Although the majority of mechanisms and instruments which aim to support media ethics and journalistic professionalization in Poland were introduced at an
early stage of political and social transformation in the 1990s, media accountability is
still in the making. The moderate level of journalistic professionalization might be explained by the weakness of existing self-regulatory mechanisms (codes of journalistic
conduct, The Council of Media Ethics), divisions within journalistic communities (left
wing-oriented vs. right-wing politically oriented) and the growing economic pressure.
Bearing in mind that decision-making processes, supportive management as well as
organizational structures and cultures might have an impact on journalistic behaviour
and the understanding of roles and journalistic quality, this paper will go a long way in
explaining the state of media accountability and transparency from the perspective of
newsrooms. Referencing to the outcomes of empirical international research project
“Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT)” (2010–2013) the
study will provide evidence similarities and differences in the perception of tools and
existing practices by journalists from different types of media and job positions.
Przegląd Europejski, 2016
Recent years confirm that new media have become one of the basic elements of creating communication strategies for the EU institutions. Officials and main decision-makers are increasingly involved in the realm of social media. It is even more significant when we observe that they make use of this tools in a fully transparent way. Such activities add new dynamics to European communication policy. This paper discusses the real-time nature of the Internet communication sphere of the EU institutions created within the guidelines of the European Commission’s new communication strategy, which makes social media complementary to conventional informational operations.
This document provides biographical and professional information about John C. Pollock, a professor of communication studies. It details his educational background, current research interests, teaching experience, publications, awards, and recent book on media coverage and how community characteristics can influence frame-building in news stories. Testimonials are provided from other scholars praising Pollock's book which uses a community structure approach to analyze how inequality in cities can help drive nationwide media coverage of critical issues and events.
Broadcasting Entrepreneurial Brainchild Based on Some Social Media Experiment...NewMediaMK
The document discusses experiments with social media in Southeast Europe to support economic development. It analyzes two case studies: (1) A television program in Serbia in 2003-2004 that presented business proposals to encourage entrepreneurship; and (2) An Internews program from 2000-2008 that facilitated cross-border discussions in the Caucasus region. The analysis finds that while such hybrid social media had positive initial impacts, they ultimately lacked sustainable financing models and their meaning diminished over time.
Criteria and procedures for selection of civil society organizations in cross...МЦМС | MCIC
This analysis will focus
on the aspect of selection - what criteria and procedures are being used in Europe
in order to identify the current practices and recommend model(s) for consideration
among the Macedonian Government and CSOs.
The document discusses issues around the availability and use of evaluative and comparative information in tertiary education systems. It notes that a variety of actors should be involved in determining what data is collected, including universities, government authorities, students, and industry. Responsibility for collecting accurate data needs to be clearly defined. There is also a need to standardize core data sets and move beyond just reporting inputs to also evaluating outputs and results. Reliable data is important for ensuring consistency and preventing manipulation. Developing strong management information systems and independent agencies can help improve the availability and use of information.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for word pressfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides expectations for academic integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines. Upcoming lecture topics are listed including government control of media, citizen journalism, media constraints in Central Asia, and peace journalism.
Przegląd Europejski, 2016
Recent years confirm that new media have become one of the basic elements of creating communication strategies for the EU institutions. Officials and main decision-makers are increasingly involved in the realm of social media. It is even more significant when we observe that they make use of this tools in a fully transparent way. Such activities add new dynamics to European communication policy. This paper discusses the real-time nature of the Internet communication sphere of the EU institutions created within the guidelines of the European Commission’s new communication strategy, which makes social media complementary to conventional informational operations.
This document provides biographical and professional information about John C. Pollock, a professor of communication studies. It details his educational background, current research interests, teaching experience, publications, awards, and recent book on media coverage and how community characteristics can influence frame-building in news stories. Testimonials are provided from other scholars praising Pollock's book which uses a community structure approach to analyze how inequality in cities can help drive nationwide media coverage of critical issues and events.
Broadcasting Entrepreneurial Brainchild Based on Some Social Media Experiment...NewMediaMK
The document discusses experiments with social media in Southeast Europe to support economic development. It analyzes two case studies: (1) A television program in Serbia in 2003-2004 that presented business proposals to encourage entrepreneurship; and (2) An Internews program from 2000-2008 that facilitated cross-border discussions in the Caucasus region. The analysis finds that while such hybrid social media had positive initial impacts, they ultimately lacked sustainable financing models and their meaning diminished over time.
Criteria and procedures for selection of civil society organizations in cross...МЦМС | MCIC
This analysis will focus
on the aspect of selection - what criteria and procedures are being used in Europe
in order to identify the current practices and recommend model(s) for consideration
among the Macedonian Government and CSOs.
The document discusses issues around the availability and use of evaluative and comparative information in tertiary education systems. It notes that a variety of actors should be involved in determining what data is collected, including universities, government authorities, students, and industry. Responsibility for collecting accurate data needs to be clearly defined. There is also a need to standardize core data sets and move beyond just reporting inputs to also evaluating outputs and results. Reliable data is important for ensuring consistency and preventing manipulation. Developing strong management information systems and independent agencies can help improve the availability and use of information.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for word pressfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides expectations for academic integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines. Upcoming lecture topics are listed including government control of media, citizen journalism, media constraints in Central Asia, and peace journalism.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for blogfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides an overview of upcoming lecture topics including government control of media, citizen journalism, and media constraints. Academic expectations are also outlined regarding integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines.
Interactive media and new customer rolesMiia Kosonen
This document summarizes a study on new customer roles in interactive media among magazine and newspaper industries. It discusses 6 new customer roles identified through qualitative interviews with publishing companies:
1) Agents - Customers who provide feedback and comments to publishing companies to improve content and services. This role allows for more ongoing feedback.
2) Dialoguers - Customers who engage in two-way dialogue with publishing companies through comments, blogs, and discussions to develop closer relationships.
3) Debaters - Customers who actively participate in discussion forums, mainly interacting with each other while publishers provide the platform.
The document analyzes how these new roles impact tensions between customer interaction/participation and traditional media roles. It
This document provides an overview of a research project that mapped media and communication research in seven countries. The project examined the contents and trends of current research in Finland, the US, Germany, France, Japan, Estonia, and Australia. It conducted 186 interviews with experts in these countries. The document summarizes some key findings from the research, including:
1) Media landscapes in the countries are being transformed by new communication technologies and convergence, as well as increasing concentration of media ownership.
2) Main research institutions and organizations in each country were identified, with most located in academic settings.
3) Approaches to media and communication research showed both similarities across countries as well as national characteristics. Major approaches included studies of
Community media and media policy reform in anglophone sub saharan africa (pub...Patrick Okon
the chapter examines the interventionists role of community media and activist media organizations in contemporary media policy reforms in South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana. Located within the broader framework of the debates about 'shapers' of media policy developments, it argues for a broader recognition of alternative and community media organizations as policy activists
In the current society where development has been taking place at a fast pace, a large number of people turn to their electronic devices that range from Social Media to predictions of weather (Curran 2010). As websites of social networking has been exploding and smart phones have been development, technology has quickly started to become the key way in order to receive information. The dependence on new technology for information have been providing huge benefits such as instant notification of emails and news allowing member of the society for being aware about what events are taking place across the globe in only a fraction of seconds.
A number of research papers have documented the rapid success and growth of minority or ethnic media across a number of areas throughout the world, being most prominent in Western Europe and North America. This trend has been attributed by scholars with the tendency of expressing the increased patterns of migration across the globe (Bloomsbury 1992). A crucial awareness about an extremely participatory culture of global media across multi- cultural societies has been established as a significant tool for explaining the impact and success of minority or ethnic media, along with embracing the changing methods by which there is use of media by people (Sanders 2009). Being a profession extremely centralized to the sense of self across the society, there lies a crucial significance for understanding the impacts of changing conditions on labour, cultures of professionalism, and the technologies in appropriation. These factors form the crucial attribute of work within the profession of journalism. It has been argued by a number of researchers that the continuously converging technologies undermine the basic standards and skills of journalism, while the so- called multiple tasking is fostered within newsrooms, which is seen as the outcome of economy based pressures cutting back over resources while the work loads are increased (Curran et al. 2012).
