The document discusses cognitive development in late adulthood, including both typical cognitive declines and optimal development. Typically, cognition declines as sensing, attention, memory, processing speed, and retrieval worsen after age 65 due to biological changes. However, dementia is abnormal and its causes include Alzheimer's, strokes, Parkinson's, and some reversible forms. Optimally, late adulthood brings gains like greater appreciation of aesthetics and life review, and the development of wisdom.
The document discusses cognitive development in late adulthood. It describes the usual age-related declines in information processing abilities like sensing, attention, memory and speed. It also discusses dementia, the major cause being Alzheimer's disease. However, it notes that some older adults experience new cognitive development like greater appreciation of art and life review/wisdom.
1) The document discusses Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in adulthood, including intimacy, generativity, and stagnation.
2) It covers topics like marriage, parenting, friendships, caregiving for family members, and remaining productive through work or other activities.
3) The document provides an overview of how adults meet social needs through relationships and explores concepts such as the empty nest, sandwich generation, and intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of work.
The document discusses aging and factors that affect the aging process. It covers how aging impacts physical appearance, sense organs, the brain, and sexual/reproductive systems. It also discusses the impact of poor health habits like tobacco/alcohol use, lack of exercise, overeating, and obesity. Finally, it covers ways of measuring health like mortality, morbidity, and quality of life adjustments, as well as variations in aging by gender, genetics, socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.
This document discusses various topics related to death and dying, including:
1) The study of death and how perceptions of death differ across cultures and generations.
2) Typical stages of understanding and accepting death from childhood through late adulthood.
3) Views of death in major world religions and how some cultures emphasize respecting ancestors.
4) Components of a "good death" and challenges around end of life decisions around topics like euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and defining death.
5) The grief process and complications that can arise from bereavement.
This document contains 57 multiple choice questions assessing knowledge of chapters 14-16 from the Psychology 41 Lifespan Development course. The questions cover topics like puberty, adolescent cognitive development, identity formation, and psychosocial issues in adolescence such as peer relationships, crime and suicide.
This three sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document appears to be a take home exam for a Psychology 41 - Life Span course, covering Chapters 18 and 19, which was given in the summer of 2009. The exam contains 50 multiple choice questions testing students' knowledge of topics related to adult development, relationships, and cognitive changes throughout the lifespan. Students are instructed to complete the exam and Scantron by the next class date of July 14, 2009.
This document is a 50 question multiple choice exam covering chapters 11, 12, and 13 from the Psychology 41 - Life Span course. It includes questions about child development, family structures, intelligence testing, and various cognitive and social-emotional concepts discussed in the chapters. The exam is due at the start of class on July 7, 2009 and late submissions will not be accepted.
This document discusses cognitive development in late adulthood. It describes the usual age-related declines in information processing seen after age 65, including worsening memory storage and retrieval. However, it also notes that secondary aging factors like illness can greatly impact cognitive ability. The document also examines dementia, its main causes like Alzheimer's and strokes, and stages of decline. Finally, it discusses potential for new cognitive development in areas like wisdom that may be more common in the elderly.
The document discusses cognitive development in late adulthood. It describes the usual age-related declines in information processing abilities like sensing, attention, memory and speed. It also discusses dementia, the major cause being Alzheimer's disease. However, it notes that some older adults experience new cognitive development like greater appreciation of art and life review/wisdom.
1) The document discusses Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in adulthood, including intimacy, generativity, and stagnation.
2) It covers topics like marriage, parenting, friendships, caregiving for family members, and remaining productive through work or other activities.
3) The document provides an overview of how adults meet social needs through relationships and explores concepts such as the empty nest, sandwich generation, and intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of work.
The document discusses aging and factors that affect the aging process. It covers how aging impacts physical appearance, sense organs, the brain, and sexual/reproductive systems. It also discusses the impact of poor health habits like tobacco/alcohol use, lack of exercise, overeating, and obesity. Finally, it covers ways of measuring health like mortality, morbidity, and quality of life adjustments, as well as variations in aging by gender, genetics, socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.
