This document summarizes a study on the public's perception of newspaper adherence to ethical principles in reporting electoral processes in southeast Nigeria. It begins with background information on elections, electoral processes, and the role of media in voter education. It then discusses the problem of newspapers publishing untruths and distortions when covering elections. The study aims to determine the public's level of concern about newspaper ethics and which ethical principles they feel are most violated. It reviews literature on studies of public trust in media from other countries. The study uses a survey method with a questionnaire distributed to 400 respondents across 10 local government areas in southeast Nigeria.
Factor Analysis of Students’ Exposure to Social Media for Food and Beveragesajjalp
Food and beverage marketing on social media is
a powerful factor to influence students’
exposure to social media and application for
food and beverage. It is a well-known fact that
most of the food and beverage business target
young people on the social media. The objective
of the study is to identify the factors associated
to the students’ exposure in the social media
platforms for food and beverage. The young
students between the ages 20 to 26 years
completed a self-administered questionnaire
survey on their media use for food and
beverages. The questionnaire was prepared
using Likert scale with five options from
strongly agree to strongly disagree. The data set
was described with descriptive statistics such as
mean and standard deviation. The exploratory
factor analysis with varimax rotation method
was used to extract the factors. The most
popular social media among the respondents
were Facebook, Instagram, and You Tube.
73.3% of the students were exposed to food and
beverage application in their mobile device and
76% of them followed the popular food and
beverage pages in social media. The result
revealed that social media posts, promotional
offer, and hygienic concept have positively
influenced majority of the students’ exposure to
social media for food and beverage.
Keywords: Factor analysis, Social Media, Food
and Beverage, Student, Promotional Offer
This document summarizes a journal article that appraises democracy and press freedom in Nigeria. It argues that press freedom is essential for democracy and that years of military rule hindered press freedom in Nigeria. Successive governments, whether colonial, military, or democratic, have enacted oppressive press laws to curb the press and undermine its role in promoting transparency and accountability. While Nigeria is now a democracy, some oppressive press laws from earlier eras remain on the books, continuing to infringe on press freedom. The article concludes that Nigeria must eliminate the lingering effects of military rule by removing all oppressive press laws from the legal statutes in order to establish a truly democratic press.
This document provides a summary of a book titled "Mass Media and Elections" by Dr. Navodita Pande. The book examines the relationship between mass media and elections in India, with a focus on the 2014 Lok Sabha elections and Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency.
The book contains 6 chapters - an introduction, literature review, research design, findings and interpretation, analysis and discussion. It studies how media covers elections in India and effects of media coverage on voting behavior. It conducted a survey of 500 respondents and focus group discussions. The findings show media influences some voters and learning effects of coverage. Social media is also playing a bigger role. The book makes recommendations to improve election conduct and media coverage.
Jornal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) Vol. 6, No. 3, September 201...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Journal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) is a scholarly journal deals with the disciplines of social and development sciences. JSDS publishes research work that meaningfully contributes towards theoretical bases of contemporary developments in society, business and related disciplines. The work submitted for publication consideration in JSDS should address empirical and theoretical contributions in the subjects related to scope of the journal in particular and allied theories and practices in general. Scope of JSDS includes: sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, international relations, linguistics, history, public relations, hospitality & tourism and project management. Author(s) should declare that work submitted to the journal is original, not under consideration for publication by another journal, and that all listed authors approve its submission to JSDS. It is JSDS policy to welcome submissions for consideration, which are original, and not under consideration for publication by another journal at the same time. Author (s) can submit: Research Paper, Conceptual Paper, Case Studies and Book Review. The current issue of JSDS consists of papers of scholars from Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan. Political communication, economic community, human development index, economic inequality, payment systems & money laundering, government spending & per capita income, branding social marketing services & criminal recidivism were some of the major practices and concepts examined in these studies. Journal received research submission related to all aspects of major themes and tracks. All the submitted papers were first assessed by the editorial team for relevance and originality of the work and blindly peer reviewed by the external reviewers depending on the subject matter of the paper. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted papers were selected based on originality, significance, and clarity of the purpose. Current issue will therefore be a unique offer, where scholars will be able to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additional knowledge in other relevant fields.
Social Networking and Depression among University StudentsDr.Nasir Ahmad
Rawal Institute of Health Sciences2, Islamabad.
Abstract
Background: Students in the modern world are busy using social media for different purposes along with other
activities. Research studies revealed that excessive use of social media influence the mental health of students.
This study was design to measure the relationship of social media and depression among university students.
Objectives: The main objectives of the study were, to investigate the perception of university students
regarding the usage of social media networks, to find out gender-wise differences of university students in using
social media networks and depression level and to measure the relationship of social media and depression
among university students.
Subjects and Methods: Following quantitative correlational research design, the sample which was consists of
200 Facebook and Twitter users comprising of 123 male and 77 female students from university of Swat and
Peshawar were surveyed through two research instruments i.e. a questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI).
Results: The main findings of the study were; most of the male social media users were more depressed than
female. The students who spent more time on social media were found depressed. The students who spent
more time on social media for searching health information and playing games were more depressed than those
who used social media for chat with friends and family.
Conclusion: It was concluded that male students who spent more time on social media were found more
depressed than female and students who used social media for searching health information and playing games
were more depressed than those who used social media for chat with friends and family.
This document summarizes the findings of a survey on violence, attacks and online abuse against female journalists. Some key findings:
- Nearly 2 in 3 respondents reported being threatened or harassed online at least once, with 40% saying they avoided certain stories as a result.
- Attacks were often sexist in nature and aimed at intimidating or shaming journalists. Women received violent/sexist content through social media.
- Respondents reported both short-term impacts like discomfort/difficulty concentrating as well as long-term impacts like leaving their jobs.
- While half of respondents reported incidents to management, a third were dissatisfied with the response. Others did not report for fear of retaliation.
The report summarizes findings from a study on urban violence in Nakuru County, Kenya. It identifies the most prevalent forms of violence as sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), violence against children, and violent crime. SGBV and violence against children mainly occur at the household level and introduce unique challenges. Victims are primarily identified as women, girls, and children. Young people are both victims and major perpetrators. Unemployment, poverty, and drug/alcohol abuse are cited as underlying causes. The report recommends community-level prevention programs focused on awareness, empowerment, and engaging trusted local institutions. It also calls for addressing socioeconomic factors, strengthening security initiatives, and building police-community trust
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for blogfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides an overview of upcoming lecture topics including government control of media, citizen journalism, and media constraints. Academic expectations are also outlined regarding integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines.
Factor Analysis of Students’ Exposure to Social Media for Food and Beveragesajjalp
Food and beverage marketing on social media is
a powerful factor to influence students’
exposure to social media and application for
food and beverage. It is a well-known fact that
most of the food and beverage business target
young people on the social media. The objective
of the study is to identify the factors associated
to the students’ exposure in the social media
platforms for food and beverage. The young
students between the ages 20 to 26 years
completed a self-administered questionnaire
survey on their media use for food and
beverages. The questionnaire was prepared
using Likert scale with five options from
strongly agree to strongly disagree. The data set
was described with descriptive statistics such as
mean and standard deviation. The exploratory
factor analysis with varimax rotation method
was used to extract the factors. The most
popular social media among the respondents
were Facebook, Instagram, and You Tube.
73.3% of the students were exposed to food and
beverage application in their mobile device and
76% of them followed the popular food and
beverage pages in social media. The result
revealed that social media posts, promotional
offer, and hygienic concept have positively
influenced majority of the students’ exposure to
social media for food and beverage.
Keywords: Factor analysis, Social Media, Food
and Beverage, Student, Promotional Offer
This document summarizes a journal article that appraises democracy and press freedom in Nigeria. It argues that press freedom is essential for democracy and that years of military rule hindered press freedom in Nigeria. Successive governments, whether colonial, military, or democratic, have enacted oppressive press laws to curb the press and undermine its role in promoting transparency and accountability. While Nigeria is now a democracy, some oppressive press laws from earlier eras remain on the books, continuing to infringe on press freedom. The article concludes that Nigeria must eliminate the lingering effects of military rule by removing all oppressive press laws from the legal statutes in order to establish a truly democratic press.
This document provides a summary of a book titled "Mass Media and Elections" by Dr. Navodita Pande. The book examines the relationship between mass media and elections in India, with a focus on the 2014 Lok Sabha elections and Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency.
