. According to the BGS,
the arsenic is adsorbed onto particles of
iron oxyhydroxide, which are reduced by
organic extracts in the water itself, re-
leasing arsenic. If so, the mineral has al-
ways been in the water. Controversy con-
tinues to rage, however: Chakraborti as-
serts that some tubewells he measured to
be arsenic-free a decade ago are now poi-
soned, suggesting that complex geochem-
ical processes are even now under way.
In response to the crisis, the govern-
ment created the Bangladesh Arsenic Mit-
igation and Water Supply Project in
1998, to which effort the World Bank
provided a loan of $32.5 million. Much
of this money still lies unused because of
fundamental uncertainties in how to pro-
ceed. The Bangladesh Rural Advance-
ment Committee (BRAC), a nongovern-
mental organization of which I am a
deputy executive director, has, however,
12. been working since 1997 to find an an-
swer to the arsenic dilemma.
Face Forward
I N I T I A L L Y V I L L A G E R S in the two re-
gions where we researched solutions to
the arsenic problem—Sonargaon to the
east and Jhikargacha to the west—would
w w w . s c i a m . c o m S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N
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20. I I200 km
Arsenic (µg/L)
Bay of Bengal
88 ˚˚
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ARSENIC
100
50
0
–50
–100
–150
–200
–250
–300
HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS BAY OF BENGAL
Arsenic-bearing aquifer
Deep
aquifers
Water flow
21. El
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(m
et
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s)
Brackish to
saline water
Freshwater
Saline water
Saline water
I I100 km
Arsenic is found in aquifers, usually underlying
river deltas, around the world (red areas at
right). In Bangladesh, arsenic levels are highest
in the south (bottom left), presumably because
the arsenic accumulated there when the Ganga
and Brahmaputra rivers washed soil down from
the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. The arsenic,
which occurs in more recent, shallow deposits of
clay, dissolves in underground water by
processes that remain disputed. Aquifers deeper
22. than 200 meters are believed to be free of the
mineral (bottom right).
Chile
China
Mongolia
TaiwanNepal
India Thailand
Argentina
Bangladesh
Western U.S.
Mexico
Vietnam
Hungary
Romania
BANGL ADESH
WORLDWIDE RISK
NORTH-SOUTH CUT THROUGH BANGL ADESH DELTA
COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
23. scarcely believe that their health prob-
lems arose from their precious tubewells.
To ensure their cooperation, BRAC
trained about 160 village women, even
some who were illiterate, to test tubewell
water using field kits. The volunteers test-
ed more than 50,000 tubewells, painting
red those that gave more than 50 micro-
grams of arsenic per liter and green those
that gave less. We confirmed that they
had identified 85 to 90 percent of the
wells correctly. In some villages, all the
tubewells turned out to be poisoned. In
others, none were. Peculiarly, one tube-
well might prove dangerous, whereas an-
other close by would be fine.
The volunteers learned to identify
those with skin lesions and other obvi-
ous signs of arsenicosis and to distin-
guish the three stages of the ailment.
They found approximately 400 victims,
who were subsequently examined by
doctors. About three quarters of the pa-
tients were in the initial stage, but only
a few had developed cancer. Most—60
percent—were male, with an average
age of 36 years. Some were as young as
five. Observing the volunteers test tube-
wells and identify sufferers, everyone
in the targeted villages became aware
of this previously unknown problem.
The volunteers also worked close-
ly with other community members and
24. BRAC personnel to create maps that
showed local sources of water—arsenic-
free tubewells, ordinary wells, streams
and ponds—that could possibly replace
contaminated tubewells. We then tested
various systems with an eye toward safe-
ty, efficacy, cost and social acceptability.
Broadly, these options were water from
ponds, rivers and wells treated to remove
pathogens; rainwater; groundwater treat-
ed to remove arsenic; piped water; and
water from very deep aquifers. Over the
past few years, we have learned much
about which solutions might work on a
national scale. (In recognition of its con-
tributions toward the health and devel-
opment of the poor, BRAC recently re-
ceived the Gates Award for Global
Health, a sum of $1 million.)
Compelling reasons exist for pro-
moting the use of surface water. It is plen-
tiful and generally free of arsenic, down
to a depth of 10 meters. Historically, the
people of Bangladesh drank water from
designated clean ponds. With the advent
of tubewells, these ponds were neglected,
filled up for building or diverted to fish
culture. The pond sand filter—a sand-
based system installed on the bank to re-
move mud and pathogens—aims to re-
vive the use of such ponds. Unfortunate-
ly, the bacterial load is so high that
although the filter reduces it by two or-
ders of magnitude, the water still con-
25. tains some contaminants. The main ob-
stacle to this filter, however, is that most
of the ponds are now employed for fish
culture, and they contain toxic chemicals
used for killing predatory species (before
fry are released). The biocides dissipate,
but the water remains unsafe for human
consumption. Moreover, the communi-
ty must commit to cleaning the filter
every few months.
Ordinary wells also use surface water,
in this case collected from within a deep
hole; it normally contains few pathogens
but can get contaminated with fecal mat-
ter. In contrast, rainwater is pure but not
available year-round. We once thought
the so-called three-pitcher method to be a
brilliant idea; this simple household de-
vice filters tubewell water through two
earthenware pots—containing sand, char-
coal and, most important, iron chips for
binding arsenic—so that safe water col-
lects in the third pot. But the contaminat-
ed shavings need to be disposed of peri-
odically, which is yet another problem.
Larger-scale arsenic filters are expensive,
and they, too, must be cleaned of poison-
ous sludge.
