Pulse pressure
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The arterial pulse
The document discusses the arterial pulse, including:
1. The pulse is a wave felt by fingers produced by cardiac systole that travels through arteries faster than blood flow. Different arteries have different time lags from cardiac systole.
2. The pulse provides important information about heart function, circulation, and arterial health. It can help detect arrhythmias and diagnose conditions like aortic regurgitation and heart failure.
3. The pulse should be examined in multiple locations and compared between sides. Features like rate, rhythm, volume, and characteristics provide clues to cardiovascular conditions. Certain pulse types indicate specific problems like aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation.
Approach to a patient with Haemoptysis
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing patients presenting with hemoptysis. It defines hemoptysis and outlines its various classifications based on blood loss. Common causes are discussed, including tuberculosis, bronchial carcinoma, bronchiectasis, and lung abscesses. A systematic approach to evaluation is recommended, beginning with history, physical exam, chest imaging, and sputum/blood tests. Bronchoscopy can help localize the bleeding site but is usually best delayed until acute bleeding subsides. The goal is to determine the cause and initiate appropriate treatment while stabilizing patients experiencing massive hemorrhage.
Pulse - Arterial Pulse - Types
Pulse - Arterial Pulse - type rate rhythm character delay vessel wall condition arrythmia strokes waves
CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS
This document provides information about cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its goals, components, and processes. It discusses how CPB circuits divert blood flow away from the heart and lungs using a pump and oxygenator, allowing for surgery on a bloodless field. Key components that are described include the pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, cannulas, and filters used. The document outlines the steps of priming, anticoagulation, cannulation, initiation and maintenance of bypass, as well as weaning and termination from bypass. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
Pulse- Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings can occur in the pulse rate, rhythm, volume, character, vessel walls, and radiofemoral delay.
Tachycardia is a pulse rate over 100 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions. Bradycardia is a pulse rate under 60 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions.
An irregular pulse can be occasionally, regularly, or irregularly irregular and caused by conditions like extrasystole, ectopic beats, arrhythmias, and atrial fibrillation.
Other abnormalities include high or low pulse volume caused by physiological or pathological conditions, varying volume seen with
Anatomical basis for respiration in female Vs male
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Cardiovascular system examination
This document provides an examination of the cardiovascular system. It begins with a general examination including vital signs. It then discusses signs such as pallor, cyanosis, clubbing, and edema. The document examines the pulse, blood pressure, jugular venous pressure, and auscultation of heart sounds. It provides details on normal and abnormal findings for each of these exam components. The document concludes with an examination of peripheral pulses and abnormalities of the jugular venous pulse.
Recommended
The arterial pulse
The document discusses the arterial pulse, including:
1. The pulse is a wave felt by fingers produced by cardiac systole that travels through arteries faster than blood flow. Different arteries have different time lags from cardiac systole.
2. The pulse provides important information about heart function, circulation, and arterial health. It can help detect arrhythmias and diagnose conditions like aortic regurgitation and heart failure.
3. The pulse should be examined in multiple locations and compared between sides. Features like rate, rhythm, volume, and characteristics provide clues to cardiovascular conditions. Certain pulse types indicate specific problems like aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation.
Approach to a patient with Haemoptysis
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing patients presenting with hemoptysis. It defines hemoptysis and outlines its various classifications based on blood loss. Common causes are discussed, including tuberculosis, bronchial carcinoma, bronchiectasis, and lung abscesses. A systematic approach to evaluation is recommended, beginning with history, physical exam, chest imaging, and sputum/blood tests. Bronchoscopy can help localize the bleeding site but is usually best delayed until acute bleeding subsides. The goal is to determine the cause and initiate appropriate treatment while stabilizing patients experiencing massive hemorrhage.
Pulse - Arterial Pulse - Types
Pulse - Arterial Pulse - type rate rhythm character delay vessel wall condition arrythmia strokes waves
CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS
This document provides information about cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its goals, components, and processes. It discusses how CPB circuits divert blood flow away from the heart and lungs using a pump and oxygenator, allowing for surgery on a bloodless field. Key components that are described include the pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, cannulas, and filters used. The document outlines the steps of priming, anticoagulation, cannulation, initiation and maintenance of bypass, as well as weaning and termination from bypass. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
Pulse- Abnormal Findings
Abnormal findings can occur in the pulse rate, rhythm, volume, character, vessel walls, and radiofemoral delay.