The book contains 6 chapters - an introduction, literature review, research design, findings and interpretation, analysis and discussion. It studies how media covers elections in India and effects of media coverage on voting behavior. It conducted a survey of 500 respondents and focus group discussions. The findings show media influences some voters and learning effects of coverage. Social media is also playing a bigger role. The book makes recommendations to improve election conduct and media coverage.
Jornal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) Vol. 6, No. 3, September 201...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Journal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) is a scholarly journal deals with the disciplines of social and development sciences. JSDS publishes research work that meaningfully contributes towards theoretical bases of contemporary developments in society, business and related disciplines. The work submitted for publication consideration in JSDS should address empirical and theoretical contributions in the subjects related to scope of the journal in particular and allied theories and practices in general. Scope of JSDS includes: sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, international relations, linguistics, history, public relations, hospitality & tourism and project management. Author(s) should declare that work submitted to the journal is original, not under consideration for publication by another journal, and that all listed authors approve its submission to JSDS. It is JSDS policy to welcome submissions for consideration, which are original, and not under consideration for publication by another journal at the same time. Author (s) can submit: Research Paper, Conceptual Paper, Case Studies and Book Review. The current issue of JSDS consists of papers of scholars from Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan. Political communication, economic community, human development index, economic inequality, payment systems & money laundering, government spending & per capita income, branding social marketing services & criminal recidivism were some of the major practices and concepts examined in these studies. Journal received research submission related to all aspects of major themes and tracks. All the submitted papers were first assessed by the editorial team for relevance and originality of the work and blindly peer reviewed by the external reviewers depending on the subject matter of the paper. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted papers were selected based on originality, significance, and clarity of the purpose. Current issue will therefore be a unique offer, where scholars will be able to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additional knowledge in other relevant fields.
Social Networking and Depression among University StudentsDr.Nasir Ahmad
Rawal Institute of Health Sciences2, Islamabad.
Abstract
Background: Students in the modern world are busy using social media for different purposes along with other
activities. Research studies revealed that excessive use of social media influence the mental health of students.
This study was design to measure the relationship of social media and depression among university students.
Objectives: The main objectives of the study were, to investigate the perception of university students
regarding the usage of social media networks, to find out gender-wise differences of university students in using
social media networks and depression level and to measure the relationship of social media and depression
among university students.
Subjects and Methods: Following quantitative correlational research design, the sample which was consists of
200 Facebook and Twitter users comprising of 123 male and 77 female students from university of Swat and
Peshawar were surveyed through two research instruments i.e. a questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI).
Results: The main findings of the study were; most of the male social media users were more depressed than
female. The students who spent more time on social media were found depressed. The students who spent
more time on social media for searching health information and playing games were more depressed than those
who used social media for chat with friends and family.
Conclusion: It was concluded that male students who spent more time on social media were found more
depressed than female and students who used social media for searching health information and playing games
were more depressed than those who used social media for chat with friends and family.
This document summarizes the findings of a survey on violence, attacks and online abuse against female journalists. Some key findings:
- Nearly 2 in 3 respondents reported being threatened or harassed online at least once, with 40% saying they avoided certain stories as a result.
- Attacks were often sexist in nature and aimed at intimidating or shaming journalists. Women received violent/sexist content through social media.
- Respondents reported both short-term impacts like discomfort/difficulty concentrating as well as long-term impacts like leaving their jobs.
- While half of respondents reported incidents to management, a third were dissatisfied with the response. Others did not report for fear of retaliation.
The report summarizes findings from a study on urban violence in Nakuru County, Kenya. It identifies the most prevalent forms of violence as sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), violence against children, and violent crime. SGBV and violence against children mainly occur at the household level and introduce unique challenges. Victims are primarily identified as women, girls, and children. Young people are both victims and major perpetrators. Unemployment, poverty, and drug/alcohol abuse are cited as underlying causes. The report recommends community-level prevention programs focused on awareness, empowerment, and engaging trusted local institutions. It also calls for addressing socioeconomic factors, strengthening security initiatives, and building police-community trust
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for blogfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides an overview of upcoming lecture topics including government control of media, citizen journalism, and media constraints. Academic expectations are also outlined regarding integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for word pressfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides expectations for academic integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines. Upcoming lecture topics are listed including government control of media, citizen journalism, media constraints in Central Asia, and peace journalism.
Jason A. Cohen - Political Communication Literature Review and Analysis PaperJason A. Cohen
This document analyzes Barack Obama's successful use of internet strategies in his 2008 presidential campaign. It reviews literature showing the increasing role of the internet in political campaigns. Obama recognized voters were getting more information online and embraced new technologies. He used social media more than previous candidates to communicate his message, raise funds, organize supporters, and mobilize voters. This helped him overcome initial disadvantages against opponents like Clinton and McCain. Obama raised record amounts of donations online, including over $500 million of the $750 million total. His multifaceted digital engagement strategies were credited as a major reason for his election victory by staying connected to supporters throughout the campaign.
Although the majority of mechanisms and instruments which aim to support media ethics and journalistic professionalization in Poland were introduced at an
early stage of political and social transformation in the 1990s, media accountability is
still in the making. The moderate level of journalistic professionalization might be explained by the weakness of existing self-regulatory mechanisms (codes of journalistic
conduct, The Council of Media Ethics), divisions within journalistic communities (left
wing-oriented vs. right-wing politically oriented) and the growing economic pressure.
Bearing in mind that decision-making processes, supportive management as well as
organizational structures and cultures might have an impact on journalistic behaviour
and the understanding of roles and journalistic quality, this paper will go a long way in
explaining the state of media accountability and transparency from the perspective of
newsrooms. Referencing to the outcomes of empirical international research project
“Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT)” (2010–2013) the
study will provide evidence similarities and differences in the perception of tools and
existing practices by journalists from different types of media and job positions.
Using social media to investigate young people's drug useTheSRAOrg
Young people are increasingly seeking drug-related information online through social media platforms, exposing themselves to greater risks. The document outlines a study that used thematic content analysis and focus groups to investigate how social people construct their drug knowledge from online peers and unregulated sources. While social media provides novel insights into youth drug behaviors and knowledge sources, it also presents ethical issues around privacy, anonymity, and protecting vulnerable youth. More research is still needed to fully understand the risks and harms of drug information sharing online.
A content analysis of 86 citizen blog sites, 53 citizen news sites and 63 daily newspaper sites indicated that citizen journalism sites, including both news and blog sites, differed significantly from newspaper sites.
This dissertation analyzes the impact of the UK Coalition government's 2012 welfare reforms. Through qualitative interviews and a literature review, the student examines whether the reforms help those most in need. The literature suggests the reforms systematically target the poorest through sanctions and reduced benefits. Interviews show welfare cuts increase poverty and reliance on charities. The conclusion is that a generous welfare system is needed to reduce inequality rather than penalize the vulnerable. The reforms appear ideologically driven to shrink the welfare state rather than help those they aim to support.
This document provides a summary of a research article that analyzes the language used between two Nigerian politicians, Olusegun Obasanjo and Ayodele Fayose, as reported in Nigerian newspapers from 2014 to 2015. The study uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory to examine instances of (im)politeness in news excerpts featuring the two politicians. 12 excerpts from newspapers are analyzed to identify examples of different politeness strategies, including bald on record statements, negative politeness, positive politeness, and indirect speech. The analysis finds instances where each politician uses language to threaten the other's public image or preserve their own, pointing to the antagonistic relationship portrayed in their remarks.
Media consumption and assessment of social and political processes in Ukraine...Mariana Zakusylo
The study found high levels of fatigue with politicians and politicized media among residents in eastern Ukraine, leading to distrust and apathy. Many citizens passively consume media as a single flow without analyzing sources. Entertainment content like videos and humor are most popular. While local news is in demand, awareness of reforms is low due to fragmented media coverage that causes confusion rather than understanding of goals and mechanisms.