In conversations with villagers, we re-
alized that although they want arsenic-
free water, they do not want to feel that
they are going back in time to methods
they once discarded. Tubewells had fitted
nicely with their forward-looking aspira-
26. tions. In my view, any successful method
must embrace this sentiment. The two op-
tions that meet this criterion are piped
water and deep wells.
Over the past few years, BRAC and
other organizations have implemented a
pilot program to pipe water, treated at a
centralized facility, to villages. People wel-
comed it. A recent study by BRAC, in col-
laboration with the World Bank, found
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TWO WIVES of Abdul Rahman, the bedridden
Haliman—a victim of the arsenic epidemic—and
her young replacement, Shazida, have no choice
but to get along. Shazida runs the household and
takes care of Haliman’s children.
A. MUSHTAQUE R. CHOWDHURY has been involved with the
Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee, one of the world’s largest and most successful
private development organi-
zations, since 1977. He is the founder of its research and
evaluation division and directs
its arsenic mitigation effort. Born in Bangladesh, Chowdhury
received his early educa-
tion in Dhaka and his Ph.D. from the London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine in
1986. He has written extensively on health issues in the
developing world. Chowdhury
serves as co-chair of the U.N. Millennium Project’s task force
on child and maternal health
and is currently a visiting professor at Columbia University.
T
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COPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
that villagers are even willing to pay part
of the cost for installation. Nevertheless,
the price remains prohibitive, and imple-
menting such a program more broadly re-
quires organization. If Bangladesh decides
to move ahead with such systems, even
on a limited scale, the local government
must be charged with maintaining them
in conjunction with nongovernmental
organizations.
The long-term solution might instead
lie in deep tubewells, which extract water
from aquifers 200 meters or farther un-
derground. Much of Bangladesh consists
of two overlying freshwater aquifers, a
shallow one (which reaches down as far
as 70 meters) separated from a deeper one
by layers of clay. Geologists agree that the
29. risk of arsenic in deep aquifers is low, but
before a few million such tubewells are
dug, they need to be absolutely sure.
Moreover, the drilling process needs to be
refined so that the deeper aquifers are not
poisoned by arsenic-bearing water trick-
ling down from the shallow aquifers
through the boreholes themselves.
Such drilling technology is untested,
and digging these wells will require expert
guidance. Murphy’s Law—if anything
can go wrong, it will—seems to apply
with particular vengeance in developing
countries, as the arsenic problem itself in-
dicates. So the risk of inadvertently con-
taminating the deep aquifers must be
carefully weighed.
Money Matters
R E S E A R C H E R S A T Columbia Universi-
ty recently estimated that approximately
$290 million will fund an integrated five-
year testing, mitigation and monitoring
program for arsenic all over Bangladesh.
This amount, which envisages a deep
tubewell in each of the country’s 86,000
villages, is not too large for the benefit
that will accrue, but it may be more than
Bangladesh alone can afford.
Even if the money can be found,
choosing and implementing a permanent
solution to the arsenic problem will take
several years. And Bangladesh cannot af-
ford to wait. The country must immedi-
30. ately embark on a project to identify pa-
tients and provide them with safer water,
in whatever way is locally feasible. In ad-
dition, we need to test every tubewell in
the country. Despite everyone’s best ef-
forts, at the current rate of testing it could
take several years to cover the entire
nation.
In truth, even the poorest nations—
perhaps especially the poorest—should
check the quality of their water constant-
ly. Ignoring this imperative is what land-
ed Bangladesh in this predicament in the
first place. Monitoring—not only for ar-
senic but also for manganese, fluoride,
pesticides, other chemicals and patho-
gens—must become routine in all regions
of the world where people drink water
from underground.
w w w . s c i a m . c o m S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N
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CHEAP SOLUTIONS FOR SAFER WATER
Combating a Deadly Menace: Early Experiences with a
Community-Based Arsenic Mitigation
Project in Bangladesh. A. Mushtaque R. Chowdhury et. al.
Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee Research Monograph Series, No. 16, August 2000.
Contamination of Drinking-Water by Arsenic in Bangladesh: A
Public Health Emergency.
Allan H. Smith, Elena O. Lingas and Mahfuzar Rahman in
Bulletin of the World Health Organization,
Vol. 78, No. 9, pages 1093–1103; September 2000. Available at
www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue9/bu0751.pdf
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh, Vols. 1–
4. Edited by D. G. Kinniburgh and
P. L. Smedley. British Geological Survey Technical Report
WC/00/19, 2001. Available at
www.bgs.ac.uk/arsenic/Bangladesh/
Gates Award for Global Health, 2004, to BRAC. Award speech
34. is available at
www.gatesfoundation.org/MediaCenter/Speeches/BillSrSpeeche
s/BGSSpeech-
GatesAwardGH040603.htm
M O R E T O E X P L O R E
Raw water from pond
Treated
water
Treated water
Brick chips
Raw water
from pond
Hand pump
Sand
Coarse aggregate
No perfect technology exists for providing safe water to poor
communities plagued by
the arsenic problem. Surface water in Bangladesh is free of
arsenic but highly
compromised by disease agents. The pond sand filter reduces
the pathogens in pond
or river water by two orders of magnitude—which is not
enough. The three-pitcher
method is simple and cheap: it removes
arsenic from tubewell water by passing it
through iron shavings. Unfortunately,
35. disposing of the contaminated sludge is a
problem for all arsenic filters, including larger,
commercial varieties.
Arsenic-
contaminated
water
Arsenic-free
water
Iron chips
Sand
Cloth
Charcoal
Sand
Cloth
THREE-PITCHER FILTER
POND SAND FILTER
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