This document summarizes the natural theory of rights. The natural theory is considered the oldest theory of rights, advocated by thinkers like John Locke, Thomas Paine, Hobbes, and Rousseau. According to the theory, rights come from nature, not human laws, and are based on universally accepted natural laws. Thomas Paine and John Locke argued that natural rights include liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. However, the theory is criticized for being vague about what is meant by "natural" and for ignoring the importance of society and the state as sources of rights. It also fails to account for the fact that rights can conflict and change over time.
5th April 1588 , born in Wiltshire England .Thomas Hobbes was excellent in classical languages.Hobbes's Contribution,Hobbes political philosophy: A summary ,Social Contract Theory: ,Absolute Monarch: , Hobbes concept of war and peace.Relevance of Hobbes’s philosophy in present age:.
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
5th April 1588 , born in Wiltshire England .Thomas Hobbes was excellent in classical languages.Hobbes's Contribution,Hobbes political philosophy: A summary ,Social Contract Theory: ,Absolute Monarch: , Hobbes concept of war and peace.Relevance of Hobbes’s philosophy in present age:.
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
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Caracterizar las diferentes actividades de relaciones públicas que puede desarrollar una organización.
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What Are Human Rights?
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
International Human Rights Law
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Rousseau’s IdeasNikita WarrenSouthern New Hampshire UniversiMalikPinckney86
Rousseau’s Ideas
Nikita Warren
Southern New Hampshire University
March 26 2020
Rousseau’s Ideas
The necessity of freedom
Freedom is a problem of political philosophy
Freedom is needed for two reasons:
“Natural man is physically free because he is not constrained by a repressive state apparatus or dominated by his fellow men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
“Natural man is psychologically and spiritually free because he is not enslaved to any of the artificial needs that characterize modern society” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) , n.d)
Modern society is different form the previous uncorrupted society where man lived favorably with the state of nature despite having the freedom and liberty to do what they wished
Rousseau was concerned with the nature of freedom. in his general argument, man was previously living in harmony with the nature because he had not become a slave to his own needs. As the needs of man evolved so did his means of interaction with nature and in this case, man used his freedom to do himself good and do good to others. However, the modern society is made up of men who have become slaves to their own needs. Man is therefore responsible for the present problems of exploitation, domination, self esteem issues and depression.
2
Rousseau’s Ideas
The social contract
Good government must prioritize the freedom of its citizens because it is the most fundamental objective
Government must affirm the freedom of its citizens with specific restrictions inherent to certain complex, modern and civil society
Provided law and property exist, man can never be absolutely free
With deployment of certain principles, governments can be able to accord its citizens some form of freedom that almost resembles the kind freedom that man enjoys in the state of nature
Rousseau invoked the concept of social contract. According to him, government must act in accordance with the freedom needs of the society. Apparently, while this sounds so appealing, it is impractical. This is the reason why the naturally inherent sense of freedom of man has to be regulated by use of laws. The argument that man is not born free but is made free by use of created institutions that seek to protect the rights of man is quite true. Rousseau admits from this fact that the government must make use of institutions to restrict human freedom by use of laws that are largely non-democratic forms of governance as not all people find them good.
3
Email and social media surveillance and freedom
Emails and social media have resulted from cooperation and division of labor developments in modern society,
Modernization makes the needs of men multiply and include many nonessential things, such as friends, entertainment, and luxury goods
While they are initially pleasurable and good, men eventually become slaves of this luxurious needs and they continue to pursue it
Unnaturalness causes moral inequalities
Surveillance reflects the governments intrusion into the ...
6Politics and Social ContractsPolitics and Social ContractsF.docxevonnehoggarth79783
6
Politics and Social Contracts
Politics and Social Contracts
Flora Gorham
Phil 1001
Walden University
Politics and Social Contracts 1
Abstract
We read and study about American History, The Declaration of Independents, The Constitution of The United States of America, but have you ever been curious where the writers of these documents discovered the ideas and principles that set the standards for such documents. The truth is many philosophers are responsible for the basic frame work of the most celebrated, studied, and referenced documents our government has ever produced. I am going to discuss three of the philosophers in the following paper. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, their beliefs in social contracts and human nature have served as framework for many areas in our American History.
Politics and Social Contracts.