This document is a dissertation that explores opinion leaders' perspectives on the benefits and barriers of telemedicine and their influence on hospital administrators adopting telemedicine programs. The study focuses on hospitals and healthcare facilities in the Greater Kansas City area. Telemedicine can increase access to care for underserved populations by connecting patients and providers over distances. However, there are also barriers to adoption, such as resistance to change and cost. The dissertation aims to understand how opinion leaders influence administrators' decisions around telemedicine. It uses Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory and involves interviews with hospital leaders to identify themes around financial factors, acceptance of technology, access to specialists, governance models, and champion roles in the adoption process. The results could help more effectively
This document summarizes research on the prevalence of cocaine use among prostitutes. It discusses qualitative studies that interviewed prostitutes and drug users about their experiences. The research found high rates of cocaine and crack cocaine use among prostitutes, especially street prostitutes, with many using drugs to cope with the stresses of sex work. Studies also found correlations between childhood trauma and later involvement in prostitution and drug use. The document examines differences between male and female sex workers and types of prostitution related to drug use.
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
The document discusses the basic principles of newspaper design, including that every design starts with an idea and every page starts with a dummy layout. A dummy is a blank page with columns that acts as a plan where the designer sketches out where stories, headlines, and photos will go before building the actual page. The dummy is essential for planning and helps the designer transition from a blank page to a finished layout.
The document discusses various methods and media used for health education. It describes individual methods like interview and counseling which involve one-on-one communication. Group methods like demonstration, mini-lecture, and role playing are discussed which educate small groups. Mass methods like lectures and exhibitions aim to educate large audiences. Key criteria for selecting appropriate methods include feasibility, nature of the audience, accessibility, beliefs about different media, and the teaching objective. Audio, visual, and audiovisual media are also categorized.
This document provides an overview of health education, including definitions, approaches, principles, content areas, and methods of practice. It defines health education as using learning experiences to help individuals and communities improve their health. The educational approach is identified as the most effective for developing reflective behavior and autonomy. Content areas discussed include nutrition, hygiene, disease prevention, and use of health services. Methods of practice involve the use of audiovisual aids and different forms of individual, group and mass communication techniques.
This document outlines key concepts in health education, including definitions, aims, principles, types, approaches, and stages. Health education is defined as using learning experiences to help communities and individuals improve health by increasing knowledge or influencing attitudes. The aims are health promotion, disease prevention, utilizing health services, and early diagnosis/management. Principles include being evidence-based, systematic, adapted to the individual/community, encouraging personal investment, and respecting culture. Types are primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Approaches include individual counseling, group discussions, and mass media like newspapers, radio, TV, and internet. The appropriate approach depends on goals, costs, the target group, interests, and health needs. Stages of health
Health education aims to inform communities about healthy practices to protect people and promote well-being. It involves changing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors through various approaches including legal regulations, health services, and community education. Effective health education considers people's interests and needs, encourages participation, uses simple presentations, and teaches principles like hygiene, nutrition, disease prevention, and first aid. It employs various educational aids and community leaders to disseminate health information to the public.
Media use as a predictor of the political behaviour of undergraduates in sout...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media use and political knowledge and behavior among undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television, radio and the internet predicted higher political knowledge and behavior than print media. Television was also found to be the dominant source of political information for respondents. Based on these findings, the study suggests that government and media proprietors should work to improve access to informative print media to curb poor reading habits among youth.
A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis Of Pre-2019 General Elections Repo...Angela Tyger
This summary analyzes a research paper that uses corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis to examine how five Nigerian newspapers (The Punch, The Tribune, The Nation, Daily Independence, and The Guardian) reported on the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in the lead up to Nigeria's 2019 general elections.
The researchers created a corpus of 250 news reports from the five newspapers between June 2018 and February 2019. They analyzed the frequency and contexts in which the acronym "INEC" appeared across the corpora. The analysis found the newspapers did not report on INEC with the same biases, and their reporting set different expectations for how credible the elections would be. Specifically, The Daily Independence portrayed INEC in a
Uses and gratification theory and the optimization of the media in the privat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines how the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) in Nigeria utilizes media and the uses and gratification theory during privatization efforts. The study aims to determine how BPE applies uses and gratification concepts in its public relations practices, how messages are crafted, what factors influence media selection, and how audiences make media choices. The document provides background on BPE and privatization in Nigeria. It also reviews literature on uses and gratification theory and discusses how BPE's audiences and messaging may limit which audiences are reached. The review suggests BPE could better understand its audiences' motivations for media exposure when developing communication strategies.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Informed Citizen Akron #1: Improving Candidate-Focused Media Coverage in the ...Jefferson Center
This the first out of three reports in the Informed Citizen Akron project. A demographically-balanced panel of eighteen Akron-area residents met at the University of Akron Student Center to participate in the Informed Citizen Akron project, and were given the charge to learn from media experts, to deliberate, and to generate recommendations for how local and Ohio-based media partners can improve issue-based coverage during the 2016 presidential election.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for word pressfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides expectations for academic integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines. Upcoming lecture topics are listed including government control of media, citizen journalism, media constraints in Central Asia, and peace journalism.
Jason A. Cohen - Political Communication Literature Review and Analysis PaperJason A. Cohen
This document analyzes Barack Obama's successful use of internet strategies in his 2008 presidential campaign. It reviews literature showing the increasing role of the internet in political campaigns. Obama recognized voters were getting more information online and embraced new technologies. He used social media more than previous candidates to communicate his message, raise funds, organize supporters, and mobilize voters. This helped him overcome initial disadvantages against opponents like Clinton and McCain. Obama raised record amounts of donations online, including over $500 million of the $750 million total. His multifaceted digital engagement strategies were credited as a major reason for his election victory by staying connected to supporters throughout the campaign.
Although the majority of mechanisms and instruments which aim to support media ethics and journalistic professionalization in Poland were introduced at an
early stage of political and social transformation in the 1990s, media accountability is
still in the making. The moderate level of journalistic professionalization might be explained by the weakness of existing self-regulatory mechanisms (codes of journalistic
conduct, The Council of Media Ethics), divisions within journalistic communities (left
wing-oriented vs. right-wing politically oriented) and the growing economic pressure.
Bearing in mind that decision-making processes, supportive management as well as
organizational structures and cultures might have an impact on journalistic behaviour
and the understanding of roles and journalistic quality, this paper will go a long way in
explaining the state of media accountability and transparency from the perspective of
newsrooms. Referencing to the outcomes of empirical international research project
“Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT)” (2010–2013) the
study will provide evidence similarities and differences in the perception of tools and
existing practices by journalists from different types of media and job positions.
Using social media to investigate young people's drug useTheSRAOrg
Young people are increasingly seeking drug-related information online through social media platforms, exposing themselves to greater risks. The document outlines a study that used thematic content analysis and focus groups to investigate how social people construct their drug knowledge from online peers and unregulated sources. While social media provides novel insights into youth drug behaviors and knowledge sources, it also presents ethical issues around privacy, anonymity, and protecting vulnerable youth. More research is still needed to fully understand the risks and harms of drug information sharing online.
A content analysis of 86 citizen blog sites, 53 citizen news sites and 63 daily newspaper sites indicated that citizen journalism sites, including both news and blog sites, differed significantly from newspaper sites.
This dissertation analyzes the impact of the UK Coalition government's 2012 welfare reforms. Through qualitative interviews and a literature review, the student examines whether the reforms help those most in need. The literature suggests the reforms systematically target the poorest through sanctions and reduced benefits. Interviews show welfare cuts increase poverty and reliance on charities. The conclusion is that a generous welfare system is needed to reduce inequality rather than penalize the vulnerable. The reforms appear ideologically driven to shrink the welfare state rather than help those they aim to support.
This document provides a summary of a research article that analyzes the language used between two Nigerian politicians, Olusegun Obasanjo and Ayodele Fayose, as reported in Nigerian newspapers from 2014 to 2015. The study uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory to examine instances of (im)politeness in news excerpts featuring the two politicians. 12 excerpts from newspapers are analyzed to identify examples of different politeness strategies, including bald on record statements, negative politeness, positive politeness, and indirect speech. The analysis finds instances where each politician uses language to threaten the other's public image or preserve their own, pointing to the antagonistic relationship portrayed in their remarks.
Media consumption and assessment of social and political processes in Ukraine...Mariana Zakusylo
The study found high levels of fatigue with politicians and politicized media among residents in eastern Ukraine, leading to distrust and apathy. Many citizens passively consume media as a single flow without analyzing sources. Entertainment content like videos and humor are most popular. While local news is in demand, awareness of reforms is low due to fragmented media coverage that causes confusion rather than understanding of goals and mechanisms.