This document discusses various topics related to death and dying, including:
1) The study of death and how perceptions of death differ across cultures and generations.
2) Typical stages of understanding and accepting death from childhood through late adulthood.
3) Views of death in major world religions and how some cultures emphasize respecting ancestors.
4) Components of a "good death" and challenges around end of life decisions around topics like euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and defining death.
5) The grief process and complications that can arise from bereavement.
This document contains 57 multiple choice questions assessing knowledge of chapters 14-16 from the Psychology 41 Lifespan Development course. The questions cover topics like puberty, adolescent cognitive development, identity formation, and psychosocial issues in adolescence such as peer relationships, crime and suicide.
This three sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document appears to be a take home exam for a Psychology 41 - Life Span course, covering Chapters 18 and 19, which was given in the summer of 2009. The exam contains 50 multiple choice questions testing students' knowledge of topics related to adult development, relationships, and cognitive changes throughout the lifespan. Students are instructed to complete the exam and Scantron by the next class date of July 14, 2009.
This document is a 50 question multiple choice exam covering chapters 11, 12, and 13 from the Psychology 41 - Life Span course. It includes questions about child development, family structures, intelligence testing, and various cognitive and social-emotional concepts discussed in the chapters. The exam is due at the start of class on July 7, 2009 and late submissions will not be accepted.
This document discusses cognitive development in late adulthood. It describes the usual age-related declines in information processing seen after age 65, including worsening memory storage and retrieval. However, it also notes that secondary aging factors like illness can greatly impact cognitive ability. The document also examines dementia, its main causes like Alzheimer's and strokes, and stages of decline. Finally, it discusses potential for new cognitive development in areas like wisdom that may be more common in the elderly.
1. The document discusses various physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur in late adulthood, including both gains and losses. Key gains include wisdom, experience, and inner strength, while key losses include brain cells, intellectual capabilities, and friends or family.
2. Ageism and its negative impacts are explored, including negative attitudes, misinterpretation of identical behaviors, and discrimination against older individuals.
3. Various age-related changes to the body's systems are covered, such as declines in vision, hearing, digestion, heart function, and bone density. Cognitive changes like slower reaction time and increased risk of dementia are also discussed.
4. Theories of aging are presented, including the idea that
This document provides an overview of human development across the lifespan, including both normal and abnormal development. It covers prenatal development, changes through infancy and childhood according to sensorimotor and cognitive stages. It also discusses attachment theory, emotional development, and approaches to studying development. Regarding abnormal development, it addresses teratogens, childhood psychological disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, pervasive developmental disorders, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with mental retardation.
Cognitive & neurologic, delirium & dementia spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an overview of delirium and dementia in older adults. It begins with objectives and key terms related to cognition and neurologic function. It then discusses normal age-related cognitive changes, effects of aging on the neurologic system, and intellectual function. Symptoms of impaired cognition that should be investigated are outlined. The differences between delirium and dementia are explained, with delirium defined as a temporary acute state of confusion compared to the chronic nature of dementia. Risk factors, causes, and nursing care approaches for delirium are also summarized.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It explains that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, nearly doubling in size, as neurons and connections proliferate. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and variable experiences accounting for individual differences in brain structure.
Dementia is characterized by deterioration in mental function and impairment in daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause and is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It involves plaques and tangles of proteins in the brain that damage neurons. Risk factors include age, family history, and medical conditions. Symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and changes in behavior and mood. Diagnosis involves assessing cognitive abilities and daily function, and ruling out other potential causes through tests and scans.
This document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as a general decline in mental abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for about two-thirds of cases. The document describes the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and how it progresses through early, middle, and late stages. It also discusses other types of dementia, like vascular dementia, as well as factors that can impact individuals with dementia like sundowning. Occupational therapy evaluation and intervention strategies are overviewed to maximize quality of life and engagement for individuals with dementia.