This document provides background information on Communication for Development (C4D) and women's rights. It defines C4D as aiming to achieve progress in underdeveloped areas through two-way dialogue and local involvement. The definition has evolved with communication theories and development theses, now comprising different approaches. Women's rights have improved over decades but still need development legally and culturally. The document analyzes two C4D campaigns on women's rights issues - a successful "Ban FGM" campaign and an unsuccessful "Let Them Play" campaign - to understand strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
The document analyzes how increased electronic interactions between governments and citizens through channels like call centers, online portals, emails, social media, etc. have impacted organizational structures and dynamics in the public administrations of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It finds that while both cities had similar technological and interpretive conditions, their different institutional conditions led to divergent outcomes. Rio's more centralized coordination facilitated networked transformations and integration of citizen data into policies. Meanwhile, São Paulo's decentralized approach enabled pockets of innovation but no overarching e-government strategy. The analysis suggests these approaches can be complementary, with centralized coordination optimizing performance and decentralization allowing innovative network forms to emerge.
Democracy Assistance Efforts of Young Donors from the Visegrad Group: In Sear...Paulina Pospieszna
Until recently, the major donors in democracy assistance field were Western democracies and multilateral aid agencies; therefore the literature abounds with studies of aid coming from these donors. However, little is known about the effectiveness of democracy assistance from the young donor countries that not such as long time ago were recipient of this type aid. Much of democracy assistance work is done by civil society organizations that collaborate with partners in recipient countries within specific projects. How do these projects impact the beneficiaries of the project? How effective are these project in changing opinions and behaviors of the target groups? Finally, do they contribute to diffusing democratic ideas and behaviors? This paper demonstrates the shortcomings of existing impact evaluation methods to answer these questions and demonstrates the usefulness of randomization method that so far has been widely used in developmental aid.
Supporting social presence through asynchronous awareness systemsOnno Romijn
This chapter discusses research conducted to understand the requirements of elderly for informal social telecommunication media that may be addressed through awareness technologies. It discusses the relation between the concept of social presence and the notion of awareness that the class of systems studied supports. Finally, we draw attention to the research method used which we feel is the most appropriate for gauging the social effects of technologies introduced to support social activities through ICT
Portuguese news organizations view audience participation online primarily as an opportunity for readers to discuss current events. Journalists recognize the potential of reader comments to contribute to deliberative ideals, but also face challenges from inappropriate speech and low comment quality. The study examines expectations, perceptions and policies around reader comment management through interviews with professionals from newspapers Público, Correio da Manhã, Expresso and newsmagazine Sábado. Views on comments varied from an opportunity to increase debate to "idle talk" lacking value. Policies also differed, with Correio da Manhã using pre-moderation, Sábado using post-moderation, and Público and Expresso using crowd-based moderation.
Valuing & Reclaiming Free and Independent Media in Contemporary Democratic Systems (MEDIADEM)
Federica Casarosa
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
The document discusses how media education can help regulate journalism practices. It defines media education as helping audiences understand how media works, how it affects their lives, and how to consume it wisely. Media education enables audiences to critically analyze media content and question media when it fails to be objective. The paper argues that media education is important for regulating media practices, as media organizations sometimes prioritize profits and sensationalism over objectivity. Media education provides audiences with skills to analyze ownership and potential biases in content.
Social Media and Forced Displacement: Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning...UN Global Pulse
This white paper summarizes a project using social media data and machine learning to understand perspectives related to the Europe refugee emergency. The project conducted ten mini-studies analyzing Twitter data to monitor interactions between refugees and service providers, and understand host community sentiment toward refugees. Initial results were inconclusive for monitoring refugee interactions but revealed that a small number of tweets connected refugees to terrorist attacks in local Twitter communities. The paper outlines the methodology used and lessons learned to inform humanitarian decision-making and response through social media analysis.
Uses and gratification theory and the optimization of the media in the privat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines how the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) in Nigeria utilizes media and the uses and gratification theory during privatization efforts. The study aims to determine how BPE applies uses and gratification concepts in its public relations practices, how messages are crafted, what factors influence media selection, and how audiences make media choices. The document provides background on BPE and privatization in Nigeria. It also reviews literature on uses and gratification theory and discusses how BPE's audiences and messaging may limit which audiences are reached. The review suggests BPE could better understand its audiences' motivations for media exposure when developing communication strategies.
This document discusses teaching media literacy and professionalism to Ethiopian journalists. It begins by providing an overview of literacy, media, journalism, and ethics. It notes that education and training are important foundations for journalism. While Ethiopian journalists are generally familiar with ethical values, their practice is criticized for lacking skills and respecting ethics.
The document then examines journalism education and training in Ethiopia. It finds that most journalists did not attend journalism school and learn on the job instead. NGOs provide some media capacity building.
Challenges facing Ethiopian journalists are then analyzed, including balancing job and passion, self-censorship, political interference, and lack of experience. The conclusion suggests that both lack of capacity
The article introduces the results of an empirical examination of journalistic role performance in Hungary. In reference to the “Journalistic Role Performance
Around the Globe” research project (led by Prof. Claudia Mellado from Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, in Chile and Lea Hellmueller, from Texas States
University, www.journalisticperformance.org), we attempt to discuss the main patterns of role performance in contemporary journalism in Hungary. The presence of
six models in news production (watchdog, disseminator-interventionist, civic, loyalfacilitator, service journalism, and infotainment) is investigated by conducting a quantitative content analysis of 1,087 news items published by the national desk of four
Hungarian broadsheets in 2012–2013.
3. Theoretical And Conceptual FrameworksAndrew Parish
This document provides an overview of the theoretical frameworks used in Michael Serwornoo's study on the image of Africa in Ghana's press. It discusses three main theories: the theory of newsworthiness, intermedia agenda-setting theory, and postcolonial theory. It argues that integrating these three theories allows for a more comprehensive understanding of news selection decisions and how international and ideological influences shape coverage of Africa. The document also provides background on each theory and argues that while previously studied separately, combining them offers new insights, especially regarding coverage where they have not been significantly applied together before.
The document discusses how news media are increasingly using analytics and audience data to help navigate the competitive battle for attention. It describes how leading organizations are developing distinct forms of "editorial analytics" tailored to their specific goals and contexts. These analytics inform both short-term decisions and longer-term strategy. While globally-focused US and UK news outlets remain ahead, market leaders in other countries are also developing their own approaches to analytics.
This document discusses how consumer behavior research could contribute to the public relations research agenda over the next decade by providing insights into individual behaviors. It identifies five areas where consumer research may be applicable: 1) message processing, 2) decision-making, 3) the influence of affect, 4) organizational-consumer relationships, and 5) consumer action behaviors. The document argues that while public relations deals with many types of audiences, these groups are made up of individuals who interact with organizations in exchange relationships similar to consumers. Insights from consumer behavior's focus on understanding individuals could help address gaps in public relations research on how communications influence behavior at the individual level.
This document discusses research on intercultural competences and social media. It covers several topics:
1. Social media monitoring tools can be used to analyze online discussions about intercultural topics like the Erasmus program and gain insights into public attitudes.
2. A "third culture" model suggests that social media may be developing its own universal communication styles that bridge different cultures. Memetic communication uses multimedia to make comments more attractive and understandable globally.
3. Cultural differences can still be observed in online behaviors, like what types of content people from individualistic versus collective cultures prefer to share.
4. Overall, while social media may be developing some shared communication norms, it also enables the externalization
Amani Channel's research: "Gatekeeping and Citizen Journalism: A Qualitative Examination of Participatory Media." Presented 8/5/10 at AEJMC 2010, Denver.
3 1 public com samizdat sept 7 final for blogfreedma5
The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on public communication contexts and cultures. It discusses the political power of communication technologies from Samizdat publications in the Soviet Union to social media's role in the Arab Spring. It provides an overview of upcoming lecture topics including government control of media, citizen journalism, and media constraints. Academic expectations are also outlined regarding integrity, critical thinking, and meeting deadlines.
Interactive media and new customer rolesMiia Kosonen
This document summarizes a study on new customer roles in interactive media among magazine and newspaper industries. It discusses 6 new customer roles identified through qualitative interviews with publishing companies:
1) Agents - Customers who provide feedback and comments to publishing companies to improve content and services. This role allows for more ongoing feedback.
2) Dialoguers - Customers who engage in two-way dialogue with publishing companies through comments, blogs, and discussions to develop closer relationships.
3) Debaters - Customers who actively participate in discussion forums, mainly interacting with each other while publishers provide the platform.
The document analyzes how these new roles impact tensions between customer interaction/participation and traditional media roles. It
This document provides an overview of a research project that mapped media and communication research in seven countries. The project examined the contents and trends of current research in Finland, the US, Germany, France, Japan, Estonia, and Australia. It conducted 186 interviews with experts in these countries. The document summarizes some key findings from the research, including:
1) Media landscapes in the countries are being transformed by new communication technologies and convergence, as well as increasing concentration of media ownership.
2) Main research institutions and organizations in each country were identified, with most located in academic settings.