This document is a dissertation that explores opinion leaders' perspectives on the benefits and barriers of telemedicine and their influence on hospital administrators adopting telemedicine programs. The study focuses on hospitals and healthcare facilities in the Greater Kansas City area. Telemedicine can increase access to care for underserved populations by connecting patients and providers over distances. However, there are also barriers to adoption, such as resistance to change and cost. The dissertation aims to understand how opinion leaders influence administrators' decisions around telemedicine. It uses Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory and involves interviews with hospital leaders to identify themes around financial factors, acceptance of technology, access to specialists, governance models, and champion roles in the adoption process. The results could help more effectively
This document summarizes research on the prevalence of cocaine use among prostitutes. It discusses qualitative studies that interviewed prostitutes and drug users about their experiences. The research found high rates of cocaine and crack cocaine use among prostitutes, especially street prostitutes, with many using drugs to cope with the stresses of sex work. Studies also found correlations between childhood trauma and later involvement in prostitution and drug use. The document examines differences between male and female sex workers and types of prostitution related to drug use.
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
The document discusses the basic principles of newspaper design, including that every design starts with an idea and every page starts with a dummy layout. A dummy is a blank page with columns that acts as a plan where the designer sketches out where stories, headlines, and photos will go before building the actual page. The dummy is essential for planning and helps the designer transition from a blank page to a finished layout.
The document discusses various methods and media used for health education. It describes individual methods like interview and counseling which involve one-on-one communication. Group methods like demonstration, mini-lecture, and role playing are discussed which educate small groups. Mass methods like lectures and exhibitions aim to educate large audiences. Key criteria for selecting appropriate methods include feasibility, nature of the audience, accessibility, beliefs about different media, and the teaching objective. Audio, visual, and audiovisual media are also categorized.
This document provides an overview of health education, including definitions, approaches, principles, content areas, and methods of practice. It defines health education as using learning experiences to help individuals and communities improve their health. The educational approach is identified as the most effective for developing reflective behavior and autonomy. Content areas discussed include nutrition, hygiene, disease prevention, and use of health services. Methods of practice involve the use of audiovisual aids and different forms of individual, group and mass communication techniques.
This document outlines key concepts in health education, including definitions, aims, principles, types, approaches, and stages. Health education is defined as using learning experiences to help communities and individuals improve health by increasing knowledge or influencing attitudes. The aims are health promotion, disease prevention, utilizing health services, and early diagnosis/management. Principles include being evidence-based, systematic, adapted to the individual/community, encouraging personal investment, and respecting culture. Types are primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Approaches include individual counseling, group discussions, and mass media like newspapers, radio, TV, and internet. The appropriate approach depends on goals, costs, the target group, interests, and health needs. Stages of health
Health education aims to inform communities about healthy practices to protect people and promote well-being. It involves changing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors through various approaches including legal regulations, health services, and community education. Effective health education considers people's interests and needs, encourages participation, uses simple presentations, and teaches principles like hygiene, nutrition, disease prevention, and first aid. It employs various educational aids and community leaders to disseminate health information to the public.
Media use as a predictor of the political behaviour of undergraduates in sout...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media use and political knowledge and behavior among undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television, radio and the internet predicted higher political knowledge and behavior than print media. Television was also found to be the dominant source of political information for respondents. Based on these findings, the study suggests that government and media proprietors should work to improve access to informative print media to curb poor reading habits among youth.
A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis Of Pre-2019 General Elections Repo...Angela Tyger
This summary analyzes a research paper that uses corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis to examine how five Nigerian newspapers (The Punch, The Tribune, The Nation, Daily Independence, and The Guardian) reported on the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in the lead up to Nigeria's 2019 general elections.
The researchers created a corpus of 250 news reports from the five newspapers between June 2018 and February 2019. They analyzed the frequency and contexts in which the acronym "INEC" appeared across the corpora. The analysis found the newspapers did not report on INEC with the same biases, and their reporting set different expectations for how credible the elections would be. Specifically, The Daily Independence portrayed INEC in a
Uses and gratification theory and the optimization of the media in the privat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines how the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) in Nigeria utilizes media and the uses and gratification theory during privatization efforts. The study aims to determine how BPE applies uses and gratification concepts in its public relations practices, how messages are crafted, what factors influence media selection, and how audiences make media choices. The document provides background on BPE and privatization in Nigeria. It also reviews literature on uses and gratification theory and discusses how BPE's audiences and messaging may limit which audiences are reached. The review suggests BPE could better understand its audiences' motivations for media exposure when developing communication strategies.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Informed Citizen Akron #1: Improving Candidate-Focused Media Coverage in the ...Jefferson Center
This the first out of three reports in the Informed Citizen Akron project. A demographically-balanced panel of eighteen Akron-area residents met at the University of Akron Student Center to participate in the Informed Citizen Akron project, and were given the charge to learn from media experts, to deliberate, and to generate recommendations for how local and Ohio-based media partners can improve issue-based coverage during the 2016 presidential election.
Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media...ijtsrd
Using the in depth interview research method, this study examines bureaucracy and citizen journalism by giving a cursory attention to the issues and challenges of the practice in Nigeria. A sample of 30 respondents who cut across the six geo political zones of the country was interviewed via online medium to give answers to the research objectives. Among the questions posed was to ascertain the influence of citizen journalism on professional media practice. Findings showed that bureaucracy is a constraint to efficient administration in media practice as well as altering the news content which has a damning effect on public interest. The study also discovered that adherence to bureaucracy in media practice can save the hot and exuberant reporter. Citizen journalism was also found to be unprocessed material, hence, unfit for public consumption. The study recommended the use of gate keeping in the practice of citizen journalism as well as adherence to rules and regulations. Raphael Abumchukwu Ekwunife | Helen Ijeoma Nwachukwu | Ikechukwu Ogeze Ukeje "Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism: Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media Practice in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46317.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/46317/bureaucracy-and-citizen-journalism-issues-and-challenges-imperative-for-media-practice-in-nigeria/raphael-abumchukwu-ekwunife
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The Research Title: “The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline of the 2014 Presidential Election Campaign”. The purpose of theresearch was to analyze the headline ideological discourse on the 2014 presidential election campaign. This type of research is qualitative. The research method is content analysis with Norman Faitclough‟s version of Critical Discourse Analysis. Research paradigm; critical paradigm with critical theory. Furthermore, the data collection techniques used in this research are Text Analysis, Indepth-interview, literature research and documentation, and observation. Based on the results of descriptive analysis at the text/ micro level, interpretive analysis at the level of discourse practice/ mezzo, and explanatory analysis at the level of sociocultural practice/ macro, the results of this research were obtained, about the ideology of the newspaper Sindo newspaper, theoretically or based on external symbols of this media and based on the acknowledgment of the key informant as the representative owner, it can be ascertained the ideological discourse of the 2014 Sindo newspaper‟s presidential election campaign is the Pancasila press. However, in the practice of press management the attitude of the owners of capital was very visible in favor of the presidential and vice presidential candidate pair of Prabowo-Hatta. But on the other handSindo Newspaper also gives the freedom to journalists to have slightly different attitudes with the policies of capital owners.
The News Media Alliance hosted its inaugural trustXchange event on June 13, 2018. The event featured presentations by panelists who are key innovators working on understanding trust in news and news outlets. The goal of trustXchange is to put the information directly in the hands of people who can use it, and to create connections between researchers and newsroom leaders, so the right partnerships can be forged to keep the work going. The trustXchange briefing book includes information on every speaker/panelist’s research that they have conducted, including their biographical information, a short description of their trust research and/or program, links to view additional details and how to follow-up with them via email.
Issues of Objectivity and Credibility regarding Political news on Social mediaAqsa Nadeem
This document is a research proposal examining credibility and objectivity issues regarding political news shared on social media. It discusses how leaders of political parties in Pakistan, such as PTI and PAT, used Facebook to criticize the government and other parties from August to November 2014. The proposal aims to analyze public responses on Facebook to see if they are emotionally biased or consider the credibility of news. The literature review discusses past research on media attribution, contingent factors affecting credibility, and bias. However, none have specifically analyzed political campaigns on social media. The methodology will use content analysis to code Facebook comments on key parties for neutrality, subjectivity, and contempt. A pilot study analyzed 40 comments, finding most PTI and PAT supporters followed leaders blindly
Running head DOES MEDIA REFLECT CULTURE OR DOES IT CREATE CULTURE.docxtodd271
Running head: DOES MEDIA REFLECT CULTURE OR DOES IT CREATE CULTURE? 1
DOES MEDIA REFLECT CULTURE OR DOES IT CREATE CULTURE? 4
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DOES MEDIA REFLECT CULTURE OR DOES IT CREATE CULTURE?