Dementia can take many forms, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common type. The document discusses the signs and stages of Alzheimer's disease, from mild cognitive impairment in the early stages to severe impairment in the late stages where assistance is needed for all daily activities. Occupational therapy focuses on compensatory strategies, environmental modifications, and engaging the client in meaningful activities to promote quality of life and safety at each stage of the disease.
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional DevelopmentBrookdale
At Brookdale, we're proud to provide healthcare professionals an opportunity each month to earn Continuing Education Credits (CEU). In a CEU webinar earlier this year, Carol Cummings, RN, BSN, the Sr. Director of Optimum Life Engagement, reviewed the top ways seniors can improve overall brain health. View her presentation here for a peek into the program
The document discusses physical, cognitive, and mental health issues related to aging. It covers topics like:
- Common physiological changes in aging bodies, such as declines in vision, hearing, and motor skills.
- Cognitive changes include slower information processing and declines in working memory and explicit memory. However, creativity and wisdom are unrelated to age.
- Mental health issues like depression and anxiety are prevalent in older adults. Depression is treated with therapy and medications. Alzheimer's disease causes dementia and cannot be cured, though some symptoms can be managed.
The document summarizes key aspects of neurocognitive disorders as outlined in Chapter 7. It describes three main groups - delirium, major or minor neurocognitive disorders (dementia), and amnestic disorders. Delirium is a temporary state of confusion that can have various causes and usually resolves quickly if the underlying cause is treated. Dementia involves a gradual loss of cognitive abilities that impairs daily life; it has various causes like Alzheimer's disease or vascular issues. Assessment and management aim to address any underlying causes or provide support, as the condition is often not reversible.
This document provides an overview of caring for older adults' cognition and perception. It describes normal cognitive and sensory functions and how they change with aging. Common sensory changes in older adults like presbyopia, cataracts, and hearing loss are outlined. Cognition involves intelligence, memory, language, and decision making. While intelligence does not automatically decline with age, processing speed and short-term memory are more likely to be affected. The nursing process for addressing disturbances in sensory perception, chronic confusion, impaired communication, and pain in older adults is reviewed. Appropriate nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals, and evidence-based interventions are discussed.
Adolescence from ages 10-15 is a transitional period marked by significant physical, emotional, social, and cognitive changes. During this time the brain undergoes a major growth spurt and period of pruning that influences learning and risk-taking behaviors. Without proper guidance and understanding of their development, adolescents may engage in risky behaviors like binge drinking or substance use that can have long-term cognitive effects. Providing love, humor, appropriate limits, and connections to others can help adolescents build a strong identity.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It notes that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, reaching 75% of the adult size by age 2. During this time there is significant growth of neurons and connections between areas of the brain. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and additional experiences allowing for variability between individuals. Caregivers play an important role by providing nurturing experiences that foster healthy brain development.
This presentation by Dr Anita Rose, Consultant Neuropsychologist, looks at cognition and MS. It explores assessment, managing cognitive deficits and factors assessing cognition including pain, emotions and fatigue.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
The document discusses intelligence and cognitive abilities across the lifespan. It covers several topics:
1. It defines intelligence from both everyday and research perspectives, noting problem-solving, verbal, and social abilities. Major research approaches are psychometric testing and cognitive structures.
2. A lifespan view of intelligence includes it being multidimensional, changing in multiple directions with age, and varying between individuals based on experience. Fluid abilities decline with age while crystallized abilities increase.
3. Psychometric testing measures primary mental abilities like reasoning that generally peak in late 30s/early 40s then decline after late 60s, and secondary abilities like fluid and crystallized intelligence. Factors like education can moderate declines.
This document discusses Alzheimer's disease, including what it is, stages of the disease, causes and risk factors, diagnosis methods, current treatments, impact on caregivers, and ongoing research efforts. Some key points include:
- Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disease that destroys memory and thinking skills. It involves the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
- Risk factors include age, family history, and lifestyle factors like diet, smoking, alcohol consumption and mental/social activity levels.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, tests and brain imaging to evaluate symptoms and rule out other conditions.