Understanding morality, human nature, and social contracts will help you understand the framework for many of today’s political decisions as they have built upon each other throughout history. First let’s look at our roles as citizens according to Hobbes, Loucke and Rousseau.
Hobbes believed that humans were unconstrained by laws or social agreements were living in a state of nature, selfish, destructive, and unprincipled. Without social contracts human lives would be nasty and very unpleasant. Loucke was a bit more optimistic regarding human nature, that humans being rational creatures were governed by natural laws and entitled to certain inalienable rights, known as life, liberty, health and property. That humans will come together to ensure their natural rights. Rousseau was more focused on human compassion, all humans are naturally compassionate. Look at these beliefs, and then think about society today, do you know someone that truly represents each one of these beliefs regarding human nature? Possibly even look back though your own life and the stages of growth you have experienced, I know at various times in my life I could have very fittingly been described by each of these descriptions of human nature.
Social contracts are believed to be essential, in order for humans to thrive and prosper by all of the philosophers, yet each of them had a slightly different view of how the social contracts affected society. Hobbes believed that social contracts were necessary to allow humans to coexist successfully in society. That humans would recognize the need and enter into the social contract willfully in order to enhance our own lives. Social contracts were necessary in order to establish justice and laws. Loucke believed that humans would find it to our advantage to come together, form a political state to maintain and ensure our natural rights. Throughout the years our natural rights are more commonly referred to as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Rousseau focused on human compassion to include empathy and sympathy for fellow members of our society. Our human co.
Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docxcelenarouzie
Week 1, Lecture B: "Do We Need A Government?"
Often we use words like freedom and liberty without ever thinking about what these words mean. We assume that we all mean the same thing by these words; however, in reality, we all live by different personal definitions of freedom and liberty. Our definitions are not based on a dictionary but are informed by our unique personal life experiences. Consider the diversity even in this course. How might someone understand words like liberty and freedom from a background, culture, age, gender, or even race that is different from yours? Each of us has a unique story that has brought us to this point – and each of our stories is intrinsically valuable and important.
If we think about this level of diversity – how and why do such different individuals come together to exist together in a society?
The State of Nature, or Life Without Government
Simply, freedom and liberty are not the same thing. Let’s consider what we mean by freedom. For our purposes, freedom is doing whatever you want to do, whenever you want to do it.
If everyone had absolute freedom and could do whatever they wanted whenever they wanted what would our world look like? What would our relationships with each other look like?
These are the questions that political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke asked. These are also question that our founders asked as they pondered the creation of a new nation. They called this condition of absolute freedom the State of Nature – a state in which people lived in absolute freedom with no social structures or government.
For Hobbes, life in this state of nature looked very terrible. Hobbes described the state of nature as:
“In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short…”
Additionally, Hobbes suggested:
“For before constitution of sovereign power, as hath already been shown, all men had right to all things, which necessarily causeth war.”
For Hobbes, freedom was each individual having the right to all things. If you have new car, in the state of nature, I have right to take your new car – even by force and violence.
Hobbes is saying that in the state of nature, or trying to live life without government, no form of cooperation between individuals is possible and thus there will be no grocery stores, no computers, no smartphones, no art, and each individual will suffer a very quick and violent death.
The founders of our nation shared Hobbes’ fairly pessimistic outlook regarding human nature. James Madison famously wrote i.
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In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
2. Natural theory is considered as the oldest theory of
rights.
The exponents of this theory are :
John Locke and
Thomas Paine
It was also advocted by authors of social contract
theory
Hobbes and Rosseau.
3. According to Theory :
Rights comes from nature and are not created by any
human agency.
Rights are built on the laws of nature, which is
universally accepted.
4. Thomas Paine says that rights to 'liberty, property,
security and resistance to oppression are based upon
natural rights.
John Locke the greatest champion of the theory states
that nature has made all the men free and rational. It
gives right to life, liberty and property.
5. Criticism of the Theory :
It is very vague and it is difficult to give precise
meaning of term natural.
It is not correct to think that rights are independent of
society. There is no possibility for rights to exist
without society.
Ignores the importance of state as source of rights.
6. 4. The rights conflicts with each others.
5. They are not static and keeps on changing with the
social needs.
6. They lays undue influence on state of nature and
ignores nature of rights.
7. It is believed that natural rights are absolute in
nature.
But practically, no right can be absolute.