3) Approaches to media and communication research showed both similarities across countries as well as national characteristics. Major approaches included studies of
Community media and media policy reform in anglophone sub saharan africa (pub...Patrick Okon
the chapter examines the interventionists role of community media and activist media organizations in contemporary media policy reforms in South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana. Located within the broader framework of the debates about 'shapers' of media policy developments, it argues for a broader recognition of alternative and community media organizations as policy activists
In the current society where development has been taking place at a fast pace, a large number of people turn to their electronic devices that range from Social Media to predictions of weather (Curran 2010). As websites of social networking has been exploding and smart phones have been development, technology has quickly started to become the key way in order to receive information. The dependence on new technology for information have been providing huge benefits such as instant notification of emails and news allowing member of the society for being aware about what events are taking place across the globe in only a fraction of seconds.
A number of research papers have documented the rapid success and growth of minority or ethnic media across a number of areas throughout the world, being most prominent in Western Europe and North America. This trend has been attributed by scholars with the tendency of expressing the increased patterns of migration across the globe (Bloomsbury 1992). A crucial awareness about an extremely participatory culture of global media across multi- cultural societies has been established as a significant tool for explaining the impact and success of minority or ethnic media, along with embracing the changing methods by which there is use of media by people (Sanders 2009). Being a profession extremely centralized to the sense of self across the society, there lies a crucial significance for understanding the impacts of changing conditions on labour, cultures of professionalism, and the technologies in appropriation. These factors form the crucial attribute of work within the profession of journalism. It has been argued by a number of researchers that the continuously converging technologies undermine the basic standards and skills of journalism, while the so- called multiple tasking is fostered within newsrooms, which is seen as the outcome of economy based pressures cutting back over resources while the work loads are increased (Curran et al. 2012).
This document provides background information on Communication for Development (C4D) and women's rights. It defines C4D as aiming to achieve progress in underdeveloped areas through two-way dialogue and local involvement. The definition has evolved with communication theories and development theses, now comprising different approaches. Women's rights have improved over decades but still need development legally and culturally. The document analyzes two C4D campaigns on women's rights issues - a successful "Ban FGM" campaign and an unsuccessful "Let Them Play" campaign - to understand strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
The document analyzes how increased electronic interactions between governments and citizens through channels like call centers, online portals, emails, social media, etc. have impacted organizational structures and dynamics in the public administrations of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It finds that while both cities had similar technological and interpretive conditions, their different institutional conditions led to divergent outcomes. Rio's more centralized coordination facilitated networked transformations and integration of citizen data into policies. Meanwhile, São Paulo's decentralized approach enabled pockets of innovation but no overarching e-government strategy. The analysis suggests these approaches can be complementary, with centralized coordination optimizing performance and decentralization allowing innovative network forms to emerge.
Democracy Assistance Efforts of Young Donors from the Visegrad Group: In Sear...Paulina Pospieszna
Until recently, the major donors in democracy assistance field were Western democracies and multilateral aid agencies; therefore the literature abounds with studies of aid coming from these donors. However, little is known about the effectiveness of democracy assistance from the young donor countries that not such as long time ago were recipient of this type aid. Much of democracy assistance work is done by civil society organizations that collaborate with partners in recipient countries within specific projects. How do these projects impact the beneficiaries of the project? How effective are these project in changing opinions and behaviors of the target groups? Finally, do they contribute to diffusing democratic ideas and behaviors? This paper demonstrates the shortcomings of existing impact evaluation methods to answer these questions and demonstrates the usefulness of randomization method that so far has been widely used in developmental aid.
Supporting social presence through asynchronous awareness systemsOnno Romijn
This chapter discusses research conducted to understand the requirements of elderly for informal social telecommunication media that may be addressed through awareness technologies. It discusses the relation between the concept of social presence and the notion of awareness that the class of systems studied supports. Finally, we draw attention to the research method used which we feel is the most appropriate for gauging the social effects of technologies introduced to support social activities through ICT
Portuguese news organizations view audience participation online primarily as an opportunity for readers to discuss current events. Journalists recognize the potential of reader comments to contribute to deliberative ideals, but also face challenges from inappropriate speech and low comment quality. The study examines expectations, perceptions and policies around reader comment management through interviews with professionals from newspapers Público, Correio da Manhã, Expresso and newsmagazine Sábado. Views on comments varied from an opportunity to increase debate to "idle talk" lacking value. Policies also differed, with Correio da Manhã using pre-moderation, Sábado using post-moderation, and Público and Expresso using crowd-based moderation.
Valuing & Reclaiming Free and Independent Media in Contemporary Democratic Systems (MEDIADEM)
Federica Casarosa
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
The document discusses how media education can help regulate journalism practices. It defines media education as helping audiences understand how media works, how it affects their lives, and how to consume it wisely. Media education enables audiences to critically analyze media content and question media when it fails to be objective. The paper argues that media education is important for regulating media practices, as media organizations sometimes prioritize profits and sensationalism over objectivity. Media education provides audiences with skills to analyze ownership and potential biases in content.
Social Media and Forced Displacement: Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning...UN Global Pulse
This white paper summarizes a project using social media data and machine learning to understand perspectives related to the Europe refugee emergency. The project conducted ten mini-studies analyzing Twitter data to monitor interactions between refugees and service providers, and understand host community sentiment toward refugees. Initial results were inconclusive for monitoring refugee interactions but revealed that a small number of tweets connected refugees to terrorist attacks in local Twitter communities. The paper outlines the methodology used and lessons learned to inform humanitarian decision-making and response through social media analysis.
Uses and gratification theory and the optimization of the media in the privat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines how the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) in Nigeria utilizes media and the uses and gratification theory during privatization efforts. The study aims to determine how BPE applies uses and gratification concepts in its public relations practices, how messages are crafted, what factors influence media selection, and how audiences make media choices. The document provides background on BPE and privatization in Nigeria. It also reviews literature on uses and gratification theory and discusses how BPE's audiences and messaging may limit which audiences are reached. The review suggests BPE could better understand its audiences' motivations for media exposure when developing communication strategies.
This document discusses teaching media literacy and professionalism to Ethiopian journalists. It begins by providing an overview of literacy, media, journalism, and ethics. It notes that education and training are important foundations for journalism. While Ethiopian journalists are generally familiar with ethical values, their practice is criticized for lacking skills and respecting ethics.
The document then examines journalism education and training in Ethiopia. It finds that most journalists did not attend journalism school and learn on the job instead. NGOs provide some media capacity building.
Challenges facing Ethiopian journalists are then analyzed, including balancing job and passion, self-censorship, political interference, and lack of experience. The conclusion suggests that both lack of capacity
The article introduces the results of an empirical examination of journalistic role performance in Hungary. In reference to the “Journalistic Role Performance
Around the Globe” research project (led by Prof. Claudia Mellado from Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, in Chile and Lea Hellmueller, from Texas States
University, www.journalisticperformance.org), we attempt to discuss the main patterns of role performance in contemporary journalism in Hungary. The presence of
six models in news production (watchdog, disseminator-interventionist, civic, loyalfacilitator, service journalism, and infotainment) is investigated by conducting a quantitative content analysis of 1,087 news items published by the national desk of four
Hungarian broadsheets in 2012–2013.
3. Theoretical And Conceptual FrameworksAndrew Parish
This document provides an overview of the theoretical frameworks used in Michael Serwornoo's study on the image of Africa in Ghana's press. It discusses three main theories: the theory of newsworthiness, intermedia agenda-setting theory, and postcolonial theory. It argues that integrating these three theories allows for a more comprehensive understanding of news selection decisions and how international and ideological influences shape coverage of Africa. The document also provides background on each theory and argues that while previously studied separately, combining them offers new insights, especially regarding coverage where they have not been significantly applied together before.
The document discusses how news media are increasingly using analytics and audience data to help navigate the competitive battle for attention. It describes how leading organizations are developing distinct forms of "editorial analytics" tailored to their specific goals and contexts. These analytics inform both short-term decisions and longer-term strategy. While globally-focused US and UK news outlets remain ahead, market leaders in other countries are also developing their own approaches to analytics.
This document discusses how consumer behavior research could contribute to the public relations research agenda over the next decade by providing insights into individual behaviors. It identifies five areas where consumer research may be applicable: 1) message processing, 2) decision-making, 3) the influence of affect, 4) organizational-consumer relationships, and 5) consumer action behaviors. The document argues that while public relations deals with many types of audiences, these groups are made up of individuals who interact with organizations in exchange relationships similar to consumers. Insights from consumer behavior's focus on understanding individuals could help address gaps in public relations research on how communications influence behavior at the individual level.
