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1. Publishing and Presenting
Scientific Papers
Adapted from the PPT of Jaroslav Mackerle, Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden, by way of Keith Clarke’s Geog 200A course at UCSB

2. Introduction
 A naturalist’s life would be happy one if he had only to
observe and never to write (Charles Darwin)
 In science, no matter how spectacular the results are, the
work is not completed until the results are published.
 Let’s explore the main steps from rough manuscript to
published paper.

3. Contents
 kinds of scientific written
communication
 scientific writing in general
 IMRaD format
 paper organization
 paper writing
 paper submission
 the editing process
 proof-reading
 … and pointers to reading
From an idea
by way of rules
to the published paper

4. Scientific written communication
 Reports
 Theses or dissertations
 Journal articles
 Books and book chapters
 Technical manuals/users guides
 Research or grant proposals
 Slide presentations
 Posters

5. Scientific writing in general
 Subject
 Purpose
– to exchange the scientific knowledge
– to ask and answer specific questions
 Audience
– scientists and those interested in the subject
– a publisher or an editor

6. ”IMRaD” format
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results and
 Discussion
 What problem was
studied? What others and
you did? Your study area.
 How do you did it?
 What did you find out?
 What do your findings
mean?... Combine
w/conclusion/summary
and future plans

7. Other types of journal papers
 Review
 Technical note
 Letter to the editor
 State-of-the-Art
Example of other types of articles, including
technical notes or data briefs:
 http://www.agu.org/journals/gc/

8. Steps in scientific journal writing
Writer Journal editor Readers
Cowriters Referees

9. Paper organization
 Introduction
– call attention to the specific subject, define the
problem
– provide background and present the results of
other studies (literature review)
– list the structure of your research project and
what you plan to present in your paper
Reading a scientific article isn’t the same as reading a detective story. We want to
know from the start that the butler did it (Ratnoff, 1981)

10. Paper organization
 Methods
– complete information of materials and methods
used, conditions present, actions, experimental
design, etc.
– this section usually has subheadings; when
possible match those to be used in Results
– enough information must be given so that the
models/experiments can be reproduced
– ask a colleague if he/she can follow the
methodology

11. Paper organization
 Results
– display of data with logical development showing how
your findings satisfy your objectives
– where possible give illustrative examples and compare
those with known results from literature
– use tables and figures
– the fool collects facts; the wise man selects them (J. W.
Powell, 1888)

12. Paper organization
 Discussion
– the hardest section to write
– discuss, without just repeating the Results
– show the relationship among observed facts
 Conclusion or Summary
– state your conclusion(s) as clearly as possible
– summarize evidence for each conclusion
• end with a short statement regarding the significance of
your work

13. Literature Review Revisited
 Exploring ideas on your subject
– gaps in research on a subject of interest
– existence of any duplication to your work
 Conducting a specific search
– manually in the library
– on-line searching
 Keep up-to-date with the specific subject

14. A rough draft perhaps but ….
 Will you have co-authors?
 Which journal to submit
your manuscript?
 How soon will it be
published?
 How to deal with editors?

15.  Professional publishers
– Elsevier
– Pergamon Press
– Springer Verlag
– J Wiley & Sons
– Kluwer Academic
Publishing
– Blackwell
Taylor & Francis
– Academic Press
 Professional
societies
– ACS
– RSC
– JBCS
– AAG
– AGU
– URISA
– ESA
– AFS
Journals - Publishers

16. Where to submit the manuscript
 The prestige factor
 The circulation factor
 The frequency factor
 The audience factor
 What is the publisher’s practice w/libraries?
– Will they have access to the journal for
reasonable price???

17. Journal Citation Reports
 jcrweb.com

18. Paper writing
 Write a rough outline first, fill it in
 A rough draft is ready
 Select the journal and read Instructions to Authors
(manuscript requirements: style in headings, the system for citations,
figures and tables, etc.)
 Write the final manuscript
 Write or refine your abstract
 Carefully choose keywords (increases success
with e-databases and search engines)

19. The final draft
 Front Matter
– Title (fewest possible words that describe the contents)
– Author’s (co-authors) name and address
– Abstract (miniversion of the paper, no citations)
– Keywords
 Article Body (IMRaD)
– Introduction
– Methods
– Results
– Discussion/Conclusion
 End Matter
– Acknowledgment (technical help and financial assistance)
– References (EndNote has style guides)
– Appendices

20. Abstracts
 Descriptive abstract
– or topical abstract, describes the contents but contains
too little substance and detail
 Informative abstract
– self-explanatory report on a scientific investigation
(research objectives for conducting the investigation,
the basic method used, and the results and significant
conclusions) - 200 to 250 words
 Extended abstract (conference proceedings)
 Don’t ignore those keywords!

21. Citations and references
 For a better credibility you have to review the literature
and show that your contribution extends from a solid
foundation of research
 Quality and quantity of the sources you have consulted
will enhance your work
 You have make it possible for readers to retrace your steps
 Your references can be as valuable as your research
methods and findings
 Check Information for Authors section

22. Citations: Name-year system
 Examples in the text:
– Salwasser (1992)
developed a …
– …realism or humanism
(Schmitt, 1986).
– Many other have
surveyed (Schmitt,
1986; Teal, 1981)
 References
– Salwasser, K.
Landscape Metrics,
…… 1999.
– Schmitt, L. A.
Symposium and
concluding remarks,…
1986.
– Teal, D.W. … 1981
Note: list of references in author alphabetical order

23. Ethics of scientific writing
 Avoid dual publication
 Don’t use the work of others without
appropriate attribution
 List only those co-authors who contributed
substantially to the work

24. Final submission
 In-house reviews required?
 Submit the paper to the journal’s editor (only to
one journal)
– Hard-copy of manuscript (usually three or more copies)
– Disk of the same version
• Text: Word, Word Perfect, TeX/LaTeX, etc.
• Figures: tif, gif, postscript, etc.
– E-Journal submission

25. Editing process
 Editor logs a manuscript and sends an
acknowledgement that the paper has been
received
 Editor sends the manuscript to reviewers
 On the basis of the reviews and the editor’s
opinion, your paper will be accepted,
conditionally accepted, or rejected.

26. Checklist for
referees

27. Proof-reading
 Proof-reading and
return to the editor
 Copyright transfer
 Offprint order
Davis, M. Scientific Papers and Presentations, p.88

28. Copyright Statement from
Journal
 Be sure to read thoroughly
 For theses read UMI Microfilm statement
 Make sure you agree with points
 Will you be free to send or post to web the
final pdf??

29. Congratulations

30. Bibliography
 Davis, M. Scientific Papers and Presentations, Academic
Press, 1997
 Day, R. A. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper,
4th Ed., Cambridge University Press, 1995
 Michaelson, H. B. How to Write and Publish Engineering
Papers and Reports, 3rd Ed., Oryx Press, 1990
 O’Connor, M. Writing Successfully in Science, Academic
Press, 1991
 Paradis, J. G. and Zimmerman, M. L. The MIT Guide to
Science and Engineering Communication, MIT Press, 1997

31. … and more books
 Briscoe, M.H. A Researcher’s Guide to Scientific and
Medical Illustrations, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1990
 Hodges, E. R. S. The Guild Handbook of Scientific
Illustration, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, NY, 1989
 Reynolds, L. and Simmonds, D. Presentation of Data in
Science, Nijhoff, Hague, 1983
 Smith, R. V. Graduate Research: A Guide for Students in
the Science,ISI Press, Philadelphia, 1984
 Stock, M. A Practical Guide to Graduate Research,
McGraw-Hill, NY, 1985