This document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. It discusses how access to information is important for democracy and accountability. It outlines how the Indian judiciary has recognized a fundamental right to information. It also summarizes the key events that led to the passage of the Right to Information Act in 2005, including grassroots movements that highlighted the need for transparency. However, it notes that corruption levels still remain high, showing that implementation of the Act needs improvement.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State, while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was predicated on two theories – Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected. Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst others. The study also found out, that majority of the information accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of Information Act, Implementation
Under Siege
RBI governor Urjit Patel comes under intense pressure from the Executive and the Transparency Watchdog. The centre has invoked a section of the RBI Act never used before, leading to a stalemate that could have serious financial and political consequences
The Indonesia Public Information Disclosure Act (UU-KIP): Its Challenges and ...IJECEIAES
Information Public Disclosure is one of the regulation that has purpose to encourage good governance for public service and citizen participation in national development. The enactment of Act No.14/2008 (UU KIP) has been strengthen the mandate to enforce the necessity of information disclosure in actualizing transparency and accountability in resource management and budget uses. It also become the primary instrument to prevent corruption, monopolistic competition and information disputes. However, there are certain provinces has not yet established information committee nor when it will be as entrusted by the regulation. Meanwhile, the remedies in term of jail duration and fines, arguably, it could not create deterrent effect to the perpetrator. Furthermore, the concern from ministry and public institution also in question in regard their roles of responsibility, lack of cooperation and continuous support. Thus, human resource, technology infrastructure, public participation, supervision and socialization become crucial factor to increase the awareness and satisfaction towards this regulatory compliance. This study is a qualitative research to evaluate the implementation of this Act by observing its consideration, background, principles and relevant article verses as primary sources through content analysis based on number of legal experts.
Digital security law security of individual or governmentM S Siddiqui
The subject again seems complicated further complicate as cyber security is often conflated with cybercrime, or confused with related but distinct concepts such as cyber-resilience, cyber-warfare and cyber-defense. However, it is taken to mean the protection of digital information systems against attack, either by states or individual hackers.
The proposed law apparently drafted to protect the national interest from possible acts of citizens. It has mixed up the security of individual and nation.
The Internet has become closely associated with freedom of expression and the global economy. Today, it plays a direct or indirect role in almost every aspect of life. Yet many fear the Internet as we have come to know it is at risk, with restrictions forcing fragmentation along political, corporate, or cultural lines. Despite growing concerns about the future of the Internet, discussion surrounding online freedom remains largely mired in a handful of issues: the necessity and appropriateness of government surveillance in the United States, digital privacy in Europe, and censorship in authoritarian states such as China. However, between them, the United States, Europe, and China account for less than half of the world’s Internet users. For much of the rest of the world, any discussion of Internet freedom falls at the complex intersection of political and social liberties, nation-building, security threats, economic development, and resource constraints.
Asia’s biggest developing democracies - India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Thailand - account for a quarter of the world’s people, but only about one-tenth of the global online population. The policy decisions these states make going forward will be of considerable importance for the future of the Internet and offer some useful lessons about the limitations and vulnerabilities of the global Internet freedom agenda as it is currently being pursued by the United States and Europe.
From a survey of these countries’ experiences, six broad conclusions or principles can be drawn. First, the online world is an outgrowth of the offline world, rather than a distinct phenomenon. Internet policy cannot be considered in a vacuum, or divorced from other relevant aspects of public policy, such as security, economic policy, or governance. Second, laws, norms, and cultural attitudes related to Internet use vary widely, even among democracies. A one-size-fits-all approach to Internet freedom will not work and may even prove counterproductive. Third, online freedoms and greater security are not inherently at odds with one another in open societies. Discourse that presents a false choice between security and freedom is harmful for both, as well as for state legitimacy and economic growth.
Fourth, while much discussion of Internet freedom frames the issue as a conflict between governments, corporations, and civil society, each sector is divided on the merits of unfettered Internet freedom. Fifth, current legislation pertaining to the Internet in many democratic countries is deeply flawed, even in the context of their own constitutional rights pertaining to freedom of expression. By and large, Internet-related legislation is vague, making implementation arbitrary, and undermining public trust in state institutions. And sixth, users are often not adequately informed of the privileges and restrictions associated with Internet use in their native countries. Policies and initiat
A Review of the History and Theories Surrounding the Concept of Children’s Ri...AkashSharma618775
Children’s rights as set out in national and international instruments outline the fundamental obligations
of society that are essential in meeting the needs of children. In Nigeria, the policies on the rights of children and
young persons have been guided by the principles set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, as well as those in the Child’s Rights Act of
2003. Despite this, there are still challenges to the protection of children’s rights. Using a doctrinal methodology,
the paper examines the history of the development of children’s rights before discussing some of the theories and
approaches to children’s rights. The paper considers that the concept of children’s rights has been appreciated in
Nigeria, as children are recognised as an important part of the society. However, there are differences from the
western concept of children’s rights as well as societal issues which may lead to challenges in the acceptance and
implementation of internationally recognised standards. Ultimately, to make children’s rights a reality, the existing
theories need to be merged with the unique cultural norms in Nigeria.
No Home for Mr Biswas
The Supreme Court's order that the National Register of Citizens be updated in a time-bound manner has stripped up a hornest's nest in assam with 40 lakh people rejects and families split. The growing tensions and political interface could provide a volatile mix.