- Current treatments can temporarily improve symptoms but do not stop
This document discusses key aspects of adolescent psychosocial development including identity, relationships, sexuality, and sadness/anger. It covers Erikson's stages of identity development and achieving a sense of self. Relationships with peers, families, and developing sexuality are explored. Challenges like depression, suicide, and delinquency that some teens face are also summarized. The document provides an overview of major topics in understanding psychosocial development during adolescence.
The document discusses adolescent cognitive development and teaching/learning strategies for adolescents. It covers:
1) Adolescent thinking involves brain maturation, intense conversation, moral challenges and increased independence between ages 11-18. Their thinking combines logic, emotions and ego in complex ways.
2) Egocentrism, the invincibility fable, imaginary audience and formal operational thought are key aspects of adolescent cognitive development.
3) Effective teaching strategies engage students, minimize disruptive transitions, and incorporate students' intuitive and logical thinking styles through activities, technology and relationship building.
1. The document discusses various physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur in late adulthood, including both gains and losses. Key gains include wisdom, experience, and inner strength, while key losses include brain cells, intellectual capabilities, and friends or family.
2. Ageism and its negative impacts are explored, including negative attitudes, misinterpretation of identical behaviors, and discrimination against older individuals.
3. Various age-related changes to the body's systems are covered, such as declines in vision, hearing, digestion, heart function, and bone density. Cognitive changes like slower reaction time and increased risk of dementia are also discussed.
4. Theories of aging are presented, including the idea that
This document provides an overview of human development across the lifespan, including both normal and abnormal development. It covers prenatal development, changes through infancy and childhood according to sensorimotor and cognitive stages. It also discusses attachment theory, emotional development, and approaches to studying development. Regarding abnormal development, it addresses teratogens, childhood psychological disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, pervasive developmental disorders, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with mental retardation.
Cognitive & neurologic, delirium & dementia spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an overview of delirium and dementia in older adults. It begins with objectives and key terms related to cognition and neurologic function. It then discusses normal age-related cognitive changes, effects of aging on the neurologic system, and intellectual function. Symptoms of impaired cognition that should be investigated are outlined. The differences between delirium and dementia are explained, with delirium defined as a temporary acute state of confusion compared to the chronic nature of dementia. Risk factors, causes, and nursing care approaches for delirium are also summarized.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It explains that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, nearly doubling in size, as neurons and connections proliferate. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and variable experiences accounting for individual differences in brain structure.
Dementia is characterized by deterioration in mental function and impairment in daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause and is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It involves plaques and tangles of proteins in the brain that damage neurons. Risk factors include age, family history, and medical conditions. Symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and changes in behavior and mood. Diagnosis involves assessing cognitive abilities and daily function, and ruling out other potential causes through tests and scans.
This document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as a general decline in mental abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for about two-thirds of cases. The document describes the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and how it progresses through early, middle, and late stages. It also discusses other types of dementia, like vascular dementia, as well as factors that can impact individuals with dementia like sundowning. Occupational therapy evaluation and intervention strategies are overviewed to maximize quality of life and engagement for individuals with dementia.
Dementia can take many forms, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common type. The document discusses the signs and stages of Alzheimer's disease, from mild cognitive impairment in the early stages to severe impairment in the late stages where assistance is needed for all daily activities. Occupational therapy focuses on compensatory strategies, environmental modifications, and engaging the client in meaningful activities to promote quality of life and safety at each stage of the disease.
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional DevelopmentBrookdale
At Brookdale, we're proud to provide healthcare professionals an opportunity each month to earn Continuing Education Credits (CEU). In a CEU webinar earlier this year, Carol Cummings, RN, BSN, the Sr. Director of Optimum Life Engagement, reviewed the top ways seniors can improve overall brain health. View her presentation here for a peek into the program
The document discusses physical, cognitive, and mental health issues related to aging. It covers topics like:
- Common physiological changes in aging bodies, such as declines in vision, hearing, and motor skills.