This document discusses research on intercultural competences and social media. It covers several topics:
1. Social media monitoring tools can be used to analyze online discussions about intercultural topics like the Erasmus program and gain insights into public attitudes.
2. A "third culture" model suggests that social media may be developing its own universal communication styles that bridge different cultures. Memetic communication uses multimedia to make comments more attractive and understandable globally.
3. Cultural differences can still be observed in online behaviors, like what types of content people from individualistic versus collective cultures prefer to share.
4. Overall, while social media may be developing some shared communication norms, it also enables the externalization
Amani Channel's research: "Gatekeeping and Citizen Journalism: A Qualitative Examination of Participatory Media." Presented 8/5/10 at AEJMC 2010, Denver.
The document discusses several topics related to ethics and regulation in the field of public relations:
1. It outlines the historical development and professionalization of public relations over the 20th century.
2. It discusses different models and theories of public relations practice, including Grunig's symmetrical vs. asymmetrical worldview model and four common models of PR practice.
3. It describes the important role of public relations in facilitating democratic processes by building relationships, mediating conflict, and making organizations responsive to public and stakeholder needs through information sharing.
The document summarizes a research study examining reader comments on online opinion journalism. The researchers developed an operational definition of public deliberation based on previous literature. They then conducted a content analysis of reader comments on the opinion pages of two major regional American newspapers. The analysis provided insight into how elements of public deliberation, such as the sharing of diverse perspectives and personal experiences, are present in reader comments. It also identified dimensions of deliberation that are more common in comments and directions for further research. The study aims to understand the potential for reader comments to serve as a space for public deliberation.
Van Roessel et al. 2018: Extending the Methods of Media and Communication Stu...Julius Reimer
"Extending the Methods of Media and Communication Studies by Design Research: Co-Creation as an Approach for Journalism Research", presentation at the "68th Annual Conference" of the International Communication Association (ICA) on May 23rd, 2018, in Prague, Czech Republic (together with Lies van Roessel, Wiebke Loosen, Katharina Heitmann and Andreas Hepp).
The aim of this Special Issue of Central European Political Studies is to
bring media scholars together and to reflect on the current trends in political journalism in our region. The focus of the articles is trained on the discovery of the shifts
and continuities in journalistic practises 25 years after the collapse of the communist regimes. Some of the findings and conclusions presented in the volume come
from studies conducted within the framework of international comparative research
projects such as Worlds of Journalism, Journalistic Role Performance Around the
Globe, or Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT). The others
come from single, national empirical studies or analyses on the media systems conducted in the Central and Eastern countries.
This document provides an overview of approaches to quantifying media development and measuring the health of the media sector. It discusses several types of indicators used: indexes based on expert assessment of the legal, political, and economic environment for media; composite indexes measuring infrastructure, accessibility, and pluralism; quantitative data on metrics like press circulation or internet usage; and data on donor funding of media development projects. It notes some gaps in existing measures, particularly around assessing the effectiveness of media reach and quality. The document serves as an introduction to data available on the Media Map Project website for analyzing relationships between media and development.
This document discusses the challenges of writing an argumentative essay on the topic of media. It notes that the media landscape is complex and constantly changing, making it difficult to analyze. The essay would need to examine both traditional and digital media platforms, understand their socio-political influence, and balance discussions of media's benefits and pitfalls. However, it is also an opportunity to contribute meaningfully to discourse on media's role in society. Thorough research and a nuanced approach are needed to navigate these challenges.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the COM1010 exam, including:
1) The exam format which consists of multiple choice questions and short answer essays requiring analysis of two out of three questions.
2) Key approaches to studying media such as political economy, textual analysis, and the relationship between industries, texts and audiences.
3) Methods of analyzing media texts including semiotics, content analysis, and how meaning is constructed.
4) Issues of media regulation including ownership, production, and access in relation to democracy and the public sphere.
5) The role and framing of news reporting and how it constructs reality.
6) Analysis of film genres and audience reception.
7) Particip
This paper aims to examine the activity of the Mamy Głos Foundation [We
have a voice], an organization founded in 2015 by junior high school students from
a handful of towns in Poland. For this purpose, a review of available materials about
this organization will be carried out and information will be collected using in-depth
interviews with the founders of the organization. The main research question concerns
the motivation behind young people’s activity in the foundation, the methods used to
achieve the goals of the organization and its founders’ profiles. Their activity will be
presented in the context of political activism among young people, including gender
differentiation.
The United Kingdom joined the EEC/EU in 1973. Its membership has been
one of the thorniest issues in British politics over the last forty-five years. The United
Kingdom was one of the most Euroskeptic member states in the EU. The ‘added
value’ brought by London to the EU was the English language, which successively
supplanted French from the function of working language of the EU. English is not
only the official language of the EU (it is one of 24 official languages), but primarily
has a dominant position in the EU. It is used for communication between the EU and
the world, between European institutions and during informal meetings. The purpose
of this article is to analyze the position of English in the EU, to show its strengths, and
finally to answer the question of whether the present status of English in the EU will
remain after the UK leaves.
This article aims to identify the major cores of the 15-M Movement mindset
and explain how particular historical factors shaped it. The research problems are to identify the types of relations the movement established between the people and the ruling
elites in its political manifestos, and the sources of these discursively created relations.
The research field encompasses the content of political manifestos published between
the Spanish general election on March 9, 2008 and immediately after the demonstrations
held on May 15, 2011. To solve these problems, the research applies source analysis of
the political manifestos. These are: (1) The Manifesto of ¡Democracia Real YA!; (2) The
Manifesto of the Puerta del Sol Camp, and (3) The Manifesto “May 68 in Spain.” The
research uses the technique of relational qualitative content analysis to determine the
relations between the semantic fields of the major categories of populism, ‘the people’
and ‘the elites,’ as well as to identify the meanings formed by their co-occurrence. The
tool used is a content analysis instruction whose major assumption is to identify all the
attempts to create images of ‘the people,’ ‘the elites,’ and relations between them.
The article analyzes the structure, content, properties and effects of the
Russian-Ukrainian ‘hybrid war’ in its non-military dimension. Particular emphasis is
placed on the aspect of the information and propaganda war, as well as activities in
cyberspace. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is described in the context of the new war
strategy of General Valery Gerasimov. Contemporary practice of hybrid actions in the
conflict in Ukraine has revealed that, for the first time, a stronger opponent, Russia,
uses the full spectrum of hybrid interaction on an opponent who is weak and unable
to defend the integrity of its territory. The military conflict of 2014 showed not only
the weakness of the Ukrainian state, but also, more importantly, the inefficiency of the
organizations responsible for ensuring international security: NATO, OSCE and the
UN. In the longer term, it should be noted that the escalation of hybrid activities in
Ukraine clearly threatens the states on the Eastern flank of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The analysis conducted refers to the problem defined in the form of questions: what
is the essence of hybrid operations? What is the nature of non-military hybrid operations? What was the course of these activities in Ukraine? How was international law
interpreted in relation to this conflict?
The article has three dimensions: methodological, theoretical, and empirical. A point of departure for the methodological remarks is a characterization of the
three main approaches in the vibrant interdisciplinary research field dealing with the
phenomenon of conspiracy theories. In this context, the content analysis method is
discussed as a promising approach to gain new data on conspiracy narratives. On the
theoretical level, the concept of conspiracy narratives is discussed in reference to the
popular understanding of the conspiracy theory. The main aim of the empirical part is
determining to what extent the media are saturated with different kinds of conspiracy
narratives. The analysis covers over 200 articles from two popular Polish news magazines (Sieci and the Polish edition of Newsweek) which occupy positions on opposite sides of the political divide in a society polarized, inter alia, by a conspiratorial
suspicion that in 2010 an airplane carrying President Lech Kaczyński on board was
deliberately crashed in Russia.
: The main goal of the studies described in this article may be defined as an
analysis of the promotional processes of regional and traditional products executed with
the use of symbols regulated by European law: Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG),
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
The analysis presented here and the trends in promotional activities deducted from
it, primarily result from the specifics of the goods. The shape of the information system is also influenced by social and cultural factors decisive for the recognizability
and renown of the products, which have been confirmed by the results of the questionnaire conducted for the study. What is worth noting is the correlation between quality
and tradition, reflected, among other things, in declarations regarding the reasons for
the choice of these products: the sense of pride and the willingness to continue the
traditions were chosen by 45% of the survey participants. The Traditional Speciality
Guaranteed (TSG) has proven to be the most recognizable European symbol (38%).