In a country deeply polarized after three years of tumultuous change, Egyptian news websites have become very important media for free expression. This study looks at some of the pressures they are experiencing.
Study available in English and Arabic.
The Quest for Democratic Sustenance in Nigeria: Role of the Police Forceiosrjce
Within the framework elite theory, the paper critically examined the place of Nigeria police in the
sustenance of democracy. The paper submits that no matter the level of investment and commitment into
democracy, its future definitely can only be bright if state institutions such as the police are constantly involved
in activities that protect democratic order. Given the catalog of challenges facing the police force, some steps
such as: effective and special training in the area of human right, rule of law, the role of police in electoral
process, removal of police attachment to politicians and political parties, employment of best practices in
recruitment, attitudinal change and orientation of the members of the police force, should be taken in order to
enhance the activities of the Nigeria police force towards democratization in Nigeria with a view of the
oncoming 2015 general election.
Caveat - VOLUME 01/I, JUNE 2009 - LBH MasyarakatLBH Masyarakat
In Latin, caveat literally means let her or
him be aware. Legally, it refers to a notice
directed at a court or public officer to
suspend a proceeding until the notifier is
awarded a hearing. It was the poignant
literal meaning of the word that led us to
the name for our first English report. Caveat
aims to present monthly analysis of the
human rights situation in Indonesia. We
chose to publish CAVEAT in English to cater
to our non-Indonesian audience who are
particularly interested in the development
of human rights, legal reform and
democracy in Indonesia. We are aware that
other Indonesian NGOs have been largely
contributing to the human rights discourse
in Indonesia by publishing their regular
publications in Bahasa, so we decided to go
down a different path and diversify in the
hope of encouraging dialogue.
We sincerely hope these three articles in the
first edition of CAVEAT will promote a
better understanding and awareness among
readers of the latest human rights situation
in Indonesia. We also acknowledge that our
publication will not be one hundred percent
perfect the first time around, and welcome
and appreciate any constructive criticism.
Notary Responsibilities in the Making of Nominee Arrangement by Foreign Citiz...ijtsrd
The nominee agreement made by a notary public can be said to be a form of legal smuggling that is commonly used in the context of owning land rights by foreign parties. The existence of this nominee agreement in practice is related to the principle of justice given the interests of the parties involved in it. Basically, a nominee agreement is intended to give all authority that may arise in a legal relationship between the party granting authority over a piece of land that according to national land law cannot be owned by a foreign party which is then given to the native population as the recipient of the power of attorney.The issues raised in this study, namely how the applicable legal provisions related to the making of a name and notary loan, notary responsibility in making a deed is generally associated with legal sanctions in the making of a loan name deed, and the legal consequences arising related to the drafting of the nominee agreement ownership of land rights between local residents and foreign citizens. Josmar Silaban "Notary Responsibilities in the Making of Nominee Arrangement by Foreign Citizens Related to the Ruling of the Laws of Land in Indonesia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33580.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/33580/notary-responsibilities-in-the-making-of-nominee-arrangement-by-foreign-citizens-related-to-the-ruling-of-the-laws-of-land-in-indonesia/josmar-silaban
Its not easy being a journalist. Especially in my home country, Kenya. There are constant challenges around the profession, which highlights the effects of press freedom around the world.
NORMES INTERNATIONALES SUR LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA RESPONSABILISATIONJamaity
Produit en collaboration avec le Centre pour le droit et la démocratie, ce document d'information se fonde sur deux sources de droit mous et durs pour illustrer les fondements du droit international en matière de transparence et de responsabilité.
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State, while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was predicated on two theories – Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected. Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst others. The study also found out, that majority of the information accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of Information Act, Implementation
Under Siege
RBI governor Urjit Patel comes under intense pressure from the Executive and the Transparency Watchdog. The centre has invoked a section of the RBI Act never used before, leading to a stalemate that could have serious financial and political consequences
The Indonesia Public Information Disclosure Act (UU-KIP): Its Challenges and ...IJECEIAES
Information Public Disclosure is one of the regulation that has purpose to encourage good governance for public service and citizen participation in national development. The enactment of Act No.14/2008 (UU KIP) has been strengthen the mandate to enforce the necessity of information disclosure in actualizing transparency and accountability in resource management and budget uses. It also become the primary instrument to prevent corruption, monopolistic competition and information disputes. However, there are certain provinces has not yet established information committee nor when it will be as entrusted by the regulation. Meanwhile, the remedies in term of jail duration and fines, arguably, it could not create deterrent effect to the perpetrator. Furthermore, the concern from ministry and public institution also in question in regard their roles of responsibility, lack of cooperation and continuous support. Thus, human resource, technology infrastructure, public participation, supervision and socialization become crucial factor to increase the awareness and satisfaction towards this regulatory compliance. This study is a qualitative research to evaluate the implementation of this Act by observing its consideration, background, principles and relevant article verses as primary sources through content analysis based on number of legal experts.
Digital security law security of individual or governmentM S Siddiqui
The subject again seems complicated further complicate as cyber security is often conflated with cybercrime, or confused with related but distinct concepts such as cyber-resilience, cyber-warfare and cyber-defense. However, it is taken to mean the protection of digital information systems against attack, either by states or individual hackers.