Both media and culture are connected and they are inseparable. Various levels of understanding influence the contents of the media; on the other hand, platforms and contents of the media have a big impact on the day to day and cultural practices. One of the practices influenced by the media is the health-related decisions of individuals (Georgiou, 2017). Therefore, media has measurable effects which come as a result of the messages given by the media. We can, therefore, say that media both reflects society and shapes the culture.
Media reflect culture
Taking legacy media for instance, for a magazine dealing with fashion, in determining what ladies should and should not dress, they need first of all to mirror the present-day society so that they will be able to establish what the women want. Without doing this, the magazine will be nothing than common sense within a typical mind of the woman. This, therefore, means that the media has to establish certain things to do or not do which means they are reflecting the society (Berger, 2017).
Secondly, Legacy media depend more on society than society depends on them. Even if without the mass media the society would struggle getting news broadcast and entertainment, the society will still be alive but without the society, the media will not be there. They, therefore, have to reflect what the culture of the society wants.
For instance, there is this radio show which conducted a publicity stunt which shocked the audience, what followed was unanimous public reactions of condemnation from the public. The culprits engineered the stunt which was to push the boundaries of acceptable decency, but the reactions of condemnation caught them by surprise. This is simply because they failed to realize that society is much more conservative than they expected. The stunt itself as something of a mirror, but the society did not like what they saw. They believed that the stunt crossed the lie and the society cried out. The line that marks out the acceptable and unacceptable things is still clear to society, and the media just reflects it.
Media create culture
In another sense, the media pushes the boundaries of values, therefore, contributing to the shaping of the culture. The media is capable of controlling a whole nation if the media barons or political parties manipulate it (Fiske, & Hancock, 2016). The media sometimes cannot be trusted in giving out facts without slanting them in one specific direction of interpretation. The reporting offered is based on some hid.
The document summarizes a report on the media coverage of the 2016 Zambian general election pre-campaign period. It finds that the public media focused more on electoral processes, events, and personalities rather than substantive issues or party policies. Coverage in private media was also issue-light and imbalanced, favoring the ruling party. Community media provided some coverage of poverty alleviation but generally focused more on processes than issues. The report recommends increasing coverage of citizen concerns like poverty, education, and health in relation to party platforms, balancing coverage among parties, and incorporating a wider range of sources in stories.
This document summarizes a survey research study on the credibility of website news and the future of print media in Egypt. The study found that news websites are seen as more credible sources of information than print media in Egypt due to their diversity of content, interactivity, timeliness and ease of use. Low circulation figures for print media were found to be correlated with higher credibility and usage of news websites. The study concluded that the increasing credibility of online news sources poses challenges for the future of print media in Egypt.
This document discusses a study that examined perceptions of credibility for different news sources in South Korea during the 2004 general election. It found that independent web-based newspapers were considered more credible sources of political information than traditional media outlets or their online counterparts. Factors like reliance on online/traditional sources and political engagement predicted credibility ratings of online sources. The findings suggest a shift is occurring in South Korea where online sources are gaining credibility relative to traditional media.
This document discusses media sensationalism in Pakistan from the perspective of Pakistani youth. It defines mass media and sensationalism, and outlines the abstract, problem statement, research objectives, design, and hypothesis of a study on how sensationalized news coverage affects Pakistani youth. The discussion analyzes how Pakistani media focuses on ratings and profits over truth, and how constant exposure to sensationalized violent news increases stress and anxiety in youth. It concludes that media reporting is often sensationalized and recommends that media quit sensationalism, strengthen institutions, and remain impartial.
This document provides guidelines for journalists on appropriately reporting opinion polls. It discusses [1] determining whether a poll meets professional standards, [2] deciding if a poll's findings have newsworthiness, and [3] the appropriate way to publish poll findings. Key points include checking a poll's methodology, sample size, and margin of error; using polls to enhance issues coverage rather than set the agenda; and providing full context and disclosure when publishing poll results. The guidelines aim to help journalists identify valid, reliable polls and determine the most meaningful way to communicate poll findings to their audience.
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...inventionjournals
This study is a qualitative content analysis that addresses how four civil rights organizations used rhetorical strategies and tactics to focus on voting and voter suppression leading up to Election 2012. The organizations involved in this study were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), National Action Network (NAN), and ColorOfChange.org (COC). This study examines 82 press releases, official statements, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations materials. It also explores how often the organizations referenced joint efforts between one another. Three rhetorical strategies and tactics are used in this study: identification, protest-framing theory, and vilification. Findings show that the predominant use of antithesis, a part of identification, suggests that the organization sought unity, primarily among members of its organization and state branches, against several perceived enemies, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, some Republicans, and the Tea Party Victory Fund. Findings also show that the organization missed several opportunities to publicize how they were working together.
1) Ushahidi began in Kenya to crowdsource reports of post-election violence via SMS and map them on Google Maps. It has evolved into a free and open source platform.
2) The document discusses theories around how social media can both enable and hinder democracy by leveling power between information producers and consumers or "prosumers".
3) It presents a case study of Ushahidi being used in Afghanistan around two elections to crowdsource reports and concerns about the voting process. Societal factors like education, infrastructure and gender are discussed in relation to the tool's use.
Increasingly, scholars have come to see the news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping
whether social movements are able to bring about broader social change. By drawing attention
to movements’ issues, claims, and supporters, the news media can shape the public
agenda by influencing public opinion, authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement
organizations more successful than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational,
tactical, and issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed
organizational survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations
in North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal that
local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine advocacy tactics,
mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with newspapers’
focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are confrontational, volunteerled,
or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as much attention in local media outlets.
These findings have important implications and challenge widely held claims about the
pathways by which movement actors shape the public agenda through the news media.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
मद्रास उच्च न्यायालय के सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश और केंद्र और राज्य सरकार के नौकरशाहों सहित आठ अन्य लोगों की अध्यक्षता वाली एक उच्च स्तरीय समिति ने 2021 में NEET परीक्षा को खत्म करने की सिफारिश की थी। महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि रिपोर्ट में 2010-11 में ग्रामीण पृष्ठभूमि से तमिल छात्रों की संख्या में 61.5% की भारी गिरावट को दर्शाया गया है। इसके बजाय मेट्रो छात्रों में वृद्धि दर्ज की गई है।
Importance of Staying Connected with the World of Politics.pdfJaydenIrish
Discover the power of staying updated on the latest political events at Mecella! Our dedicated Politics section offers comprehensive coverage, insightful analysis, and expert commentary. Stay informed with recent political events, breaking news and in-depth articles on worldwide political developments. Join us in understanding the world of politics!
यूजीसी-नेट और NEET परीक्षा (कई अन्य के अलावा, 2018 तक सीबीएसई द्वारा आयोजित की जाती थी, जो भारत में सार्वजनिक और निजी स्कूलों के लिए एक राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा बोर्ड था (और है), जिसे भारत सरकार द्वारा नियंत्रित और प्रबंधित किया जाता था।
21062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
22062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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19 जून को बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट ने विवादित फिल्म ‘हमारे बारह’ को 21 जून को थिएटर में रिलीज करने का रास्ता साफ कर दिया, हालांकि यह सुनिश्चित करने के बाद कि फिल्म निर्माता कुछ आपत्तिजनक अंशों को हटा दें।
La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
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Public perception of newspaper adherence to ethical principles in the reportage of electoral processes in south east nigeria
1. New Media and Mass Communication
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Public Perception of Newspaper Adherence to Ethical Principles
in the Reportage of Electoral Processes in South East Nigeria
Anyadike, Dominic Okwurumara
School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
E-mail; Combswag @ yahoo.com
Abstract
Newspapers which are expected to report within the limits of media ethics while informing and educating the
public about electoral processes have been notorious for publishing untruth, half truth and distorted stories when
covering electoral process in Nigeria. Thus, more often than not, news events which newspapers project do not
agree with the public perception of the actual news events. This provoked the study of public perception of
newspaper adherence to ethical principles in the reportage of electoral processes in south east Nigeria. The study
was anchored on selectivity theory which argues that previous experiences and current disposition go a long
way to determine how readers decode newspaper messages. The research adopted survey method of scientific
enquiry, using a 15 - item questionnaire and interviews to elicit information from respondents. The study was
guided by 5 research questions and 3 hypotheses. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. The findings
indicated that the public showed concern about newspaper adherence to ethical principles
Key words : Electoral process, ethical principle, public, newspapers.