Tachycardia is a pulse rate over 100 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions. Bradycardia is a pulse rate under 60 bpm and can be caused by sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, medications, and medical conditions.
An irregular pulse can be occasionally, regularly, or irregularly irregular and caused by conditions like extrasystole, ectopic beats, arrhythmias, and atrial fibrillation.
Other abnormalities include high or low pulse volume caused by physiological or pathological conditions, varying volume seen with
Anatomical basis for respiration in female Vs male
Let's learn the anatomical basis behind thoracoabdominal respiration in females and abdominothoracic respiration in males
Cardiovascular system examination
This document provides an examination of the cardiovascular system. It begins with a general examination including vital signs. It then discusses signs such as pallor, cyanosis, clubbing, and edema. The document examines the pulse, blood pressure, jugular venous pressure, and auscultation of heart sounds. It provides details on normal and abnormal findings for each of these exam components. The document concludes with an examination of peripheral pulses and abnormalities of the jugular venous pulse.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome
This document provides information about acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and complications. ARDS is a respiratory failure condition caused by lung injury and results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane. It progresses through exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic phases. Treatment involves supportive care, mechanical ventilation, positioning strategies, and managing complications such as nosocomial pneumonia and renal failure.
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This document discusses the assessment of respiratory muscle function. It begins by introducing the respiratory muscles and the importance of assessing their strength. It then covers the clinical signs of respiratory muscle weakness and conditions that could cause weakness. The remainder of the document details various methods for assessing respiratory muscle function, including tests of overall lung function, direct tests of muscle strength, electrophysiological techniques, imaging methods, and considerations for assessing function in the ICU.
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This document defines and discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath) and cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin). It outlines the mechanisms, causes, and characteristics of dyspnea associated with respiratory, cardiac, and other medical conditions. Key signs and symptoms that may suggest pulmonary or cardiac origins of dyspnea are provided. The document also defines and describes peripheral and central cyanosis, listing various conditions that can cause each type.
Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
Jugular venous pressure
Examination, visualization, measurement, waveforms, quantification, abnormalities, hepatojugular reflux, Kussmaul's sign
Peep & cpap
1. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the amount of air in the lungs after a normal expiration and is dependent on factors like sex, age, height, and weight. FRC increases with age and decreases with weight.
2. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) maintains a positive pressure during expiration to keep alveoli inflated, which increases functional residual capacity and improves oxygenation. PEEP is indicated for refractory hypoxemia, intrapulmonary shunts, and decreased FRC and lung compliance.
3. Complications of PEEP include decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, barotrauma, increased intracranial pressure, and altered renal function
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This document provides information on performing a cardiovascular examination including percussion, auscultation of heart sounds, and identifying murmurs. It describes the locations and techniques for percussion over the heart. It details the components of normal heart sounds and various abnormalities. Common abnormal heart sounds like S3, S4, clicks, and gallops are explained. Characteristics of murmurs such as timing, location, shape, pitch, intensity, and response to maneuvers are outlined. Common cardiac pathologies that cause murmurs are also discussed.
Heart murmurs
This document provides an overview of different types of heart murmurs:
1. It describes systolic murmurs which occur during ventricular contraction and can be early, mid, or late systolic. Common causes are aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse.
2. It also describes diastolic murmurs which occur during ventricular relaxation and include early diastolic murmurs from aortic regurgitation and rumbling mid to late diastolic murmurs from mitral stenosis.
3. Continuous murmurs that begin in systole and continue into diastole are also discussed, along with how to characterize location and timing of different murmurs.
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Compliance Resistance & Work Of Breathing
This document discusses the mechanics of respiration and resistance to breathing. It covers:
1. Elastic resistance makes up around 65% of total resistance and is due to the elastic recoil of lung tissue and surface tension forces. Lung compliance measures a lung's elastic resistance.
2. Non-elastic resistance accounts for the remaining 35% and includes airway resistance. Dynamic compliance is lower than static compliance due to factors like airway obstruction.
3. Several lung diseases can decrease compliance by increasing elastic or non-elastic resistance, requiring more work from respiratory muscles. Surfactant reduces surface tension forces and the work of breathing.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
2. It defines and explains various lung volumes and capacities that are measured by spirometry, such as tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and closing capacity.
3. It covers topics related to gas exchange including the roles of surfactant and preoxygenation in increasing oxygen stores in the lungs.
4. It discusses the concepts of ventilation, dead space, and the measurement of physiological dead space using the Bohr equation.