The proposed law apparently drafted to protect the national interest from possible acts of citizens. It has mixed up the security of individual and nation.
The Internet has become closely associated with freedom of expression and the global economy. Today, it plays a direct or indirect role in almost every aspect of life. Yet many fear the Internet as we have come to know it is at risk, with restrictions forcing fragmentation along political, corporate, or cultural lines. Despite growing concerns about the future of the Internet, discussion surrounding online freedom remains largely mired in a handful of issues: the necessity and appropriateness of government surveillance in the United States, digital privacy in Europe, and censorship in authoritarian states such as China. However, between them, the United States, Europe, and China account for less than half of the world’s Internet users. For much of the rest of the world, any discussion of Internet freedom falls at the complex intersection of political and social liberties, nation-building, security threats, economic development, and resource constraints.
Asia’s biggest developing democracies - India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Thailand - account for a quarter of the world’s people, but only about one-tenth of the global online population. The policy decisions these states make going forward will be of considerable importance for the future of the Internet and offer some useful lessons about the limitations and vulnerabilities of the global Internet freedom agenda as it is currently being pursued by the United States and Europe.
From a survey of these countries’ experiences, six broad conclusions or principles can be drawn. First, the online world is an outgrowth of the offline world, rather than a distinct phenomenon. Internet policy cannot be considered in a vacuum, or divorced from other relevant aspects of public policy, such as security, economic policy, or governance. Second, laws, norms, and cultural attitudes related to Internet use vary widely, even among democracies. A one-size-fits-all approach to Internet freedom will not work and may even prove counterproductive. Third, online freedoms and greater security are not inherently at odds with one another in open societies. Discourse that presents a false choice between security and freedom is harmful for both, as well as for state legitimacy and economic growth.
Fourth, while much discussion of Internet freedom frames the issue as a conflict between governments, corporations, and civil society, each sector is divided on the merits of unfettered Internet freedom. Fifth, current legislation pertaining to the Internet in many democratic countries is deeply flawed, even in the context of their own constitutional rights pertaining to freedom of expression. By and large, Internet-related legislation is vague, making implementation arbitrary, and undermining public trust in state institutions. And sixth, users are often not adequately informed of the privileges and restrictions associated with Internet use in their native countries. Policies and initiat
A Review of the History and Theories Surrounding the Concept of Children’s Ri...AkashSharma618775
Children’s rights as set out in national and international instruments outline the fundamental obligations
of society that are essential in meeting the needs of children. In Nigeria, the policies on the rights of children and
young persons have been guided by the principles set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, as well as those in the Child’s Rights Act of
2003. Despite this, there are still challenges to the protection of children’s rights. Using a doctrinal methodology,
the paper examines the history of the development of children’s rights before discussing some of the theories and
approaches to children’s rights. The paper considers that the concept of children’s rights has been appreciated in
Nigeria, as children are recognised as an important part of the society. However, there are differences from the
western concept of children’s rights as well as societal issues which may lead to challenges in the acceptance and
implementation of internationally recognised standards. Ultimately, to make children’s rights a reality, the existing
theories need to be merged with the unique cultural norms in Nigeria.
No Home for Mr Biswas
The Supreme Court's order that the National Register of Citizens be updated in a time-bound manner has stripped up a hornest's nest in assam with 40 lakh people rejects and families split. The growing tensions and political interface could provide a volatile mix.
In a country deeply polarized after three years of tumultuous change, Egyptian news websites have become very important media for free expression. This study looks at some of the pressures they are experiencing.
Study available in English and Arabic.
The Quest for Democratic Sustenance in Nigeria: Role of the Police Forceiosrjce
Within the framework elite theory, the paper critically examined the place of Nigeria police in the
sustenance of democracy. The paper submits that no matter the level of investment and commitment into
democracy, its future definitely can only be bright if state institutions such as the police are constantly involved
in activities that protect democratic order. Given the catalog of challenges facing the police force, some steps
such as: effective and special training in the area of human right, rule of law, the role of police in electoral
process, removal of police attachment to politicians and political parties, employment of best practices in
recruitment, attitudinal change and orientation of the members of the police force, should be taken in order to
enhance the activities of the Nigeria police force towards democratization in Nigeria with a view of the
oncoming 2015 general election.
Caveat - VOLUME 01/I, JUNE 2009 - LBH MasyarakatLBH Masyarakat
In Latin, caveat literally means let her or
him be aware. Legally, it refers to a notice
directed at a court or public officer to
suspend a proceeding until the notifier is
awarded a hearing. It was the poignant
literal meaning of the word that led us to
the name for our first English report. Caveat
aims to present monthly analysis of the
human rights situation in Indonesia. We
chose to publish CAVEAT in English to cater
to our non-Indonesian audience who are
particularly interested in the development
of human rights, legal reform and
democracy in Indonesia. We are aware that
other Indonesian NGOs have been largely
contributing to the human rights discourse
in Indonesia by publishing their regular
publications in Bahasa, so we decided to go
down a different path and diversify in the
hope of encouraging dialogue.
We sincerely hope these three articles in the
first edition of CAVEAT will promote a
better understanding and awareness among
readers of the latest human rights situation
in Indonesia. We also acknowledge that our
publication will not be one hundred percent
perfect the first time around, and welcome
and appreciate any constructive criticism.