1.1 Background to the Study
Newspaper audiences are educated on global and local issues and events such as elections and electoral
processes. Elections are mechanisms used in choosing candidates to occupy elective positions.
On the other hand, electoral process according to Igwe (2002:132), is the institutionalized process of
determining popular choice in direct and popular representation. The process is concerned with those
constitutional arrangements and activities through which candidates are elected to positions of power within a
democratic political system. It involves the establishment of constitutional and legal frameworks for conducting
elections, registration of political parties, establishment and validation of voter registers and voters cards, party
symbols, campaigns, debates, rallies and actual voting. Also, the electoral process in this context, involves postelection arrangements such as litigation; trials and bye-elections.
Mtambalike (2010) argues that during election, newspapers can play a part to ensure the full
participation of the public effectively by reporting on the whole electoral process such as where to register, who
can register, who can vote and who can contest for office. Echoing this, Agoka, as reported by Onyedika
(2006:41) and cited in Asadu (2007:258) averred : “journalists through objective reporting could be catalysts of
positive change in the nation’s democracy.” However, voter education in Nigeria appears inadequate
considering the alarming number of invalid votes recorded in past elections. For instance, in the April 2011
presidential elections in Nigeria, 1,256,506 votes out of the 39,469,484 total votes cast were declared invalid.
Also, in 2003, out of the 42,018735 votes cast, 2,538,246 votes were invalid (All Africa.com).
Media ethics is a set of principles of conduct governing media professionalism. Media ethics guide the
conduct of media professionals and as such, provide standard for judging their actions. Newspapers can facilitate
peaceful, cordial and favourable election environment devoid of bickering, discontentment and apathy by
presenting undistorted but reliable, accurate, objective and balanced reports of electoral processes. These are
necessary ingredients that propel congenial campaign and voting environment. Based on ethical philosophy, a
newspaper that is found to be neutral, unbiased, factual or objective and accurate in reporting issues relating to
electoral processes is likely to attract the audience favour and patronage. Onyishi (1996:135), in Asadu
(2007:254) alluded to this when he submitted that “the success or failure of our practice of democratic
governance will, to a large extent, depend on how well the mass media carry out thier functions as the midwife
of democracy.” But one thing is to acknowledge the existence of media ethics; another is the ability and
willingness to adhere to the tenets of the ethics. This is the bases for this study.
1.2 Problem Identification
Newspapers which are expected to report within the limits of media ethics while informing and
educating the public about electoral processes have been notorious for publishing untruth, half truth and distorted
stories when covering electoral processes in Nigeria. Thus, more often than not, news events which the
newspaper projects do not agree with the public perception of the actual news events. Newspaper reporters
identify with and accept ideas, attitudes and opinions of associates, politicians and political associations at the
detriment of ethical principles.
Thus, rumours, conspiracies, falsehood and emotions which reduce the quality and integrity of news
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2. New Media and Mass Communication
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
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find their way into newspapers during electoral processes. The consequences of this are dwindling performance,
credibility crisis and poor patronage by readers.Against the backdrop of the foregoing, this study was designed to
determine public perception of newspapers’ level of adherence to ethical principles when reporting electoral
processes in South east Nigeria.
The study specifically seeks among other things to: determine whether the public show concern about
newspaper adherence to ethical principles when reporting electoral processes; determine the indices of adherence
to ethical principles detected by the public; identify the ethical principle which readers think newspapers flout
most when reporting electoral processes, determine public opinion on the extent of adherence to ethical
principles by newspapers when reporting electoral processes and ascertain whether newspaper readers’
perception of ethical quality of newspaper reports affect readership of newspapers.
1.3 Research Questions
The study was guided by the following research questions:
1. To what extent does the public show concern about newspaper adherence to ethical principles when
reporting electoral processes?
2. What do the public see as indices of adherence to ethical principles by newspapers when reporting
electoral processes?
3. Which ethical principle do newspapers flout most when reporting electoral processes?
4. What is the public opinion on the extent of newspaper adherence to ethical principles when reporting
electoral processes?
5. Does public view of the ethical level of newspaper reports of the electoral processes affect readership of
newspapers?
1.4 Hypotheses
The study was guided by the following hypotheses:
H1: Readers judgement of ethical quality will be related to their knowledge level of those ethical principles.
H2: The extent of public readership will depend on readers judgement of ethical quality of electoral reports in
newspapers.
H3: Readers’ perception of ethical quality of newspaper reports of electoral processes will be related to their
educational l
The research becomes necessary in the face of growing political tensions triggered by the recent general
elections of 2003, 2007 and 2011 in Nigeria. The work is therefore an opportunity to strengthen the media
contribution to enduring and stable democracy. Furthermore, the study would go a long way to re-awakening
their consciousness of newspaper reporters and editors to re-appraise their ethical approach to effective
journalism as well as enhancing the media ethical standard while reporting electoral processes
2.1 Review of Related Literature
People’s view of ethics change with time as what seemed to be ethical today might not be perceived so
in the past. Several studies have been carried out on media ethics though the area is comparatively recent in
media researches. Furthermore, Dominick (2009) argues that every day, in numerous situations, reporters, actors,
station managers and other media professionals have to make ethical decisions about what should or should not
be included in media contents or what should not be done. Thus, there are different perceptions of what is right
or wrong, and there exists gray areas. Corroborating this view, Rodman (2010:28) argues: “many ethical
considerations within media have the potential to be controversial because there is often a conflict between
ethics in theory and what media professions face in the real world”.
Harris Polls, a National Opinion Research Centre (NORC) in the United States of America conducted
key studies with the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) in 1983. The researchers, who aimed at
ascertaining the level of American confidence in the press adopted a value scale of “a great deal of confidence in
the press” and that with “hardly any confidence”. The result of their study shows various degrees of erosion of
American confidence in the press from 1983 to 1987 (Meyer, 1987:182).
In 1985, according to the Pew Research Centre in Itule and Anderson (2008:457), 16 percent of respondents in a
survey research believed almost nothing of what they read in daily newspapers and this decline in confidence
became glaring when the number grew to 45 percent in 2004. Pew centre concluded that the press suffers from
believability and consequent decline in confidence in newspapers.
Researchers wanted to find out the most important quality or characteristic the media needed to
maintain high standards in the American national poll carried out in 1993. According to Los Angeles Times
(1993) cited in Cooper (2088:19), respondents listed the following ethical issues as central to journalistic
purposes: truth and honesty (61%); accuracy, check stories, sources (26%); fairness and balance (19%) and
sensitivity (7%).
In 1998, the American Society of Newspaper Editors sponsored a study titled “Examining Our
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Credibility: Why Newspaper Credibility is dropping”. The study was conducted by Urban. The result of the
study shows that four-fifths of the adults in the United States of America believed that the news media were
biased. Furthermore, more than 80 percent of Americans believed sensational stories got ample coverage
because the stories were exciting and not because they were important (Bowles and Borden, 2004:206). Also,
Miller (2006) noted that among Americans, 60 percent see news organisations as politically biased but according
to Cooper (2008), in a survey carried out by the American Society of Newspaper Editors in 2008, more than 70
percent of those responding said news organisations favour one side rather than treating all sides fairly.
Commenting on the mobility of news organisations to maintain high ethical standards, Hindman (2008:91)
argues that the fluctuating number of opinions may indicate a general downward trend or they may reflect the
publics dissatisfaction with specific events. There have been several highly visible ethical lapses by newspapers
in recent time. For instance, the plagiarism and fabrication scandals at the USA Today (Steinberg, 2004) and The
New York Times (Hindman, 2005) hurt the credibility.
In a related situation, Ogbondah (2003:103) as quoted in Ekanem (2008:73), argues that “the
politicization of news has become a growing problem in the Nigerian media.” Furthermore, he observes that
corruption has encouraged bias in the coverage of news as well as severe dependence of journalist on
government and political paymasters. Consequently, the right of the public to know is been misused as little is
done to present factual, accurate, balanced and fair report of events (Ezeah, 2007:56). In a study carried out by
Azegbeni (2006:10) using the Daily Times and The Observer newspapers as case study in a survey method, the
following were her findings: “privately-owned newspapers provided more credible news/information than their
government-owned counterparts,” about “81% of the respondents said government interference in editorial
content of government-owned newspapers was responsible for their low credibility.” Furthermore, the study
found out that low credibility, bias and pro-government stand on issues as represented by 75.1% and 80.4%
respectively, were responsible for the low patronage of government-owned newspapers.