Ventilator mode
Mechanical ventilation is used widely in patient care from initial injury through hospital transport, surgery, intensive care, and intermediate care. Various modes of ventilation have been developed to support patient breathing including controlled mandatory modes like CMV that do not allow spontaneous breathing and supported modes like PSV that augment patient effort. Key parameters monitored include pressures, volumes, and gas exchange. Complications can include barotrauma, decreased cardiac output, and pneumonia. Weaning protocols gradually reduce ventilator support as the underlying condition improves and respiratory function is adequate.
Percussion in respiratory system
Percussion of the respiratory system is used diagnostically to determine the state of underlying tissues and topographically to delineate organ borders. The examiner uses one finger (pleximeter) to percuss the chest wall and another (plessor) to strike it, varying the force based on factors like thickness and location. Different notes indicate conditions like consolidation, effusion, or pneumothorax. Special techniques include flicking and palpatory percussion. Topographic percussion maps areas like the lung borders and detects findings associated with diseases.
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BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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This document discusses pulmonary flow volume loops, which can identify obstructive or restrictive ventilatory defects. Obstructive defects cause the descending limb of the loop to have an upward concavity. Restrictive defects cause the loop to become tall and narrow or miniature in all directions. Specific loop patterns indicate fixed or variable upper airway obstruction, intrathoracic variable obstruction, or extrathoracic variable obstruction. Mixed defects show both curvilinear and miniature loop shapes. Examples of conditions that can cause these patterns are also provided.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
This document provides information about acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and complications. ARDS is a respiratory failure condition caused by lung injury and results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane. It progresses through exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic phases. Treatment involves supportive care, mechanical ventilation, positioning strategies, and managing complications such as nosocomial pneumonia and renal failure.
Respiratory Muscle Assessment
This document discusses the assessment of respiratory muscle function. It begins by introducing the respiratory muscles and the importance of assessing their strength. It then covers the clinical signs of respiratory muscle weakness and conditions that could cause weakness. The remainder of the document details various methods for assessing respiratory muscle function, including tests of overall lung function, direct tests of muscle strength, electrophysiological techniques, imaging methods, and considerations for assessing function in the ICU.
Dyspnea
This document defines and discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath) and cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin). It outlines the mechanisms, causes, and characteristics of dyspnea associated with respiratory, cardiac, and other medical conditions. Key signs and symptoms that may suggest pulmonary or cardiac origins of dyspnea are provided. The document also defines and describes peripheral and central cyanosis, listing various conditions that can cause each type.
Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
Jugular venous pressure
Examination, visualization, measurement, waveforms, quantification, abnormalities, hepatojugular reflux, Kussmaul's sign
Peep & cpap
1. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the amount of air in the lungs after a normal expiration and is dependent on factors like sex, age, height, and weight. FRC increases with age and decreases with weight.
2. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) maintains a positive pressure during expiration to keep alveoli inflated, which increases functional residual capacity and improves oxygenation. PEEP is indicated for refractory hypoxemia, intrapulmonary shunts, and decreased FRC and lung compliance.
3. Complications of PEEP include decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, barotrauma, increased intracranial pressure, and altered renal function
percussion and Auscultation of cardiovascular system with heart sounds and mu...
This document provides information on performing a cardiovascular examination including percussion, auscultation of heart sounds, and identifying murmurs. It describes the locations and techniques for percussion over the heart. It details the components of normal heart sounds and various abnormalities. Common abnormal heart sounds like S3, S4, clicks, and gallops are explained. Characteristics of murmurs such as timing, location, shape, pitch, intensity, and response to maneuvers are outlined. Common cardiac pathologies that cause murmurs are also discussed.
Heart murmurs
This document provides an overview of different types of heart murmurs:
1. It describes systolic murmurs which occur during ventricular contraction and can be early, mid, or late systolic. Common causes are aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse.
2. It also describes diastolic murmurs which occur during ventricular relaxation and include early diastolic murmurs from aortic regurgitation and rumbling mid to late diastolic murmurs from mitral stenosis.
3. Continuous murmurs that begin in systole and continue into diastole are also discussed, along with how to characterize location and timing of different murmurs.
Ventilation and Perfusion in different zones of lungs.