Notary Responsibilities in the Making of Nominee Arrangement by Foreign Citiz...ijtsrd
The nominee agreement made by a notary public can be said to be a form of legal smuggling that is commonly used in the context of owning land rights by foreign parties. The existence of this nominee agreement in practice is related to the principle of justice given the interests of the parties involved in it. Basically, a nominee agreement is intended to give all authority that may arise in a legal relationship between the party granting authority over a piece of land that according to national land law cannot be owned by a foreign party which is then given to the native population as the recipient of the power of attorney.The issues raised in this study, namely how the applicable legal provisions related to the making of a name and notary loan, notary responsibility in making a deed is generally associated with legal sanctions in the making of a loan name deed, and the legal consequences arising related to the drafting of the nominee agreement ownership of land rights between local residents and foreign citizens. Josmar Silaban "Notary Responsibilities in the Making of Nominee Arrangement by Foreign Citizens Related to the Ruling of the Laws of Land in Indonesia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33580.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/33580/notary-responsibilities-in-the-making-of-nominee-arrangement-by-foreign-citizens-related-to-the-ruling-of-the-laws-of-land-in-indonesia/josmar-silaban
Its not easy being a journalist. Especially in my home country, Kenya. There are constant challenges around the profession, which highlights the effects of press freedom around the world.
NORMES INTERNATIONALES SUR LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA RESPONSABILISATIONJamaity
Produit en collaboration avec le Centre pour le droit et la démocratie, ce document d'information se fonde sur deux sources de droit mous et durs pour illustrer les fondements du droit international en matière de transparence et de responsabilité.
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties
encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State,
while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was
predicated on two theories - Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility
theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and
evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information
under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while
utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information
from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected.
Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered
challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of
information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst
others. The study also found out, that majority of the information
accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed
outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in
Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst
others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study
should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate
quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory
function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National
Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of
Information Act, Implementation
Running head THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC FOOD.Surname 7NameIns.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC FOOD.
Surname 7
Name:
Instructor:
Course:
Course code:
Digital Bill of Rights and Online Privacy
Introduction
The primary aim of enacting the United States’ Bill of Rights was to offer protection to individual liberties and limit the government powers in conducting unwarranted searches or seizures. In ensuring people’s privacy online, the government must continuously create awareness and re-educate the American citizens concerning the control measures put in place to collect security information from people. As the world advances digitally, people are transferring more of their personal information online and are becoming tech-savvy. Therefore protecting people’s private information in the digital space should be an important role for the government. Milanovic (38) explains that as Americans continue digitizing and collaborating on social networking sites, the question on every person’s mind is; is our privacy and freedom to use the digital space protected?
Thesis Statement
According to the enacted Bill of Rights, American people have the rights to enjoy online freedom, security and unlawful search and seizures.
People Have Rights to Enjoy Online Freedom and Privacy
Personal data breaches have become common, peoples’ televisions are sometimes used in recording their conversations, and criminals are hacking emails and occasionally being monitored by law enforcement. According to Acquisti, Alessandro, Brandimarte and Loewenstein (22), online freedom and privacy of Americans are always in jeopardy. The government of United States must create an atmosphere where people enjoy online privacy and freedom. There are several reasons why people must be allowed to enjoy online privacy and freedom.
The question many people ask is why does online freedom and privacy matter? Most times commenters and criminal justice-especially the courts struggle articulating why privacy is valuable. While research and Bill of Rights demonstrate why online privacy and freedom is essential for the average American, stakeholders, and civil society groups to continue explaining why people must be let to enjoy their freedom online. Additionally, as people enjoy online independence, the government must come up with strategies aimed at protecting such liberties and private information.
Firstly online privacy and freedom are vital because it limits government power. Online privacy puts a limit on government power and the power of private sector organizations (Angwin 27). The more the government knows about its citizens, the more power they can have control over its people. People can misuse personal data and affect reputations, and it can also be used in influencing the decisions and shape behavior (Fisher 192). When the government and private sector organizations have access to people’s online private information, it can be used as a tool to exercise control over the people.
When private and personal information gets into the ...
Presentation by Hemant Goswami on RTI and Human RIghts. This is part of the
talk delivered by Hemant Goswami in Punjab University Chandigarh on March 5,
2010.
Explore the Power of Transparency: Right to Information (RTI)
Delve into the fundamental right that empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities. This presentation sheds light on the essence of the Right to Information Act, its significance in fostering transparency, and its role in shaping accountable governance.
Discover the ins and outs of RTI, from its historical context to its modern-day implications. Uncover how this pivotal legislation acts as a catalyst for accountability, encouraging citizen engagement and ensuring responsive governance.
Join us on a journey through the nuances of RTI, understanding its applications, impact, and the power it bestows upon citizens to question, seek, and receive information from public bodies.
Empower yourself with knowledge and learn how the Right to Information fosters a more informed and participative society, transforming the landscape of governance for the better."
Right to Information Matters Most to Citizens - by Nalaka GunawardeneNalaka Gunawardene
On 11 May 2016, Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Parliamentary Reforms & Mass Media convened a meeting with the senior managers of print and broadcasting media house to discuss how media can support the new Right to Information (RTI) law that has recently been tabled in Parliament.