- Cognitive changes include slower information processing and declines in working memory and explicit memory. However, creativity and wisdom are unrelated to age.
- Mental health issues like depression and anxiety are prevalent in older adults. Depression is treated with therapy and medications. Alzheimer's disease causes dementia and cannot be cured, though some symptoms can be managed.
The document summarizes key aspects of neurocognitive disorders as outlined in Chapter 7. It describes three main groups - delirium, major or minor neurocognitive disorders (dementia), and amnestic disorders. Delirium is a temporary state of confusion that can have various causes and usually resolves quickly if the underlying cause is treated. Dementia involves a gradual loss of cognitive abilities that impairs daily life; it has various causes like Alzheimer's disease or vascular issues. Assessment and management aim to address any underlying causes or provide support, as the condition is often not reversible.
This document provides an overview of caring for older adults' cognition and perception. It describes normal cognitive and sensory functions and how they change with aging. Common sensory changes in older adults like presbyopia, cataracts, and hearing loss are outlined. Cognition involves intelligence, memory, language, and decision making. While intelligence does not automatically decline with age, processing speed and short-term memory are more likely to be affected. The nursing process for addressing disturbances in sensory perception, chronic confusion, impaired communication, and pain in older adults is reviewed. Appropriate nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals, and evidence-based interventions are discussed.
Adolescence from ages 10-15 is a transitional period marked by significant physical, emotional, social, and cognitive changes. During this time the brain undergoes a major growth spurt and period of pruning that influences learning and risk-taking behaviors. Without proper guidance and understanding of their development, adolescents may engage in risky behaviors like binge drinking or substance use that can have long-term cognitive effects. Providing love, humor, appropriate limits, and connections to others can help adolescents build a strong identity.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It notes that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, reaching 75% of the adult size by age 2. During this time there is significant growth of neurons and connections between areas of the brain. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and additional experiences allowing for variability between individuals. Caregivers play an important role by providing nurturing experiences that foster healthy brain development.
This presentation by Dr Anita Rose, Consultant Neuropsychologist, looks at cognition and MS. It explores assessment, managing cognitive deficits and factors assessing cognition including pain, emotions and fatigue.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
The document discusses intelligence and cognitive abilities across the lifespan. It covers several topics:
1. It defines intelligence from both everyday and research perspectives, noting problem-solving, verbal, and social abilities. Major research approaches are psychometric testing and cognitive structures.
2. A lifespan view of intelligence includes it being multidimensional, changing in multiple directions with age, and varying between individuals based on experience. Fluid abilities decline with age while crystallized abilities increase.
3. Psychometric testing measures primary mental abilities like reasoning that generally peak in late 30s/early 40s then decline after late 60s, and secondary abilities like fluid and crystallized intelligence. Factors like education can moderate declines.
This document discusses Alzheimer's disease, including what it is, stages of the disease, causes and risk factors, diagnosis methods, current treatments, impact on caregivers, and ongoing research efforts. Some key points include:
- Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disease that destroys memory and thinking skills. It involves the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
- Risk factors include age, family history, and lifestyle factors like diet, smoking, alcohol consumption and mental/social activity levels.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, tests and brain imaging to evaluate symptoms and rule out other conditions.
- Current treatments can temporarily improve symptoms but do not stop
This document discusses key aspects of adolescent psychosocial development including identity, relationships, sexuality, and sadness/anger. It covers Erikson's stages of identity development and achieving a sense of self. Relationships with peers, families, and developing sexuality are explored. Challenges like depression, suicide, and delinquency that some teens face are also summarized. The document provides an overview of major topics in understanding psychosocial development during adolescence.
The document discusses adolescent cognitive development and teaching/learning strategies for adolescents. It covers:
1) Adolescent thinking involves brain maturation, intense conversation, moral challenges and increased independence between ages 11-18. Their thinking combines logic, emotions and ego in complex ways.
2) Egocentrism, the invincibility fable, imaginary audience and formal operational thought are key aspects of adolescent cognitive development.