This paper looks at the proposals of the European Commission for the
Multiannual Financial Framework 2021–2027, and explores how to achieve a better
future for Europe by ensuring compliance with the legally binding values and objectives of the EU: democracy, equality, the rule of law, economic, social and territorial
cohesion and solidarity between the member states.
It is argued that introducing progressivity, a reform of the EU’s finances involving
a paradigm shift in the financing of policies with redistributive effects and a reform of
the system of the EU’s ‘own resources,’ would ensure that solidarity becomes a matter
of the rule of law and not of governance through conditionalities and fines.
It is pointed out that, unless the EU undertakes an effective reform of its redistributive policies to ensure that progressivity and solidarity in the EU become a matter
of the rule of law, the Union will bear less and less resemblance to a democracy and
will increasingly look like an empire with an economically stronger and more rapidly
developing ‘core,’ and an economically weaker ‘periphery’ in the East and the South
lagging behind the ‘core.’
What is needed is collective action by the member states most immediately interested in a reform to make the system of EU’s ‘own resources’ less regressive and to
introduce progressivity in the financing of the policies of the EU. It would take significant skill for those countries to organize themselves as a group and to act together
in the course of the adoption of the legislative proposals for the next MFF in order to
make the EU more equitable.
Contemporary diplomacy has evolved into a network involving various
new actors, including international sports organizations. The article is dedicated to the
issue of the sports diplomacy of international bodies which are in charge of international sporting competitions, particularly the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA), an organization that manages football on a global level.
The research presented in this article is a case study dedicated to the issue of the
influence of international sports organizations on the governments of sovereign states,
specifically FIFA. The objective of the research is to investigate whether international
sports organizations are able to make governments change their political decisions.
The hypothesis that has been investigated states that international sports governing
bodies are diplomatic actors capable of influencing states.
One of the first laws adopted by the new political leadership in Ukraine
in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was the new concept of local
governance reform and the organization of territorial authority in Ukraine. The aforementioned law, as well as official declarations by top politicians on the necessity of
empowering Ukrainian citizens to take part in the decision-making process and shape
their local communities, led to positive expectations regarding the transformation of
local governance in Ukraine. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the legal
basis framing the functioning of civil society in Ukraine, focusing on major attempts
to conduct reform and on the main outcomes of implemented actions. Additionally,
emphasis is placed on the current state of cooperation between social and political
actors, and the trends in civil participation in the decision-making process regarding
decentralization and local governance reform in Ukraine.
This document discusses how illiberal democracy in Hungary from 2010-2014 negatively influenced the effectiveness of lobbying control in the country. It defines key terms like lobbying, interest groups, and liberal vs illiberal democracy. Illiberal democracies differ from liberal democracies in that they do not strictly follow the rule of law, lack independent oversight of the government, have more corrupt political elites, less free media, and do not fully protect civil rights and minorities. The document analyzes how Hungary met the criteria of an illiberal democracy during this period and repealed its lobbying law, diminishing transparency and accountability in the lobbying process.
The article is based on an analysis of national and European legal acts,
documents and source literature and its aim is to describe education and information
in consumer policy in Poland. The protection of consumer rights within the scope
of information and education is presented as a prime objective of the consumer policy strategy of the European Union and government programs of consumer policy
in Poland. Certain aspects of information and education policy of the government
are investigated, which are included in the Consumer Policy Strategy 2014–2018.
The competencies of consumer authorities in the institutional context are thoroughly
discussed in terms of education and information in Poland. Moreover, the consumer
identity of information and education policy between Poland and the European Union
is indicated.
Agrarianism was founded in Germany in the second half of the nineteenth
century, but it exercised the greatest influence in the predominantly agricultural countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Central European agrarianism was the ideology
of peasants and it proclaimed that land was the greatest wealth of the nation, agriculture was the most important branch of economy, and peasants were the morally
healthiest and thus the most valuable part of the society. Agrarianism was a personalist
ideology, which proclaimed a conception of man as a subject of social and economic
life. It criticized both extreme liberalism and totalitarian political ideology and advocated the concept of a ‘third way of development’ – between capitalism and communism. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation and development
of Polish agrarianism, and the related process of transfer and reception of knowledge.
The analysis focuses on the concept of land, man and labor, formulated by the representatives of the mainstream of agrarianism. In the 1930s, the Polish agrarians voiced
demands for land reform and the development of smallholder agriculture which, in
their opinion, made an optimal use of the land, capital and labor, that is, the most
important resources available to interwar Poland.
Using a proprietary computer program, simulations of voting in the Council
after Great Britain’s withdrawal from the EU were carried out. In the case of some of
them, a methodological innovation consisting in departing from the assumption that
the emergence of each possible coalition is equally probable was used. The analysis
conducted indicates that after Brexit the ability of the Council members to form small
minimally blocking coalitions will change significantly. At the same time, the assessment of the ability of states to block decisions in the Council and made on the basis
of the Preventive Power Index, differs fundamentally from the results of the analysis
focusing on building small minimally blocking coalitions.
This research is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, under project no.
UMO-2016/23/D/HS5/00408 (SONATA 12 grant) entitled “The Impact of Brexit and
Unconditional Introduction of the ‘Double Majority’ Voting System on DecisionMaking in the Council of the European Union.”
Teoretycy i praktycy storytellingu koncentrują się zazwyczaj na formalnych właściwościach przekazu, upatrując klucza do jego perswazyjnej skuteczności w realizacji strukturalnych cech opowiadania. Niniejszy artykuł kładzie natomiast
nacisk na poznawczy aspekt relacji komunikat-odbiorca, upatrując w nim ważnego
czynnika determinującego siłę perswazyjnego oddziaływania storytellingu. W pierwszej części tekst analizuje psychologiczne przesłanki skuteczności perswazyjnej narracyjnego komunikatu. Część kolejna stanowi teoretyczną propozycję w jaki sposób
zwiększyć skuteczność jego oddziaływania, uwzględniając budowę, właściwości
i funkcje schematów poznawczych oraz w oparciu o model poznawczych reakcji na
perswazję.
The author examines the nexus between international law and the concept
of human security that emerged in the 1990s. The article proceeds in three parts. Part
one outlines the concept of human security, its genesis and contents. Part two examines the nexus between human security and international law and briefly considers the
most representative aspects of international law, including international jurisprudence,
that, in the author’s opinion, reflect human security imperatives. Finally, conclusions
provide answers to the questions posed and indicate the increased value of the human
security concept. The questions read as follows: How can human security strengthen
international actions (actions based on international law)? Where in international law
is human security reflected? In other words, what aspects of international law reflect
a human security-centered approach? What is the role of international law in human
security? Taking all this into account, what is the added value of adopting the concept
of human security? This article is inevitably interdisciplinary, as it combines the perspectives of international law and international relations.
Najważniejszą barierą rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw
(MŚP) jest ograniczony dostęp do źródeł finansowania. W fazie startu wykorzystują
one zwykle środki własne, rodziny i przyjaciół. Następnie zaś sięgają one po kredyt bankowy, którego otrzymanie jest trudne ze względu na brak historii finansowej,
gwarancji i ekonomiczną ich słabość. Nieliczne mogą korzystać z grantów rządowych i wsparcia międzynarodowych organizacji (np. Unii Europejskiej). Pomocnymi mogą być alternatywne źródła finansowania takie jak venture capital, mezzanine,
crowdfunding, emisja obligacji oraz publiczna emisja akcji (Initial Public Offering:
IPO). Ten ostatnio wymieniony sposób finansowania może przynieść znaczne korzyści dla MŚP; umocnić ich pozycję rynkową i umożliwić ekonomiczną ekspansję, ale
związany jest z wieloma barierami. Do najważniejszych należą trudność spełnienia
kryteriów notowania na giełdzie lub specjalnych platformach, nawet jeśli są one łagodniejsze niż dla dużych firm, wysokie koszty, brak wiedzy o rynku kapitałowym
i niska płynność akcji MŚP. Dlatego niezbędne jest podjęcie przez rządy, organizacje
międzynarodowe i krajowe oraz interesariuszy działań zmierzających do likwidacji
lub ograniczenia tych barier.