This powerpoint presentation will make you explore about the Perfusion and Ventilation in different zones of lungs with its co-relation with pulmonary tuberculosis.
aproch to patient with dyspnea
This document provides definitions and information about different types of dyspnea (shortness of breath). It discusses the pathophysiology and various causes of dyspnea like asthma, COPD, cardiac failure, pulmonary embolism. The document describes how to take history and examine patients presenting with dyspnea. It outlines investigations like chest imaging and laboratory tests. Differential diagnoses are provided for acute and chronic dyspnea. Management strategies for emergencies and exacerbations of conditions like asthma and COPD are briefly covered.
Ventilation final
The document provides information on ventilation and the anatomy of the respiratory system. It defines ventilation as the mass movement of gas in and out of the lungs. It then describes the anatomy of the airways from the nostrils down to the alveoli. This includes details on structures like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. It also discusses factors that affect ventilation like pulmonary pressures, the mechanics of breathing, and control of breathing.
Bedside PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST/PFT
This document discusses pulmonary function tests (PFTs), including their goals, uses, limitations, procedures, and interpretations. PFTs are used to assess lung function before surgeries and characterize any pulmonary dysfunction. Key information obtained from PFTs includes measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), their ratio (FEV1/FVC), and peak expiratory flow rate. Interpretations of these values can indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. The document outlines how PFTs are performed using portable devices or clinic spirometers and flow-volume loops.
Supraventricular tachycardias
This document discusses supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). It defines different types of SVT including paroxysmal SVT, which is common in emergency rooms. Quality of life is often poor for those with paroxysmal SVT. The document discusses mechanisms of SVT including reentry circuits, enhanced automaticity, and triggered activity. It provides details on differentiating AV nodal reentrant tachycardia from AV reentrant tachycardia using electrocardiogram findings. Treatment options discussed include carotid sinus massage, adenosine, and catheter ablation.
ECG Basics
This document provides a summary of basics of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG). It discusses the history and development of ECG technology. It describes the components of a normal ECG waveform including the P, QRS, and T waves. It explains how to determine heart rate from an ECG and identify different arrhythmias based on the waveform. Key anatomical structures involved in heart's electrical conduction system are also outlined.
Compliance Resistance & Work Of Breathing
This document discusses the mechanics of respiration and resistance to breathing. It covers:
1. Elastic resistance makes up around 65% of total resistance and is due to the elastic recoil of lung tissue and surface tension forces. Lung compliance measures a lung's elastic resistance.
2. Non-elastic resistance accounts for the remaining 35% and includes airway resistance. Dynamic compliance is lower than static compliance due to factors like airway obstruction.
3. Several lung diseases can decrease compliance by increasing elastic or non-elastic resistance, requiring more work from respiratory muscles. Surfactant reduces surface tension forces and the work of breathing.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
2. It defines and explains various lung volumes and capacities that are measured by spirometry, such as tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and closing capacity.
3. It covers topics related to gas exchange including the roles of surfactant and preoxygenation in increasing oxygen stores in the lungs.
4. It discusses the concepts of ventilation, dead space, and the measurement of physiological dead space using the Bohr equation.
Ventilator mode
Mechanical ventilation is used widely in patient care from initial injury through hospital transport, surgery, intensive care, and intermediate care. Various modes of ventilation have been developed to support patient breathing including controlled mandatory modes like CMV that do not allow spontaneous breathing and supported modes like PSV that augment patient effort. Key parameters monitored include pressures, volumes, and gas exchange. Complications can include barotrauma, decreased cardiac output, and pneumonia. Weaning protocols gradually reduce ventilator support as the underlying condition improves and respiratory function is adequate.
Percussion in respiratory system
Percussion of the respiratory system is used diagnostically to determine the state of underlying tissues and topographically to delineate organ borders. The examiner uses one finger (pleximeter) to percuss the chest wall and another (plessor) to strike it, varying the force based on factors like thickness and location. Different notes indicate conditions like consolidation, effusion, or pneumothorax. Special techniques include flicking and palpatory percussion. Topographic percussion maps areas like the lung borders and detects findings associated with diseases.
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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Adverse isonizid
The document summarizes a case study of a 25-year-old male patient who experienced an adverse drug reaction to anti-TB medication. He developed jaundice, fever, and hemoptysis after taking Isoniazid for 23 days. On admission, he was jaundiced with a temperature of 36.6°C. Laboratory tests and examinations were performed. The case provides details on the patient's history, symptoms, physical assessments, and initial lab results.
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Pulse pressure
- 5. Widened (high) pulse pressure Narrowed pulse pressure