Nearly 15 years in the making, the RTI law is to be debated in June and expected to be adopted with multi-party consensus. The law represents a transformation across government by opening up hitherto closed public information (with certain cleared specified exceptions).
While media can also benefit from RTI, it is primarily a law for ordinary citizens to demand and receive information related to everyday governance (most of it at local levels). For this, citizens need to understand the RTI process and potential benefits. Media can play a major role in explaining RTI law, and promoting its use in many different ways to promote the public interest and to nurture a culture of evidence-based advocacy for good governance and public accountability.
This presentation was made by media researcher and columnist Nalaka Gunawardene in his capacity as a member of the voluntary Right to Information Task Force convened by the Ministry of Parliamentary Reforms & Mass Media. He illustrates how RTI can benefit citizens, and shares examples from other South Asian countries where newspapers and broadcast houses have been promoting RTI in innovative ways.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
11.0006www.iiste.org call for paper.[41-47]role of right to information act 2005 in the human development
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.2, 2011
Role of Right to Information Act 2005 in the Human
Development: Indian Perspective
Ved Pal Singh
Faculty of Law, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, PIN Code : 124001(Haryana) INDIA
Email : vpdeswal@gmail.com
Abstract
The right to information is a potent weapon in the hand of the citizenry to gain access to public records. It
not only provides information but also fosters accountability and transparency and strengthens the
democratic principles of a polity. Swedan was the first country to grant right to access government
information to its people way back in 1812. Subsequently many jurisdictions made this right available to its
citizens so that they are well informed as to be the sentinels of democracy. This legislation forms the shape
of special legislation imposing the obligations on every public authority to provide information to the
person seeking it.
Key Words : Potent, accountability, transparency, jurisdiction, legislation, obligation.
1. Introduction
“The Government wants to share power with the humblest; it wants to empower the weakest. It is precisely
because of this reason that the Right to Information has to be ensured for all”.i
The State does not claim monopoly of truth any longer. Glasnost has cast away
the cloud of secrecy and stresses the priority of human values. Even as steps
are taken to ensure openness in matters affecting the public, there has to be a
greater sense of responsibility on the part of users of information in the media
and elsewhere. Journalists must ensure that they seek information in public
interest and not as agents of interested parties. ……………….….Mikhail
Gorbachev
The word Information has been derived from the Latin words ‘Formation’ and ‘Forma’ which means giving
shape to something and forming a pattern, respectively. Information adds something new to our awareness
and removes the vagueness of our ideas. The Right to Information has already received judicial recognition
as a part of the fundamental right to free speech and expression. An Act is needed to provide a statutory
frame work for this right. This law will lay down the procedure for translating this right into reality.
Information is indispensable for the functioning of a true democracy. People have to be kept informed
about current affairs and broad issues – political, social and economic. Free exchange of ideas and free
debate are essentially desirable for the Government of a free country. In this Age of Information, its value
as a critical factor in socio-cultural, economic and political development is being increasingly felt. In a fast
developing country like India, availability of information needs to be assured in the fastest and simplest
form possible. This is important because every developmental process depends on the availability of
information. Right to know is also closely linked with other basic rights such as freedom of speech and
expression and right to education. Its independent existence as an attribute of liberty cannot be disputed.
Viewed from this angle, information or knowledge becomes an important resource. An equitable access to
this resource must be guaranteed.
"Lack of transparency was one of the main causes for all pervading corruption and Right to
Information would lead to openness, accountability and integrity". ii "The barrier to information is the single
most cause responsible for corruption in society. It facilitates clandestine deals, arbitrary decisions,
manipulations and embezzlements. Transparency in dealings, with their every detail exposed to the public
view, should go a long way in curtailing corruption in public life." iii The government recognises that access
to information is an essential part of its accountability.iv In pursuance of The Freedom of Information Bill
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2000; Information means any material in any form relating to the administration, operations or decisions of
a public authority. It will be interesting to mention that Press Council of India prepared a draft Bill in 1996
to make a provision for securing right to information. This draft Bill was named Right to Information Bill,
1996. The Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad also prepared a bill in 1997. Both the bills initiated a
national debate on the issue of Effective and Responsive Administration. The Govt. of India appointed a
working group on January 2, 1997. The terms of reference of the Working Group included the examination
of feasibility and need to introduce a full fledged Right to Information Bill. This group recommended that a
legislation in this regard is not only feasible but is also vitally necessary. The Working Group
recommended that the bill should be named as Freedom of Information Bill as the Right to Information has
already been judicially recogonised as a part of the fundamental right to free speech and expression.
2. Constitutional Aspect of the Right to Information
The prerequisite for enjoying this right is knowledge and information. The absence of authentic information
on matters of public interest will only encourage wild rumours and speculations and avoidable allegations
against individuals and institutions. v Therefore, the Right to Information becomes a constitutional right,
being an aspect of the right to free speech and expression which includes the right to receive and collect
information. This will also help the citizens perform their fundamental duties as set out in Article 51A of
the Constitution. A fully informed citizen will certainly be better equipped for the performance of these
duties. Thus, access to information would assist citizens in fulfilling these obligations.