Dyskusje i badania polskiego członkostwa w strefie euro są w obecnych, dynamicznie zmieniających się warunkach obarczone dużą dozą niepewności,
stąd ograniczać się mogą jedynie do kreślenia scenariuszy. Niniejsze opracowanie
skupia się na aspektach gospodarczych decyzji o: 1) definitywnej rezygnacji z wprowadzenia wspólnej waluty w Polsce, 2) szybkiej akcesji do strefy euro oraz 3) odsunięciu w czasie udziału Polski w tej strefie. Każdy z wariantów rodzi inne skutki polityczno-ekonomiczne i tym samym wyznacza inne ścieżki długookresowego rozwoju
polskiej gospodarki.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad traumą społeczno-kulturową
w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Do weryfikacji teorii traumy zostały wykorzystane reprezentatywne dane sondażowe z Białorusi, Bułgarii, Węgier, Rumunii, Polski,
Rosji i Ukrainy. Prowadzone analizy pokazały, że społeczeństwo postkomunistyczne
negatywnie oceniło zmiany systemu gospodarczego i politycznego. Źródłem traumy był spadek poziomu życia oraz wzrost przestępczości. Respondenci uważali, że
w wyniku transformacji stracili na zmianach i pod wpływem powstałej traumy pesymistycznie oceniali przyszłość. Rekcją na pojawiającą się traumę była nostalgia za
socjalizmem i bezpieczeństwem społecznym przezeń oferowanym. Czynnikami łagodzącymi szok w społeczeństwie postkomunistycznym było wykształcenie, młodszy
wiek i orientacja proeuropejska.
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie prób reformy systemu
wyborczego do Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy podejmowanych w okresie przypadającym
po Euromajdanie. Analizie zostały poddane rozwiązania prawne zawarte w zarejestrowanych i poddanych pod głosowanie w parlamencie projektach ordynacji wyborczych. Przybliżono także stanowisko poszczególnych sił politycznych wobec potrzeby reformy systemu wyborczego, na co pozwoliła analiza programów wyborczych,
zapisów umowy koalicyjnej zawartej w RN VIII kadencji, jak również wyników
głosowania nad poszczególnymi projektami ustaw w parlamencie. Ponadto uwaga
została skupiona na wynikach badań opinii publicznej, pozwalających ukazać, który
z wariantów systemu wyborczego jest najbardziej pożądany przez ukraińskie społeczeństwo.
Mołdawia jest państwem, które z jednej strony podejmuje wysiłki
zmierzające ku demokratyzacji i europeizacji jej systemu politycznego i prawnego,
z drugiej – działania te są chaotyczne, brak im konsekwencji i są uwarunkowane
bieżącą sytuacją polityczną. Jednym z obszarów podlegających takim politycznym
przesileniom jest samorząd terytorialny. Cele artykułu są dwojakie: po pierwsze, periodyzacja i charakterystyka kolejnych etapów kształtowania się modelu samorządu
lokalnego w Mołdawii, po drugie – charakterystyka aktualnie obowiązujących rozwiązań i wskazanie podstawowych problemów istotnie wpływających na jego funkcjonowanie.
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Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability and transparency in the newsrooms
1. DOI 10.14746/ssp.2016.2.6
Michał Głowacki
University of Warsaw, Poland
Inside the Polish media firms:
Accountability and transparency in the newsrooms1
Abstract: Although the majority of mechanisms and instruments which aim to sup-
port media ethics and journalistic professionalization in Poland were introduced at an
early stage of political and social transformation in the 1990s, media accountability is
still in the making. The moderate level of journalistic professionalization might be ex-
plained by the weakness of existing self-regulatory mechanisms (codes of journalistic
conduct, The Council of Media Ethics), divisions within journalistic communities (left
wing-oriented vs. right-wing politically oriented) and the growing economic pressure.
Bearing in mind that decision-making processes, supportive management as well as
organizational structures and cultures might have an impact on journalistic behaviour
and the understanding of roles and journalistic quality, this paper will go a long way in
explaining the state of media accountability and transparency from the perspective of
newsrooms. Referencing to the outcomes of empirical international research project
“Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT)” (2010–2013) the
study will provide evidence similarities and differences in the perception of tools and
existing practices by journalists from different types of media and job positions.
Key words: media accountability, transparency, media management, Poland
Introduction
The rapid development of new media and technologies, together with
changes in the business models of media (open innovation, crowd-
sourcing) and more active users’behaviour (citizen journalism, media ac-
tivism) generated new approaches to the role of journalism in contempo-
rary societies and models of journalism. The examination of professional
roles in the era of spreadable media (Jenkins et al., 2013), creative publics
1
The information in this document is the outcome of the EU project “Media
Accountability and Transparency (MediaAcT)”. The research leading to these re-
sults has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme
(FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 244147.
2. 92 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
(Shirky, 2008), and the culture of connectivity (Van Dijck, 2013), often
include discussions on journalism culture, norms, values and behaviours.
Fengler (2012), Heikkilä et al. (2012) and von Krogh (2012) have empha-
sized the need to rethink and redefine the ways in which contemporary
media enterprises respond to the public for the quality and consequences
of publication. The role that accountability and transparency play in the
everyday running of a media outlet is becoming crucial as the processes
of production and consumption blend.
Several policy-making initiatives and studies conducted in Poland have
already identified a need for a large-scale evaluation of journalism culture.
However, with the exception of studies conducted by Stępińska and Os-
sowski (2011), Szot (2013), Stępińska and Głowacki (2014), Nygren and
Dobek-Ostrowska (2015), the internal organizational perspective has not
become subject of systematic investigation to date. The data gathered in
the “Media Accountability and Transparency (MediaAcT)” (2010–2013)
project – an international study on emerging media accountability prac-
tices in selected European countries and beyond – has identified several
characteristics of Polish journalism culture, which included the growing
commercialization and moderate level of journalistic professionalization,
typified by the weakness of existing self-regulatory mechanisms (codes
of journalistic conduct, The Council of Media Ethics), political divisions
within journalistic communities as well as differences in the assessment
of media accountability tools and practices from the perspective of news-
rooms. Bearing in mind that organizational working conditions and in-
ternal processes have an impact on the perception and understanding of
values and norms, a look inside the media firms becomes critical to fully
understand the nature of Polish journalism.
This paper takes an internal view on news outlets in order to shed
lights on media accountability and transparency. The goal is to examine
the available tools and to compare journalistic perceptions with practices
connected with internal criticism, commitment to professional standards,
transparency of news development as well as the way in which media
enterprise respond to external criticism (dialogue transparency). The re-
sults of empirical study are likely to indicate the extend to which media
types and job positions evidence similarities and differences in assess-
ing the importance of selected tools and the ways in which they work in
practice. This paper aims to open-up the discussions on the importance
of internal processes, the role of supportive management, dynamics of
changing media environment as well as a need for developing an effec-
3. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 93
tive methodological framework for future studies on journalism and its
professionalization.
The questions addressed here are the following: How do Polish media
professionals evaluate the importance of tools supporting media account-
ability and transparency in the newsrooms? How do they perceive daily
practices related to internal and external criticism, commitment to profes-
sional standards and interaction with the publics? What are the similarities
and differences in the perception of available tools and actual practices
across different media types and positions in the newsrooms?
Media accountability and transparency
While there is much that could be written about accountability sys-
tems, mechanisms, tools and practices, it might be difficult to identify
one universal approach to accountability in the media (Bertrand, 2000;
von Krogh, 2012). Media accountability might be understood as “any in-
formal institution […] performed by both media professionals and me-
dia users, which intends to monitor, comment on and criticize journalism
and seeks to expose and debate problems of journalism” (Fengler et al.,
2011, p. 20), “the value and essential tenet of media governance” (EBU,
2015), or “dynamic interaction between the parties involved” (de Haan,
2012, p. 62). Evers and Groenhart (2010) argue that media accountability
requires sufficient level of transparency at different levels of news pro-
duction. It includes actor transparency (before publication), production
transparency (during the process of publication) and dialogue transpar-
ency (after publication). In addition to this, Wyss and Keel (2009, p. 116)
highlight the role of professional standards and the system of manage-
ment “that systematically treats the interests of the stakeholders and func-
tions as an instrument to establish a culture of responsibility, or media
accountability”.
A media enterprise can facilitate accountability through in-house criti-
cism, internal communication as well as management which encourages
debates on quality issues. All of this is further supported by publishing
of editorial guidelines, ethical codes and mission statements as well as
information about editorial decisions and links to original sources and
documents. Finally, critical audience interaction is observed when a giv-
en media enterprise creates tools for participation, engagement and for
providing response to external criticism (correction boxes, letters to the
4. 94 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
editor, complaint policies and user comments online) (Evers, Groenhart,
2010; Heikkilä et al., 2012, 2014).
The adoption of each practice can be analyzed when taking into ac-
count micro-level perspective, highlighting – above all – the age and
size of a media company, type of media, organizational chart, funding
systems, ownership (public service vs. private), strategy and vision, mo-
tivation strategies and HR policies, salary and employment conditions,
professional autonomy, as well as adaptation of new technologies and
supportive organizational culture. Groenhart and Evers (2014) have re-
cently looked at the extent to which media segments, job positions and
the age of media professionals, contribute to the understanding of norms
and evaluation of the existing instruments of media accountability. The
authors have demonstrated that European journalists attach a great value
to aspects of organizational transparency and concluded that “historical
and political context of individual countries clearly causes divergence in
journalists’ faith in various media accountability instruments” (Groen-
hart, Evers, 2014, p. 143).