As stated in Agba (2006:195), Marcia Grant carried out a study of the relationship between the press
and the political system in Nigeria during the First Republic. The findings show that the character of political
reporting and commentary in the print media was dependent on media owner’s relationship with the political
system. He concluded that most newspapers were partial as they became mouthpiece of sectionalism and
political parties. The analysis of the foregoing literature shows that the works on media ethics, with respect to
newspaper reports have taken many paths. However, none dwelt on the public assessment of how newspapers
project electoral issues with respect to ethics. They did not consider specifically the public perception of
newspapers’ level of adherence to ethical principles in the reportage of electoral processes. This is the concern of
this present study.
3.1 Theoretical Framework
This work is anchored on selective perception and selective retention theories. Selective perception
theory argues that previous experiences and current disposition go a long way to determine how readers decode
newspaper messages. Thus, our temperament, needs, memories and motives affect our reaction to messages on
any issue. For instance, in Nigeria where members of political parties see themselves as members of ‘one family’,
party loyalists may choose to ignore any adverse report on the party or preferred candidate. The tendency is to
attribute such adverse report to ‘media bias’. Perception based on such disposition may affect the audience
interpretation and judgement of electoral events.
With reference to selective retention, people are interested in information or messages which are very
important and relevant to them. It is therefore reasonable to expect electorates to pay more attention to and recall
easily messages about campaign issues or candidates favourable to them. .
4.1
Methodology
This research adopted the survey designThe population of this study was 1,910,288. The number
constituted the total population of 10 Local Government Areas (LGA) in the five states of south east Nigeria
selected for the study based on the Nigeria population census of 2006. The selected local government areas are:
Osisioma Ngwa and Umuahia North in Abia State; Ihiala and Onitsha North in Anambra State; Ivo and Afikpo
North in Ebonyi state; Nkanu West and Igbo-Eze North in Enugu State and Oru West and Mbaitoli in Imo
State.The South-east was purposively selected because of the relatively high educational standard and political
awareness associated with the area.
A sample size of 400 was selected. Out of the 400 copies of questionnaire administered, 388 copies
were recovered. This gave a total response rate of 95.5 percent.Taro Yamane (1963) sample size formula as
stated in Ogbuoshi (2006) was adopted to determine a representative sample size as shown in the equation below:
N_____
n =
1+N (e)2
3
4. New Media and Mass Communication
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
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where
n = Sample size
N = Population
e = Level of Precision (0.05) or error margin allowed
1 = Constant Unit.
Note: N = 1,910,288 = population of the 10 selected Local Government
Areas in South East (NPC, 2006)
Substituting:.
n =
1910288______
1+ 1910288 (0.05)2
=
1,910,288__
4776.72
n =
399.9162 = ≃ 400 (approximately)
The sampling technique adopted in this study is the multi-stage probability technique. This involves
varying techniques at different stages of selection. First, the south-east was segmented into 5 zones according to
states namely; Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo. This ensured the accommodation of newspaper
audiences in the research zone. Next, two local government areas, each from the five states were selected
through random sampling. This gave a total of ten Local Government Areas. In another stage of selection,
proportionate technique was used to distribute 400 copies of the questionnaire to the selected ten Local
Government Areas.
Finally, at the designated sampling points (newsstands), available sampling technique was used to select
respondents. What informed the choice of available sampling technique was the non-availability of sampling
frame for newspaper readers.The newspaper reading/selling points (newsstands) in the sample Local
Government Areas were designated sampling points.Although, the principal data for the study were collected
from primary sources (questionnaire and interview), references were made to secondary sources such as books,
newspapers, magazines, journals, internet sources, gazettes and government publications.The questionnaire was
designed in the Likert scaling method which provides the respondents with the following options: Strongly
Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SD).Two reporters and two
editors from different daily newspaper organisations were interviewed.
To validate the instrument, four copies of the questionnaire were given to professionals in the Department of
Statistics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and another four copies were given to lecturers in Mass Communication
Department for the same purpose. They were provided with the purpose of the study, the research questions and
the hypothesis to be tested to enable them determine which items could elicit relevant information. Later, the
items were modified along the lines suggested by the experts. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a
test-retest procedure was adopted whereby a sample population of 10 respondents were drawn at Ogurute Old
Park/Road Junction, Igbo-Eze North newsstand. After one week interval, the instrument was again administered
to the same sample of newspaper readers at the same point. The two sets of results were correlated. The resultant
coefficient, r = 0.88 indicated that the instrument was reliable.
The responses to the questionnaire were arranged in simple distribution tables to show frequency count,
percentages and mean scores for purposes of analysis. The average value of the 5 point Likert scale was used as
the cut off point or point of decision as shown :(SA+A+UD+DA+SD) ÷5= (5+4+3+2+1) ÷ 5 = 3.0. Thus, the
mean score (3.0) was accepted as the point of decision. A mean score of 3.0 or more was accepted but rejected if
it fell below 3.0. Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis was used to test the hypotheses.
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was employed to analyse the data.
4.2 Data Presentation Analyses, Answers to Research Questions and Test of Hypotheses
4.2.1 Research Question I
To what extent do the public show concern about newspaper adherence to ethical values when reporting
electoral processes?
The data and analysis in table 1of appendix provided answer to research question I
The table shows that when the two degrees of agreement are collapsed into ‘agreement,’ a significant majority
(77.06%) of the respondents showed concern about newspaper adherence to ethical values in the reportage of
electoral processes. This was accepted at a mean score level of 4.02.
4.2.2 Research Question 2
What do the public see as indices for determining ethical quality of newspapers’ reportage of electoral
processes?
The data in table 2 of appendix were used to provide answer to research question 2. It was evident that
accurate reporting, balanced, editorial independence and fair reporting, which scored 3.9, 4.06, 4.05, and 4.09
above the mean score respectively, were accepted as determinants of ethical quality of newspaper reports of
electoral processes. On the other hand, with mean scores of 1.96, 2.19, 1.69, 2.39, 2.35, and 2.55 respectively,
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Vol.17, 2013
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the following were rejected as determinants of ethical quality of newspaper reportage of electoral processes:
respect for newspaper owners, stories that can offend someone, character assassination, respect for associates,
emotional and exciting news, and non-detailed investigation before publishing report.
4.2.3 Research Questions 3
Which ethical principle do newspapers flout most when reporting electoral
processes?
The data in table 3 affirmed that accurate reporting with a frequency of 130 (33.51%) was the most flouted by
newspapers.
4.2.4 Research Question 4: What is the public opinion on the extent of newspaper adherence to ethical
principles when reporting electoral processes?
From table 4 shown above, 176 (45.36%) of the respondents shared the view that newspapers were
‘fairly good’ in terms of adherence to ethical principles while 152 (39.18%) affirmed that newspapers were
‘good’ in terms of adherence to ethical principles. Thirty one respondents or 7.99% rated newspapers ‘excellent’
while 25 (6.44%) and 4 (1.03%) of the respondents rated newspapers ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ respectively.
4.2.5 Research Question 5: Does public view of the ethical standard of newspaper reports of electoral
process affect readership of newspapers?
The data in table 5 showed that respondents accepted the assertion that non-adherence to ethical principles by
newspaper reports of electoral processes does not discourage readers from reading newspaper. This was accepted
at a mean score of 3.65 where two hundred and seventy five respondents (92+183=275) or 70.88% (23.71
+47.17%) agreed with the view while only 84 (21.65%) disagreed with it.
4.3.1 Test of Hypothesis I
Hi:
Readers’ judgement of ethical quality will be related to the knowledge level of those ethical principles.
To test the hypothesis, knowledge of ethical principles and Judgement of ethical values as stated items 7 and 10
of the questionnaire respectively, were correlated as shown below:
There is a positive correlation between the readers’ judgement of ethical quality of newspapers and knowledge
of ethical values (r = .19, P < .001).
4.3.2 Test of Hypothesis 2
H 2:
The extent of public readership will depend on readers judgement of ethical quality of electoral reports
in newspapers. To test the hypothesis, the frequency of respondents’ readership habit and the rating of
newspapers’ level of adherence to ethical principles were correlated.