3) Effective teaching strategies engage students, minimize disruptive transitions, and incorporate students' intuitive and logical thinking styles through activities, technology and relationship building.
Puberty begins the transformation from child to adult through hormonal and physical changes over 3 to 5 years. It starts with growth spurts and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. While these changes are normal, some adolescents experience problems like early sexual activity, teenage pregnancy, STIs, sexual abuse, or drug use. Nutrition and stress can also impact pubertal development. The brain continues developing into the mid-20s, which may explain some risky behaviors due to an immature prefrontal cortex regulating impulses.
This document discusses psychosocial development in children ages 2-6. It covers emotional development, the role of parents, and differences in how boys and girls develop gender roles. Key points include:
1) Children develop emotional regulation skills and the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. Parents play a crucial role through their parenting style and discipline approaches.
2) Gender roles are influenced by both nature and nurture factors. Biological differences interact with environmental and sociocultural influences to shape how children understand and express masculinity and femininity.
3) Parents must consider the impact of media on young children, as excessive screen time can interfere with family bonding and imaginative play that supports learning. Different theories
The document discusses cognitive development in early childhood from ages 2 to 6 based on the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, including the remarkable advances children make in language and thought during this period. It also covers topics like children's theories of mind, the importance of language development and social contexts for learning, and trends in early childhood education programs.
1) Prenatal development occurs in three main periods: the germinal period lasting 2 weeks after conception, the embryonic period from weeks 3-8, and the fetal period from week 9 until birth.
2) During pregnancy, exposure to toxins, illnesses, or other risk factors can harm fetal development and increase chances of birth defects. Timing and amount of exposure are important factors.
3) Birth involves transition of the newborn from the womb, assessed using the Apgar scale. Variations like C-sections are sometimes needed, and complications can require medical attention.
Kathleen Stassen Berger's chapter discusses the physical, cognitive, and social development that occurs during the play years from ages 1-6.
Key points include: 1) Children's bodies change significantly as they grow taller, thinner, and more coordinated. Their brains also develop rapidly through pruning and myelination. 2) Important cognitive milestones include improved attention, planning, motor skills and emotional regulation as brain regions like the prefrontal cortex mature. 3) Injuries pose risks to young children who are still learning impulse control, so injury prevention strategies are important to implement. Child abuse and neglect can seriously harm development if not addressed.
1) In the first two years, infants develop cognition including language, learning, memory, and intelligence. They organize their sensations, perceptions, objects, people, and experiences.
2) Piaget's stage of sensorimotor intelligence occurs earlier than he predicted as infants learn through their senses and motor actions. Information processing theory also helps explain infant cognition including affordances, memory, and the development of concepts.
3) In the first two years, infants progress from listening and babbling to first words and a naming explosion around 18 months. Their vocabulary and use of sentences increases as they learn the rules of grammar unconsciously.
Infants develop emotionally and socially in the first two years of life. They progress from experiencing basic emotions like pleasure and pain to more complex social emotions. Infants form attachments to caregivers that influence their social and emotional development. Multiple theories try to explain this development from psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and socio-cultural perspectives. Parents and culture both influence infant development through interactions and socialization.
Genes play an important but hidden role in human development. Genes contain DNA instructions for making proteins and are located on chromosomes. Every person has a unique genetic code made up of about 25,000 genes. At conception, genes from the sperm and egg combine to form the genotype of a single cell called a zygote. This zygote then divides through cell differentiation to form the various cells, tissues and organs according to its genetic blueprint. The observable traits of a person are called the phenotype, which results from complex interactions between multiple genes and the environment. Chromosomal abnormalities can occur if the number or structure of chromosomes is atypical, leading to conditions like Down syndrome. Genetic counseling helps people understand inherited conditions and make
The document discusses several developmental theories including grand theories like psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory as well as emergent theories like sociocultural theory and epigenetic theory. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each theory, such as Freud's stages of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic theory and Piaget's stages of cognitive development. The theories are described as contributing different perspectives on the influences of nature versus nurture on development.