Methodology
The arguments of the article are based on the findings from empirical
part of the study entitled “Media Accountability and Transparency (Me-
diaAcT)” (2010–2013)2
. Due to the lack of official data on the number of
journalists working in the Polish news media, the number of active jour-
nalists was estimated at the level of 11,989 people on the basis of infor-
mation gathered from existing media organizations. Potential respondents
were divided into specific sectors, including daily newspapers, magazines,
radio, TV, press agency and the news online media outlets. Estimations
made at the first stage were further verified in accordance to different
job positions. Following the solutions from other countries involved, the
distinction between operational (media reporters) and managerial (chief
editors, leading editors) positions was estimated at the approx. 70 percent
vs. 30 percent. The final sample with additional freelance representatives
2
“Media Accountability and Transparency (MediaAcT)” study was conducted in
Austria, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, The Netherlands, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia and United Kingdom. For aims and objectives
of MediaAcT see www.mediaact.eu. For complete description of project methodology
see Eberwein et al. (2014).
5. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 95
in press and online news media was established (Table 1). The data in
Poland was gathered through the online questionnaire in the period of
May–June 2011.
Table 1
Sample of Polish journalists surveyed
Types of media Freelancers Owners
Managers
(Leading and
chief editors)
Reporters
(Journalists)
Total
Daily newspapers 1 2 10 24 37
Magazines 2 1 3 13 19
Public radio 0 0 4 8 12
Private radio 0 0 3 5 8
Public TV 0 0 2 6 8
Private TV 0 0 2 8 10
Online news media 1 1 1 1 4
Press agency 0 0 1 1 2
Total 4 4 25 66 100
Source: MediaAcT data.
In order to meet the paper’s objectives we draw here on selected find-
ings out of 18 questions in the survey, which were grouped in accordance
to perception of norms of media accountability and evaluation of actual
practices in the newsrooms. All the data the percentage of respondents who
supported the statements (agreed and fully agreed) which were evaluated
by journalists on the scale (1 – I totally disagree, 5 – I fully agree). The
analysis was conducted following the general tendencies observed for the
whole sample of Polish journalists as well as potential similarities and dif-
ferences between journalists from diverse types of media and job positions.
However, due to the small sample of journalists representing online media
firms (4 media professionals surveyed) and the Polish press agency (2 me-
dia professionals surveyed), responses from these sectors were excluded
when comparing different segments of media. Similarly to this, the analysis
of different job positions does not include responses from four freelancers
and four participants regarded as the owners of the media.
Perception of available tools
Overall, the potential of tools supporting media accountability in the
newsrooms were positively evaluated by majority of the Polish respond-
6. 96 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
ents. A large number of them agreed that publishing information about
media ownership (73 percent of respondents) and links to original sources
of information (62 percent of respondents) are among critical obligations
of the media. Interestingly, 48 percent of media professionals surveyed
supported the idea of employing readers’ editor/media ombudsman, al-
though this type of institution has not yet been created in any Polish en-
terprise. On the other hand, 23 percent of journalists surveyed underlined
the need for explanation of newsroom decisions on the selection of news
and story development (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Perception of available tools by Polish journalists
surveyed. “Media organization should…”
(per cent of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
Publish mission statements
Publish codes of ethics
Disclose ownership
Explains editorial processes
Publish links to original sources
Provide a contact for complaints
Employ media ombudsman
Respond to users' comments and suggestions
Communicate via social media
57
42
23
73
62
57
48
65
56
Source: MediaAcT data.
In-depth analysis across different media segments (Table 2) further
evidenced that journalists from public service television provided the big-
gest support for publishing mission statement and codes of ethics online.
This might be due to the fact that the public service media remit with ob-
ligations and values are defined both in the media law and editorial guide-
line3
. Although there was a general agreement that media organization
should reveal information about its ownership, the support was the lowest
3
See for instance article 21 of Broadcasting Act of Poland (1992) and Zasady
etyki dziennikarskiej w Telewizji Polskiej SA [Ethical standards of journalists from
Polish Television] http://centruminformacji.tvp.pl/22263456/zasady-etyki-dzien-
nikarskiej-w-telewizji-polskiej-sa-informacja-publicystyka-reportaz-dokument-edu-
kacja, 15.01.2016.
7. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 97
in printed press enterprises (newspapers and magazines) and private radio
which mostly belong to international media groups.
At the same time, 16 percent of respondents from magazines declared
there is a need to explain editorial processes and 53 percent of them em-
phasized the need for publishing links to original sources. In both cases
the level of support was the lowest across different types of media under
the study. Interestingly, no significant differences between public service
and private radio firms was observed when evaluating the need for trans-
parency in news production.
When looking at practices supporting dialogue transparency 36 per-
cent of journalists and managers from public service radio emphasized
a need for providing channels for complaints. In addition to this, 45 per-
cent of them supported the idea of responding to users’ comments and
suggestions. Communication with the public via social media was most
important for professionals in private radio and newspapers. The lowest
support in this regard was indicated by respondents from television chan-
nels (both public service and private) and magazines. The data are inter-
esting due to the fact that majority of news items in these two segments
have done well when developing their Facebook and Twitter accounts.
Table 2
Perception of available tools across different types of media
(per cent and number of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
„Media organization should…” News-
papers
Maga-
zines
Public
radio
Private
radio
Public
TV
Private
TV
N % N % N % N % N % N %
Publish its mission statement 36 63 19 58 11 45 8 37 8 87 10 50
Publish its codes of ethics 37 38 19 37 11 62 8 63 8 75 10 40
Disclose ownership 37 70 19 73 11 82 8 75 8 99 9 99
Explain editorial processes 37 28 19 16 11 27 8 26 8 38 10 10
Publish links to original sources 36 64 19 53 11 63 8 63 8 88 10 80
Provide a contact for complaints 37 81 19 58 11 36 8 75 8 75 10 80
Employ media ombudsman 37 49 19 37 11 64 8 38 8 51 10 80
Respond to users’ comments 37 73 19 53 11 45 8 63 8 75 10 70
Communicate via social media 37 65 19 42 11 45 8 75 8 50 10 40
Source: MediaAcT data.
The data also showed that reporters who were responsible for gather-
ing and publishing news stories were more likely to positively assess the
majority of tools supporting accountability and transparency. Support for
8. 98 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
publishing mission statements and responding to users’ comments and
suggestions was bigger when looking at the responses by chief and lead-
ing editors (Table 3).
Table 3
Perception of available tools across different job positions
(per cent of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
„Media organization should…”
Managers Reporters
N % N %
Publish its mission statement 25 64 66 57
Publish its codes of ethics 25 40 66 45
Disclose ownership 25 72 65 77
Explain editorial processes 25 12 66 27
Publish links to original sources 25 60 65 68
Provide a contact for complaints 25 64 66 70
Employ media ombudsman 25 48 66 48
Respond to users’ comments 25 68 66 66
Communicate via social media 25 56 66 58
Source: MediaAcT data.
Evaluation of actual practices
Concerning the evaluation of actual practices (Figure 2) 33 percent of
respondents declared that their media outlets publish mission statements
and/or codes of ethics online. More than 60 percent declared that media
managers played a role when maintaining high standards of journalism
both under difficult circumstances and in situations in which journalistic
work was challenged by members of the public. Additionally, 57 percent
of reporters and managers noted that the management reacted and/or en-
couraged others to react for users’ complaints. A positive assessment of
the role of managers in internal criticism and debates on quality issues
was indicated by 35 percent of all media professionals.
In-depth studies of different media types revealed that the practice of
publishing high standards online was the most often observed in daily
newspapers and on public service radio (43 percent and 36 percent ac-
cordingly). Contrary to this, 13 percent of respondents from private ra-
dio and 21 percent from magazines indicated their organizations used the
practice on the regular basis. As noted by Kuś (2011) and Heikkilä et
9. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 99
al. (2012), other tools such as platforms explaining editorial processes
and publishing links to original sources of information, have not yet been
widely adopted by the Polish media firms. The authors noted that among
the most advanced mechanisms were those supporting dialogue trans-
parency, such as online comments in news (Kuś, 2011; Heikkilä et al.,
2012). In public media enterprises the opportunity to issue a complaint
was made widely available through the special form published on the
website of a given media enterprise and the National Broadcasting Coun-
cil (Głowacki, 2015).