From the analysis in tables 6 and 7 above, there is a positive correlation between the readers’ frequency of
readership of newspapers and their judgement of ethical quality (r = .11, P <05).We accept the alternative
hypothesis.
4.3.3 Test of Hypothesis 3
H1
Readers perception of ethical quality of newspaper reports of electoral processes will be related to their
educational level.
To test the hypotheses,(educational qualifications) and (indices for determining ethical quality) were correlated
as shown in table 8 .
From the analysis as shown in table 8, the correlation is significant at 0.01 Level (2-tailed). Thus, there is a
moderate positive correlation between the readers’ perception of ethical quality of newspaper reports of electoral
processes and their educational level (r =.41, P<.001).
5.1 Discussion of Findings
Five research questions and three alternative hypothesis were formulated and tested in this study. The data
generated were interpreted and discussion of the results in relation to the research questions and the hypotheses
are presented. The data obtained for testing the first research question as shown in table 1 revealed that the
public show concern for newspapers’ adherence to ethical principles when reporting electoral processes. This is
evident in the mean score of 4.02. When ‘agree’ and ‘strongly agree’ responses were collapsed into one ‘agree’
category, significant majority (77.06%) showed concern about newspaper adherence to ethical values in the
reportage of electoral processes. The study corroborates the finding of The Freedom Forum in a study aimed at
making recommendation for improving fairness in journalism. According to Itule and Anderson (2008:458), the
finding of that study showed that “the public expressed serious concern about press performance, particularly
about the procedures and practices of journalism, that is, how journalists do their jobs.”
As revealed in the findings, accurate reporting, balanced, editorial independence, and fairness were
indices that determine newspapers’ ethical quality of electoral reports. On the other hand, respect for newspaper
owners, offending stories, character assassination, respect for political associates, emotional and exciting news
and non-detailed investigation before publishing were found to be non-determinants of ethical quality of
newspaper reports of electoral processes.
Also, the findings showed that accurate reporting was flouted most by newspapers when reporting
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electoral process (see table 3). This goes to buttress the assertion made by Ezeah (2007:56) that the question of
fairness and accuracy seems to be the most abused of all the provisions of the ethical code by Nigerian Union of
Journalists. The problem of inaccuracies and distortions of facts could be informed by the reporters’ rush to the
print without taking pains to check their facts. The finding suggests that during election campaigns, newspapers
do not report exactly known facts and information that are important to a story. In view of this, Day (2006:84),
argues that “inaccurate unsubstantiated or uncorroborated information can undermine the credibility of any
journalistic enterprise.”
However, the finding is contrary to the finding in a poll carried out using CBS News/New York Times in
2006. The result of that study showed that 63% of adults had a great deal or fair amount of confidence that news
media report the news fully accurately and fairly.”
The fourth research question was aimed at determining the public opinion on the extent of newspaper
adherence to ethical principles when reporting electoral processes. As evident in the rating of public opinions in
table 4, newspapers were generally rated ‘fairly good’ in terms of ethical principles in the reportage of electoral
processes.
However, the concentration of the responses by the respondents on ‘fairly good’ (45.36%) and ‘good’
(39.18%) seem to suggest that the extent of newspaper adherence to ethical values tends towards average.
Hypothesis I which says: “Readers’ judgement of ethical quality will be related to the knowledge level of those
ethical principles” was accepted. The positive correlation ( r=.19,P<.001) indicates that the higher the knowledge
of ethical values the higher the judgement of ethical quality of the newspaper by the readers. The second
hypothesis which says: “the extent of public readership will depend on readers’ judgement of ethical quality of
electoral reports in newspapers” was tested with correlation analysis. From the analysis of the data collected
there was a positive correlation between the readers’ frequency of readership of newspapers and their judgement
of ethical quality.
One striking finding in the study is that in spite of relatively low level of adherence of newspaper
reports to ethical principles, 225 respondents (92+183) or 70.88% were not discouraged from reading
newspapers. The numerical scores and their percentage equivalents in table 5 were observed to provide clues to
this finding. The study also confirmed the research hypothesis 3 which argued that readers’ perception of ethical
quality of newspaper reports of electoral processes will be related to their educational level. However, the
correlation between the readers’ perception of ethical quality of newspaper reports of electoral processes and the
educational level, though positive, is moderate (r=.41, P <.001).
6.1
Conclusion
One of the greatest challenges to newspaper reportage of electoral activities in Nigeria is the inability of
newspaper reporters to adhere to ethical values. Such attitudes and behaviours of reporters tend to create doubts
in the minds of the public. However, ample opportunity still exists for improvement since greater percentage of
the public are not discouraged from reading newspapers despite relatively low level of adherence of newspaper
reports to ethical standards. However, to promote healthy rivalry among reporters and editors, and to engender
the cultivation of moral probity and accountability in the media and democratic system in Nigeria, newspaper
reporters should take pains to crosscheck their facts before rushing to the press.
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Appendix
Table 1 Data showing Respondents
Reporting Electoral Processes
Public concern about Newspaper
adherence to ethical principles when
reporting electoral processes matters
a lot to me
Concern about Newspaper Adherence to Ethical principles when
Freq.(f)
175
124
31
39
19
Percentage (%)
45.10
31.96
7.99
10.05
4.90
7
4.02
Accept
8. New Media and Mass Communication
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 2 : Data Showing Respondents’ Opinion on the Indices
that Determine Ethical Quality of
Newspaper Reports of Electoral Processes.
Nature of Statement
Which of the following can be used to determine Freq SA
A
UD DA SD
Mean Decision
ethical quality of newspaper on electoral
processes.
Accurate reporting
Freq 104 187 58
39
0
3.9
Accept
Balanced reporting
Freq 100 230 38
20
0
4.06
Accept
Editorial independence
Freq 120 200 42
19
7
4.05
Accept
Respect for newspaper owners when reporting
Freq 4
16
64
178 126 1.96
Reject
Fairness
Freq 112 201 72
3
0
4.09
Accept
Stories that can offend someone
Freq 22
31
19
215 101 2.19
Reject
Character assassination
Freq 0
6
21
207 154 1.69
Reject
Respect for associates when reporting
Freq 37
47
66
117 121 2.39
Reject
Emotional and exciting news
Freq 26
62
36
163 101 2.35
Reject
Non-detailed investigation before publishing Freq 46
73
29
141 99
2.55
Reject
report
Table 3 : Data Showing Ethical Principle Flouted most by Newspapers in the Reportage of Electoral
Processes as indicated by Respondents.
Nature of Statement
Frequency (f)
Percentage( %)
Objective reporting
71
18.30
Accurate reporting
130
33.51
Balanced reporting
21
5.41
Editorial independence
80
20.62
Fairness
74
19.07
Responsible reporting
12
3.09
Total
388
100
Table 4: Data Showing the Respondents’ Opinion on the Extent of Newspapers Adherence to Ethical
Principles when Reporting Electoral Process
Percentage
Rate the newspapers you have read generally on the extent of Frequency
adherence to ethical standard.
(f)
(%)
Excellent
31
7.99
Good
152
39.18
Fairly good
176
45.36
Poor
25
6.44
Very poor
4
1.03
388
100
Table 5: Data Showing the Effect of Public View of Ethical Quality of Newspaper Reports of Electoral
Processes on the Readership of Newspapers.
Nature of Statement
SA
A
UD DA
SD
Mean
Decision
( )
Non-adherence to ethical principles by Freq. 92
183
29
53
31
3.65
Accept
newspaper report of electoral processes
does not discourage me from reading
newspapers
(%)
23.71 47.17 7.47 13.66 7.99
Table 6:
Correlation
Judgment of ethical quality Knowledge
of
of newspaper
ethical values
Judgement of ethical Pearson Correlation
1
.192
quality of Newspaper Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
388
388
Knowledge of
Pearson Correlation
.192
1
ethical Values
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
388
388
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
8
9. New Media and Mass Communication
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 7: Correlations
FREQ – READERSHIP
FREQ_READERSHIP Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Quality_newspaper
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
388
.106
.050
388
Quality – newspaper
.106
.050
388
1
388
Table 8: Correlation
Perception of ethical quality
Perception of
ethical quality
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tail)
N
Educational Level Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tail)
N
Educational level
1
.409
.000
388
9
.409
.000
388
1
388
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