3. Restrictions on Right to Information
As no right can be absolute, the Right to Information has to have its limitations. vi There will always be
areas of information that should remain protected in public and national interest. Moreover, this
unrestricted right can have an adverse effect of an overload of demand on administration. So the
information has to be properly, clearly classified by an appropriate authority. The usual exemption
permitting Government to withhold access to information is generally in respect of the these matters: (1)
International relations and national security; (2) Law enforcement and prevention of crime; (3) Internal
deliberations of the government; (4) Information obtained in confidence from some source outside the
Government; (5) Information which, if disclosed, would violate the privacy of an individual; (6)
Information, particularly of an economic nature, when disclosed, would confer an unfair advantage on
some person or subject or government; (7) Information which is covered by legal/professional privilege,
like communication between a legal advisor and his client and (8) Information about scientific discoveries
and inventions and improvements, essentially in the field of weapons. These categories are broad and
information of every kind in relation to these matters cannot always be treated as secret. There may be
occasions when information may have to be disclosed in public interest, without compromising the national
interest or public safety. For example, information about deployment and movement of armed forces and
information about military operations, qualify for exemption. Information about the extent of defence
expenditure and transactions for the purchase of guns and submarines and aircraft cannot be totally
withheld at all stages.
4. Role of Indian Judiciary
The courts in India have played a very important role through a creative interpretation of Article 19(1) (a)
of the Constitution that the Supreme Court carved out a fundamental right to information as being implicit
in the right to free speech and expression. This right is of special importance to the media whose lifeline is
information and whose business it is to communicate information to the electorate so that the latter may
make informed choices. One of the earliest cases where the Supreme Court laid emphasis on the people’s
right to know was Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras.vii There the petitioner had challenged an order
issued by the then Government of Madras under Section 9(1-A) of the Madras Maintenance of Public
Order Act, 1949 imposing a ban on the circulation of the petitioner’s journal Cross Roads was struck down
as violative of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). Again in Indian
Express Newspapers (Bom) (P) Ltd. v. Union of India viii the Court relied on the following decision (Per
Lord Simon of Glaisdale in Attorney General v. Times Newspapers Ltd.) ix said that:
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“The public interest in freedom of discussion (of which the freedom of the press is one aspect) stems
from the requirement that members of a democratic society should be sufficiently informed that they
may influence intelligently the decisions which may affect themselves.”
In Judges Transfer case x a seven-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court followed Raj Narain case and
observed thus:
“Where a society has chosen to accept democracy as its creedal faith, it is elementary that the citizens
ought to know what their Government is doing. The citizens have a right to decide by whom and by
what rules they shall be governed and they are entitled to call on those who govern on their behalf to
account for their conduct. No democratic Government can survive without accountability and the
basic postulate of accountability is that the people should have information about the functioning of
the Government. It is only if people know how Government is functioning that they can fulfill the role
which democracy assigns to them and make democracy a really effective participatory democracy.”
In Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd. v. Indian Express Newspapers Bombay (P) Ltd. xi Justice Mukharji
recognized the right to know as emanating from the right to life. In a later judgment, Tata Press Ltd. v.
MTNL xii the Supreme Court, while considering the scope of Article 19(1)(a) in the context of advertising
or commercial speech, held that the public has a right to receive information.
After a long struggle and battle a bill was introduced in the parliament and was passes and came to
be known as Freedom of Information Act 2000. This act committed same mistake as done by various state
legislations. Shortcomings of the statute made the legislators to build up a new one which repealed the old
act and came to be known as Right to Information Act 2005. Critics to the bill sense it as old wine with a
new label, whereas for others it is overwhelming success which came after hectic lobbying and struggle by
civil society. Whatever we say its shows commendable job by government to realize that power is a social
trust not a slave of an absolute monarch. xiii Right to Information Bill, 2004 was introduced before lower
house on 23rd December 2004 and sent to standing committee. xiv It was tabled on 10th May 2005 and
passed by Lok Sabha on subsequent date. After a day’s scrutiny in Rajya Sabha it was sent for presidential
assent which was given on 15th June 2005. The Act came into force on 12 th Oct 2005 (after 120 days). xv
The Act is really a landmark in the history of legislation but the point to be clarified is the accountability of
the Act. The Act which came to curb corruption has yet to prove the stand. The corruption index still ranks
India in 85th position. xvi This shows the ineffectiveness of the implementation of the Act. So again the
judiciary has become the last resort for the people for achieving the objectives set forth by the Act.
