This document outlines the essential steps involved in publishing and presenting scientific papers, including the types of scientific communication, the organization of papers, and the IMRaD format. It also covers practical aspects such as selecting a journal, writing drafts, and the editing process, as well as ethical considerations in scientific writing. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers to effectively communicate their findings.

1. Publishing and Presenting
Scientific Papers
GEO 518
Dawn Wright and Anne Nolin
Adapted from the PPT of Jaroslav Mackerle, Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden, by way of Keith Clarke’s Geog 200A course at UCSB

2. Introduction
 A naturalist’s life would be happy one if he had only to
observe and never to write (Charles Darwin)
 In science, no matter how spectacular the results are, the
work is not completed until the results are published.
 Let’s explore the main steps from rough manuscript to
published paper.

3. Contents
 kinds of scientific written
communication
 scientific writing in general
 IMRaD format
 paper organization
 paper writing
 paper submission
 the editing process
 proof-reading
 … and pointers to reading
From an idea
by way of rules
to the published paper

4. Scientific written communication
Reports
Theses or dissertations
Journal articles
Books and book chapters
Technical manuals/users guides
Research or grant proposals
Slide presentations
Posters

5. Scientific writing in general
Subject
Purpose
– to exchange the scientific knowledge
– to ask and answer specific questions
Audience
– scientists and those interested in the subject
– a publisher or an editor

6. ”IMRaD” format
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results and
 Discussion
 What problem was
studied? What others and
you did? Your study area.
 How do you did it?
 What did you find out?
 What do your findings
mean?... Combine
w/conclusion/summary
and future plans

7. Other types of journal papers
Review
Technical note
Letter to the editor
State-of-the-Art
Example of other types of articles, including
technical notes or data briefs:
http://www.agu.org/journals/gc/

8. Steps in scientific journal writing
Writer Journal editor Readers
Cowriters Referees

9. Paper organization
Introduction
– call attention to the specific subject, define the
problem
– provide background and present the results of
other studies (literature review)
– list the structure of your research project and
what you plan to present in your paper
Reading a scientific article isn’t the same as reading a detective story. We want to
know from the start that the butler did it (Ratnoff, 1981)

10. Paper organization
Methods
– complete information of materials and methods
used, conditions present, actions, experimental
design, etc.
– this section usually has subheadings; when
possible match those to be used in Results
– enough information must be given so that the
models/experiments can be reproduced
– ask a colleague if he/she can follow the
methodology

11. Paper organization
 Results
– display of data with logical development showing how
your findings satisfy your objectives
– where possible give illustrative examples and compare
those with known results from literature
– use tables and figures
– the fool collects facts; the wise man selects them (J. W.
Powell, 1888)

12. Paper organization
 Discussion
– the hardest section to write
– discuss, without just repeating the Results
– show the relationship among observed facts
 Conclusion or Summary
– state your conclusion(s) as clearly as possible
– summarize evidence for each conclusion
• end with a short statement regarding the significance of
your work

13. Literature Review Revisited
Exploring ideas on your subject
– gaps in research on a subject of interest
– existence of any duplication to your work
Conducting a specific search
– manually in the library
– on-line searching
Keep up-to-date with the specific subject

14. A rough draft perhaps but ….
 Will you have co-authors?
 Which journal to submit
your manuscript?
 How soon will it be
published?
 How to deal with editors?

15.  Professional publishers
– Elsevier
– Pergamon Press
– Springer Verlag
– J Wiley & Sons
– Kluwer Academic
Publishing
– Blackwell
Taylor & Francis
– Academic Press
 Professional
societies
– AAG
– AGU
– URISA
– ESA
– AFS
Journals - Publishers

16. Where to submit the manuscript
The prestige factor
The circulation factor
The frequency factor
The audience factor
What is the publisher’s practice w/libraries?
– Will they have access to the journal for
reasonable price???