The role of management in fostering both internal and external crit-
icism was the lowest in public service TV. For instance 13 percent of
public media professionals noted that managers supported debates about
quality issues and 38 percent indicated their positive role in encourag-
ing to react to complaints from users. The most positive assessment of
management role in newsroom debates (43 percent) and involvement in
promotion of high standards (73 percent) was evidenced by respondents
from daily newspapers. High agreement for managerial role in foster-
ing dialogue transparency across different types of media has proven that
the managerial attitude have been seen as reactive rather than proactive.
Journalists from daily newspapers and magazines were more likely to be
called in by their leading and chief editors if journalistic work was chal-
lenged by the publics (Table 4).
Figure 2. Evaluation of newsroom practices by Polish journalists surveyed
(per cent of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
33
35
64
57
63
Managers encourage debates about quality issues
Company's website highlights my organisation's
commitment to high standards
I would be called in by my editor if the integrity of
my work was challenged by members of the public
The management encourages and/or reacts to users'
complaints
My supervisors acknowledge if members of the
newsroom maintain high standards even under
difficult circumstances
Source: MediaAcT data.
10. 100 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
Table 4
Evaluation of newsroom practices across different types of media
(per cent and number of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
News-
papers
Maga-
zines
Public
radio
Private
radio
Public
TV
Private
TV
N % N % N % N % N % N %
Company’s website highlights
my organization’s commitment
to high standards
37 43 19 21 11 36 8 13 8 25 10 30
Managers encourage debates
about quality issues
37 43 19 42 11 36 8 26 8 13 10 30
My supervisors acknowledge
if members of the newsroom
maintain high standards even
under difficult circumstances
37 73 19 69 11 63 8 63 8 51 10 60
The management encourages
and/or reacts to audience com-
plaints
37 68 19 42 11 55 7 50 8 38 10 70
I would be called in by my edi-
tor if the integrity of my work
was challenged by members of
the public
37 68 19 69 11 63 7 57 8 51 10 60
Source: MediaAcT data.
In every case actual practices were more often positively evaluated by
media managers than reporters (Table 5). For instance, 48 percent of chief
and leading editors acknowledged that media organization published
ethical codes and mission statements. The biggest differences between
managerial and operational level were observed when evaluating whether
managers acknowledged high standards of journalism and encouraged
debates about quality-related issues. More than 60 percent of reporters
agreed they would be called by their superiors in case their work was
criticised by the public.
Table 5
Evaluation of newsroom practices across different job positions
(per cent of respondents who agreed and fully agreed)
Managers Reporters
N % N %
1 2 3 4 5
Company’s website highlights my organization’s
commitment to high standards
25 48 66 30
11. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 101
1 2 3 4 5
Managers encourage debates about quality issues 25 56 66 27
My supervisors acknowledge if members of the
newsroom maintain high standards even under dif-
ficult circumstances
25 88 66 57
The management encourages and/or reacts to audi-
ence complaints
25 72 65 54
I would be called in by my editor if the integrity of
my work was challenged by members of the public
25 76 65 64
Source: MediaAcT data.
Conclusions
The development of new platforms and services in the network era
offer new ways through which media organizations might be held into ac-
count for the quality and consequences of publication. The new advanced,
participatory and web-based models of media accountability require suf-
ficient level of transparency and adaptation of tools and practices fos-
tering commitment to professional standards, media criticism as well as
production and dialogue transparency. Media organizations, together with
their management structures, cultures and processes play significant role
in the discussions on problems of journalism as well as opening-up media
firms for internal and external engagement.
The Polish journalists surveyed in the MediaAcT study declared high
level of support when being asked about norms of media accountability
and what the newsrooms should do. With the exception of tools support-
ing production transparency and explaining editorial choices related to
news, they declared relatively high level of agreement toward different
obligations of media. At the same time, a discrepancy between the norms
of accountability and assessments of the actual practices in their news
organizations was observed. This tendency was similar to the data col-
lected in other countries from the MediaAcT consortium (Groenhart and
Evers, 2014). This is due to the fact that some practices might be difficult
to achieve on a regular basis and that they depend on media organiza-
tion’s willingness for being change-ready to evolve and/or adapt. The
relatively low assessment of both available tools and adopted practices
supporting production transparency showed that Polish journalists might
have not necessarily wanted to share all the information about news de-
velopment with the public. More in-depth questions in the survey could
12. 102 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
further evidence whether their attitude resulted from the feeling that shar-
ing too much information might challenge their journalistic authority and
autonomy.
Some tendencies related to potential similarities and differences across
the segments of media have been observed. One of the most visible find-
ings here was related to high level of support for dialogue transparency
– both at the level of norms and practices – in daily newspapers. Jour-
nalists from this segment positively evaluated the role of media manag-
ers when maintaining high professional standards and reacting to users’
complaints. High scores in this regard might be explained by tradition and
history of newspapers as well as mission statements, that were also highly
evaluated in the group of media obligations. The remaining question here
is to what extend distinctions between high quality and tabloid newspapers
influence newsroom practices and the assessments of external criticism.
Since the most popular newspaper in Poland is a tabloid Fakt, additional
research could demonstrate potential differences in the understanding and
impact of mission statements and professional codes of ethics. Interesting
findings from the comparative study across media types also related to
the distinction between public service and private media firms. The initial
assessment connected with public media obligations toward society and
democracy defined in media law, codes of ethics and mission statements
was proved when looking at relatively high agreements for tools support-
ing actor transparency. Similarly to their colleagues from private media,
respondents from public service radio and public service TV expressed
dichotomy between norms and the actual practices; 25 percent profes-
sionals from public service television declared that this organization
highlighted commitment to professional standards of journalism online.
Moreover, 36 percent of respondents from public service radio indi-
cated a need for providing contact for complaints. These examples sug-
gest that the idea of responsive, advanced and open public media enter-
prise might have not yet been fully recognized. In addition to this, media
professionals surveyed indicated the rather passive role of public media
managers; commitment towards internal and external criticism was the
lowest across different media segments under the study. All of this could
be further explained when taking into account organizational structures,
hierarchy and internal communications between professional and man-
agement levels. In most of the cases analysed the role of managers was
seen as reactive rather than proactive. The most proactive managerial atti-
tudes were observed by media professionals from the daily newspapers.
13. ŚSP 2 ’16 Inside the Polish media firms: Accountability... 103
Finally, the data gathered evidenced differences between the assess-
ment of tools and actual practices between job positions. While reporters
were generally more positive towards norms of accountability, leading
and chief editors were among those who more often observed a given
practice in the daily work in the newsrooms. Overall, leading and chief
editors across different types of media were the most positive in com-
parison to other media professionals when evaluating their own roles in
maintaining high professional standards under difficult circumstances
and also in the case when journalistic work was challenged by the public.
Contrary to this, reporters were not that often supportive when assessing
the level of quality management, which proved that their perception of
news practices might have been slightly different. The way how managers
were evaluated by journalists in Poland did not fully support general find-
ings in countries where MediaAcT survey was conducted. Following the
conclusions by Groenhart and Evers (2014) the low perception of quality
management in the Polish firms might have resulted from rather critical
evaluation of internal criticism. As the previous data confirmed, the ma-
jority of journalists surveyed indicated rather reactive role of leaders and
chief editors. At the same time, respondents from this category supported
the majority of accountability norms (production transparency excluded).
In line with this, one of the conclusions could be that reporters across
different media segments in Poland were open for external criticism and
professional development.
All the data presented and explained above shall be read carefully. First-
ly then, the goal of this research was to show the general tendencies and
was based on data gathered from different groups (media segments and job
positions) which sometimes were significantly different in terms of repre-
sentative number in each category. Other weaknesses were related to the
fact that online MediaAcT questionnaire created only limited opportunities
to measure the role of organizational conditions when holding media enter-
prise into account.Although references to job positions and media segments
revealed some regularities, they shall only be treated as starting points for
future research and discussion. Thus, the contributions of the newsrooms
could be further complemented by inclusion of additional variables, such
as internal communication processes, working and employment conditions,
professional autonomy, and so on. The presented approach might have
failed to address changes of working practices (multitasking, adaptation of
new media and technologies) and organizational shifts reflecting economic
and societal changes in the Polish mediascape over the last few years.
14. 104 Michał Głowacki ŚSP 2 ’16
All in all, examination of grey literature (corporate documentation,
in-house codes of ethics, strategies and so on) followed by in-depth in-
terviews with media professionals at all levels and ethnographic observa-
tions in the newsrooms could provide new insights to daily practices, the
level of media openness as well as potential social and mental barriers for
evolution and change.
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