The need for Right to Information has been widely felt in all sectors of the country and this has
also received judicial recognition through some landmark judgements of Indian courts. A Supreme Court
judgement delivered by Mr. Justice Mathew is considered a landmark. In his judgement in the state of UP
vs. Raj Narain (1975) case, Justice Mathew rules-In a government of responsibility like ours, where all the
agents of the public must be responsible for their conduct, there can be but few secrets. The people of this
country have a right to know every public act, everything that is done in a public way by their public
functionaries. They are entitled to know the particulars of every public transaction in all its bearing. Their
right to know, which is derived from the concept of freedom of speech, though not absolute, is a factor
which should make one wary when secrecy is claimed for transactions which can at any rate have no
repercussion on public security. But the legislative wing of the State did not respond to it by enacting
suitable legislation for protecting the right of the people. According to Attorney General Soli Sorabjee - It
was in 1982 that the right to know matured to the status of a constitutional right in the celebrated case of S
P Gupta vs. Union of India (AIR) 1982 SC (149), popularly known as Judges case. Here again the claim for
privilege was laid before the court by the Government of India in respect of the disclosure of certain
documents. The Supreme Court by a generous interpretation of the guarantee of freedom of speech and
expression elevated the right to know and the right to information to the status of a fundamental right, on
the principle that certain unarticulated rights are immanent and implicit in the enumerated guarantees. The
court declared - The concept of an open government is the direct emanation from the right to know which
seems to be implicit in the right of free speech and expression guaranteed under article 19 (1) (a). The
Supreme court of India has emphasised in the SP Gupta case (1982) that open Government is the new
democratic culture of an open society towards which every liberal democracy is moving and our country
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should be no exception. In a country like India which is committed to socialistic pattern of society, right to
know becomes a necessity for the poor, ignorant and illiterate masses.
In 1986, the Bombay High Court followed the SP Gupta judgement in the well-known case
Bombay Environmental Group and others vs. Pune Cantonment Board. The Bombay High Court
distinguished between the ordinary citizen looking for information and groups of social activists. This was
considered a landmark judgement concerning access to information. Simultaneously very significant
development has taken place. The demand for Right to Information has taken the form of mass movement
at the grassroot level. A mass based organisation called the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) took
an initiative to lead the people in a very backward region of Rajasthan - Bhim Tehsil- to assert their right to
information by asking for copies of bills and vouchers and names of persons who have been paid wages
mentioned in muster rolls on the construction of schools, dispensaries, small dams and community centres.
On paper such development projects were all completed, but it was common knowledge of the villagers
that there was gross misappropriation of funds with roofless school buildings, dispensaries without walls,
dams left incomplete and community centres having no doors and windows. After years of knocking at
officials’ doors and despite the usual apathy of the State government, MKSS succeeded in getting
photocopies of certain relevant documents. Misappropriation of funds was clearly obvious. In some cases,
the muster rolls contained names of persons who either did not exist at all or died years before. This
incident is more than sufficient to show the importance of the ability of information for eradicating mal-
practices. With so many scandals emerging from time to time, it becomes vital for the management of
public fund and survival of democracy. MKSS organised a Jan Sunwai (People’s hearing), the first ever in
the history of Rajasthan. Politicians, administrators, landless labourers, private contractors were all invited
to listen, respond and, if willing, to defend themselves. Popular response was phenomenal, but village
officials and politicians stayed away and remained silent, and thereby weakened their position and
darkened their image. Between December 1994 and April 1995, several other public hearings were
organised. People’s anger made one engineer of the State Electricity Board to return in public an amount of
Rs.15,000 he had extracted from a poor farmer. This grassroot movement is fast spreading to other areas of
Rajasthan and to other States establishing firmly that information is power and people should have the right
to official information.
In early 1989, the then the Prime Minister Mr. VP Singh declared the attitude of the new
Government on the Right to Information and transparent government. He said, "An open system of
governance is an essential prerequisite for the fullest flowering of democracy. Free flow of information
from the Government to the people will not only create an enlightened and informed public opinion but
also render those in authority accountable. In the recent past, we have witnessed many distortions in our
information system The veil of secrecy was lowered many a time not in the interest of national security, but
to shield the guilty, vested interests or gross errors of judgements. Therefore, the National Front
Government has decided to make the Right to Information a Fundamental Right………. A large area of
information dissemination also relates to development programmes, their progress and their impact. This
will need to be done at the Panchayat and Municipal levels, not only to encourage multi-level planning but
also the common man in the villages." This is the age of information affluence. xvii Technology, with its
capacity for storing simplifying and communicating information with astonishing speed, has, more than
ever, put information at the centre of development. Individual personality, political and social identity and
economic capability are all shaped by the information that is available to each person and to society at
large. The practice of routinely holding information away from public creates subjects rather than citizens
and is a violation of their rights. The United Nations General Assembly has resolved that “Freedom of
Information is a fundamental human right and the touchstone for all freedoms to which the United Nations
is consecrated”. xviii Enshrined in Universal Declaration of Human Rights, xix , the right’s status as a legally
binding treaty obligation was affirmed in Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR)xx and made it as a legally binding treat obligation on the member states. Similar right is
conferred to every individual by European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms too.
xxi
The legislature and the judiciary, the two wings of government, function out in the open to which
people has access. The ambiguity is often raised towards the executive, who works within the four walls of
government building which is totally inaccessible to general public. In the welfare state the executive apart
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from discharging its traditional function of executing laws, performs delegated legislative functions and
adjudicates on controversies. Justice K.K.Matthew in Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain xxii noted that ‘a
government where all the agents of public must be responsible for their conduct, there can be but few
secrets. The people have a right to know every public act, everything that is done in a public way, by their
public functionaries’.
A corrupt administrative is the worst enemy of a state, and a corrupt government that rejects both
transparency and accountability is not likely to respect human rights. The right to information is a
fundamental human right, which is crucial to human development and therefore is important for the every
human being. It is essential that people have as much information about government as possible. Openness
in government is bound to act as check on abuse or misuse of power.