17. Journal Citation Reports
 jcrweb.com

18. Paper writing
 Write a rough outline first, fill it in
 A rough draft is ready
 Select the journal and read Instructions to Authors
(manuscript requirements: style in headings, the system for citations,
figures and tables, etc.)
 Write the final manuscript
 Write or refine your abstract
 Carefully choose keywords (increases success
with e-databases and search engines)

19. The final draft
 Front Matter
– Title (fewest possible words that describe the contents)
– Author’s (co-authors) name and address
– Abstract (miniversion of the paper, no citations)
– Keywords
 Article Body (IMRaD)
– Introduction
– Methods
– Results
– Discussion/Conclusion
 End Matter
– Acknowledgment (technical help and financial assistance)
– References (EndNote has style guides)
– Appendices

20. Abstracts
Descriptive abstract
– or topical abstract, describes the contents but contains
too little substance and detail
Informative abstract
– self-explanatory report on a scientific investigation
(research objectives for conducting the investigation,
the basic method used, and the results and significant
conclusions) - 200 to 250 words
Extended abstract (conference proceedings)
 Don’t ignore those keywords!

21. Citations and references
 For a better credibility you have to review the literature
and show that your contribution extends from a solid
foundation of research
 Quality and quantity of the sources you have consulted
will enhance your work
 You have make it possible for readers to retrace your steps
 Your references can be as valuable as your research
methods and findings
 Check Information for Authors section

22. Citations: Name-year system
 Examples in the text:
– Salwasser (1992)
developed a …
– …realism or humanism
(Schmitt, 1986).
– Many other have
surveyed (Schmitt,
1986; Teal, 1981)
 References
– Salwasser, K.
Landscape Metrics,
…… 1999.
– Schmitt, L. A.
Symposium and
concluding
remarks,…1986.
– Teal, D.W. … 1981
Note: list of references in author alphabetical order

23. Ethics of scientific writing
Avoid dual publication
Don’t use the work of others without
appropriate attribution
List only those co-authors who contributed
substantially to the work

24. Final submission
 In-house reviews required?
 Submit the paper to the journal’s editor (only to
one journal)
– Hard-copy of manuscript (usually three or more copies)
– Disk of the same version
• Text: Word, Word Perfect, TeX/LaTeX, etc.
• Figures: tif, gif, postscript, etc.
– E-Journal submission

25. Editing process
Editor logs a manuscript and sends an
acknowledgement that the paper has been
received
Editor sends the manuscript to reviewers
On the basis of the reviews and the editor’s
opinion, your paper will be accepted,
conditionally accepted, or rejected.

26. Checklist for
referees

27. Proof-reading
 Proof-reading and
return to the editor
 Copyright transfer
 Offprint order
Davis, M. Scientific Papers and Presentations, p.88

28. Copyright Statement from
Journal
Be sure to read thoroughly
For theses read UMI Microfilm statement
Make sure you agree with points
Will you be free to send or post to web the
final pdf??

29. Congratulations

30. Bibliography
 Davis, M. Scientific Papers and Presentations, Academic
Press, 1997
 Day, R. A. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper,
4th Ed., Cambridge University Press, 1995
 Michaelson, H. B. How to Write and Publish Engineering
Papers and Reports, 3rd Ed., Oryx Press, 1990
 O’Connor, M. Writing Successfully in Science, Academic
Press, 1991
 Paradis, J. G. and Zimmerman, M. L. The MIT Guide to
Science and Engineering Communication, MIT Press,
1997

31. … and more books
 Briscoe, M.H. A Researcher’s Guide to Scientific and
Medical Illustrations, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1990
 Hodges, E. R. S. The Guild Handbook of Scientific
Illustration, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, NY, 1989
 Reynolds, L. and Simmonds, D. Presentation of Data in
Science, Nijhoff, Hague, 1983
 Smith, R. V. Graduate Research: A Guide for Students in
the Science,ISI Press, Philadelphia, 1984
 Stock, M. A Practical Guide to Graduate Research,
McGraw-Hill, NY, 1985