This document provides an introduction to the study of human development. It discusses five key characteristics of development: 1) development is multidirectional, 2) it is influenced by multiple contexts, 3) it is shaped by culture, 4) it is multidisciplinary and involves the body, mind, and spirit, and 5) human traits demonstrate plasticity but also maintain identity over time. The document also outlines the scientific process for studying development, including methods like observation, experiments, surveys, and case studies.
1) The document is a pronunciation guide for terms found in "The Developing Person Through the Life Span" textbook.
2) It provides phonetic spellings and definitions for over 100 key words related to human development.
3) The terms cover topics such as physical and cognitive development, family and social relationships, mental health, and the aging process.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Kathleen Stassen Berger
Part VIII Chapter Twenty-Four
Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development
The Usual: Information Processing
After Age 65
The impaired Dementia
The Optimal: New Cognitive
Development
Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield 1
Tattoon, M.A.
2. Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development
―By the end of adulthood, physical
impairment, reduced perception,
decreased energy, and slower reactions
take an increasing toll.‖
Late-adulthood cognition is too complex to
be captured in a brief social conversation.
2
3. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• information-processing approach
– breaking down cognition into the steps of
• input (sensing)
• storage (memory)
• program (control process)
• output
• ―a perspective that compares human thinking
processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of
data, including sensory input, connections, stored
memories, and output‖ (Chapter 6)
3
4. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Sensing and Perceiving
– stimuli becomes information, perceived
by the mind, which must cross the
sensory threshold
• the person must be able to sense them,
decline begins with age
4
5. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Attention Deficits
– sensory-input problems—people miss
information without realizing it
– cognition depends on perception, and
perception depends on sensation
– one way to predict an older person’s
intellect may be to measure vision,
hearing, or smell
5
6. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Interference
– is thought to be a major impediment to
effective and efficient cognition in the
elderly
– reduced sensory input affects cognition
by increasing the effects of interference
6
7. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Memory
– storage refers to memory in the
information-processing model of
cognition
7
8. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
– Working memory
• is the capacity to keep information in mind for a
few seconds while processing it, evaluating,
calculating, inferring, and so on—working
memory functions as both a repository and a
processor
• dual-task deficit
– a situation in which a person’s performance of one
task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous
performance of another task
8
9. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Long-Term Memory
– the knowledge base stored in memory
• the component of the information
processing system in which virtually
limitless amounts of information can be
stored indefinitely
• knowledge base
– a body of knowledge in a particular area that
makes it easier to master new information in
that area
9
10. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Selective Memory
– in areas not related to expertise,
selective deficits in long-term memory
appear
10
11. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Control Processes
– that part of the information-processing
system that regulates the analysis and
flow of information—memory and
retrieval strategies, selective attention,
and rules or strategies for problem
solving are all useful control processes
11
12. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Analysis
– an aspect of impaired analysis is that
the elderly are more likely to stick to
preconceived ideas rather than consider
and change their minds
12
13. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Retrieval
– another control process, the ability to
recall the name of childhood
acquaintance, worsens with age
13
14. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Reminding People of What They Know
– priming
• preparation that makes it easier to perform some action—
it is easier to retrieve an item from memory if we are
given a clue about it beforehand
– explicit memory
• memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a
specific test), usually with words
• most explicit memory involves consciously learned words,
data, and concepts
– implicit memory
• unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored
via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and
various sensations
14
15. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Brain Slowdown
– the elderly react more slowly than young adults
• reduced production of neurotransmitters—
glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and
dopamine—that allow a nerve impulse to jump
across the synapse from one neuron to another
– speed is crucial for many aspects of cognition,
especially working memory, since information
stays in working memory for only a short time
15
16. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Staying Healthy and Alert
– secondary aging—illness and
conditions— that affect one
person but not another
• secondary aging is a major
reason for the remarkable
variation in intellectual ability
between one older person and
another
16
17. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Ageism
– cognitive decline is rooted not in the
older person’s body and brain but in the
surrounding social context—cultural
attitudes can lead directly to age
differences in cognition
17
18. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Stereotype Threat
– does most harm when individuals
internalize other people’s prejudices and
react with helplessness
• if the elderly fear losing their minds
because they have internalized the idea
that old age always bring dementia, that
fear may become a stereotype threat,
undermining normal thinking
18
19. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Ageism Among Scientist
– scientists measure age differences in
memory in the same way they studied
memory in general—in laboratories
– these factors work against older adults,
who tend to perform best in familiar
settings
19
21. The Impaired: Dementia
• Loss of intellectual ability in elderly people
has traditionally been called senility.