Indian Constitution has no specific provision for the right to information but envisages objective
of freedom of thought and expression to the citizens of India. In practice citizens had no such right for
administrative transparency. Urgent need was required for a law to combat corruption, transparency and
accountability in administrative action. This started the movement for the Right to Information in Rajasthan
where the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, an NGO focused on protection of labour, and other affected
people, agitated against the corruption in the works undertaken and required on accessing the bills,
vouchers and muster rolls of expenditure incurred in their Panchayat and verified them against the work
actually carried out on the ground, the workers employed, and the wages actually paid to them. xxiii They
came to know about the misappropriation of fund by the government with the help of the private parties.
This alerted centre and the state for the need of a legislation to battle the corruption and right to
information. We should always remember
“Nobody has a more sacred obligation to obey the law than those who make the law” xxiv
5. Right to Information specifies that citizens have a right to
Request any information (as defined).
Obtain copies of documents.
Inspect documents, works and records.
Take certified samples of materials of work.
Obtain information in form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes 'or in any other electronic
mode' or through printouts.
At a glance we can say that this Act is useful to know the position of various facilities available to them
Government policies
Infrastructure
Education facility
Health facility
Sports facility
Functioning of Food Supply Depot
Transport facilities
Sanitation facilities
Insurance facility
Status of service documents
6. Conclusions
Information is as necessary as oxygen for the body. Information is a focus point for all kind of development
in the society. We can know about the policies framed by the Government and their implementation. As a
citizen of the nation one should know what kind of administration is going on in the territory of the state.
Being a welfare state we should exchange the informations sought by the citizens, because it is going to
helpful in eradication of corruption types of problems. The media, Non- Governmental Agencies and
Government servants should make use of this tool in the human development. One should be aware about
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the informations which are going to be the path of the development in the nation. We should always
remember these lines
Where the mind is without fear and head is held high; where knowledge is free; Where
the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where
workds come out from the depth of the truth; where tireless striving stretches its arms
towards perfection; where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the
dreary desert sand of dead habit; where the mind is led forward by the ever widening
thought and action into that heaven of freedom.xxv
References
i
Ex. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said these lines.
ii
Soli Sorabjee said these line while stressing on the need of Right to Information aim at bringing
transparency in administration and public life.
iii
Mr. P.B. Sawant made this statement with respect to the importance of information.
iv
India has so far followed the British style of administration. In Great Britain, Official Secrets Act, 1911
and 1989 are intended to defend national security by rendering inaccessible to the public certain categories
of official information.
v
Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution guarantees the fundamental rights to free speech and expression.
vi
Absolute power corrupts absolutely, is a part of Natural Law theory.
vii
1950 SCR 594
viii
(1985) 1 SCC 641.
ix
(1973) 3 All ER 54
x
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87
xi
(1988) 4 SCC 592
xii
(1995) 5 SCC 139
xiii
PM's intervention in the Lok Sabha on the right to information bill debate, 11 th May’ 2005, New Delhi,
accessed from, http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in; see also, Charmaine Rodrigues & Aditi Datta, ‘Road
ahead for access law’, The Hindu, 31 May, 2005, available at http://www.hindu.com/
/op/2005/05/31.
xiv
Siddharth Narain, ‘The Right to Know’, Reddy, http://www.flonnet.com/fl2212/stories
xv
Received the assent of the President on June 15, 2005 and published in ‘The Gazette of India’, dated 21st
June, 2005, pp. 1-22.
xvi
Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, 2008, available at
www.transparencyinternational.com
xvii
All human rights depend on the basic right to know, to demand accountability and it is Fundamental
Human Right. Lack of information denies people the opportunity to develop their potential to the fullest
and realize the full range of their human rights.
xviii
UN General Assembly (1946) Resolution 59(1), 65th Plenary Meeting, December 14, 1946.
xix
Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion
and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”
xx
Article 19 (2) of ICCPR provides: “Freedom of Opinion, Expression and Information. Everyone shall
have the right to freedom of expression; the right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally in writing or in print, in the form of
art, or through any other media of his choice.”
xxi
Article 10(1), European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: “Everyone has the
right to freedom of expression, this right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart
information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall
not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.”
xxii
AIR 1975 S.C 865.
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xxiii
Mander H. & Singhal A.J. (2007), “The Movement for Right to Information in India: Peoples Power for
Control of Corruption”, p 25
xxiv
These lines were said by Lawrence J. Petters. See also P.K. Das (2010) “The Right to Information Act”
Universal Law Publishing Co. New Delhi p vii.
xxv
Verse xxxv of Gitanjali by Rabindra Nath Tagore; see also Versha & Jyoti (2011) “Indian Case Laws on
Right to Information” Allahabad Law Agency p iii.
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8. International Journals Call for Paper
The IISTE, a U.S. publisher, is currently hosting the academic journals listed below. The peer review process of the following journals
usually takes LESS THAN 14 business days and IISTE usually publishes a qualified article within 30 days. Authors should
send their full paper to the following email address. More information can be found in the IISTE website : www.iiste.org
Business, Economics, Finance and Management PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org Global knowledge sharing:
New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld
Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate,
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library ,
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org NewJour, Google Scholar.
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org IISTE is member of CrossRef. All journals
Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org have high IC Impact Factor Values (ICV).