• the pathological loss of brain function is
known as dementia—literally, ―out of
mind,‖ referring to severely impaired
judgment
– dementia
• irreversible loss of intellectual functioning
caused by organic brain damage or disease—
dementia becomes more common with age, but
it is abnormal and pathological even in the very
old
21
22. The Impaired: Dementia
• Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
– the most common cause of dementia,
characterized by gradual deterioration of
memory and personality and marked by
the information of plaques of beta-
amyloid protein and tangles in the brain
22
23. The Impaired: Dementia
• Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
– gender, ethnicity, and especially age affect a
person’s odds of developing Alzheimer’s
disease
– women are at greater risk than men
– fewer East Asians than Europeans develop
the disorder
– less common among those of African descent,
but life expectancy is far lower in Africa than in
any other continent and diagnosis of illness in
late adulthood is less certain
23
24. The Impaired: Dementia
• Stages: From Confusion to Death
– Alzheimer’s disease usually runs
through a progressive course of five
identifiable stages, beginning with
forgetfulness and ending in death
24
25. The Impaired: Dementia
• Stages: From Confusion to Death
– stage 1 – confused with normal aging
– stage 2 – generalized confusion—deficits in
concentration and short-term memory
– stage 3 – memory loss becomes dangerous
– stage 4 – full-time care
– stage 5 – unresponsive, no longer talking
stages take 10 to 15 years
25
26. The Impaired: Dementia
• Many Strokes
– the second most common cause of dementia
is a stroke
– repeated brain damage leads to:
• vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi-
infarct dementia (MID)
– a form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and
progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by
repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood
vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching
the brain
26
27. The Impaired: Dementia
• Subcotical Dementias
– forms of dementia that begin with impairments in
motor ability (which is governed by the
subcortex) and produce cognitive impairment in
later stages—Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s
disease, and multiple sclerosis are subcortical
dementias
– Parkinson’s Disease
• a chronic, progressive disease that is
characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and
sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of
dopamine production in the brain
27
28. The Impaired: Dementia
• Reversible Dementia
– dementia caused by medication,
inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse,
depression, or other mental illness can
sometimes be reversed
28
29. The Impaired: Dementia
• Overmedication and Undernourishment
– without considering interaction, many
drugs commonly taken by the elderly slow
down mental processes
– inadequate nutrition is connected to
overmedication, many medications reduce
absorption of vitamins
29
30. The Impaired: Dementia
• Psychological Illness
– elderly people have a lower incidence of
psychological disorders—the rate of
anxiety, antisocial personality disorder,
bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and
depression are lower after age 65
30
31. The Impaired: Dementia
• Prevention and Treatment
– there is no cure or prevention for dementia
– many lifestyle factors that slow down
senescence also delay the onset of
dementia
31
32. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• older people are more interested than
young in the arts, in children, and in
human experiences
• the elderly are ―social witnesses‖ to life
• aware of interdependent of the
generations
• there are gains and losses at every stage
of life
32
33. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• Aesthetic Sense and Creativity
– elderly people seem to gain a greater
appreciation of nature and aesthetic
experience
33
34. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• The Life Review
– an examination of one’s own part in life,
engaged in by many elderly people
34
35. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• Wisdom
– a cognitive perspective characterized by
a broad, practical, comprehensive
approach to life’s problems, reflecting
timeless truths rather than immediate
expediency—seems to be more
common in the elderly than in the young
35